Lab Manual 2021

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR), Kalavakkam - 603 110
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING

PRACTICES LAB - UGE1297
Prepared
By
Dr. R.Leo, Associate Professor
YEAR - 2021
UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 1

SYLLABUS
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
1. Residential house wiring using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and energy
meter.
2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.
3. Stair case wiring.
4. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & power

factor in RLC circuit.
5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.
6. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment.
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE
7. Study of Electronic components and equipments – Resistor, colour coding

measurement of AC signal parameter (Peak-Peak, RMS period,
Frequency) using CRO.
8. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR & NOT.
9. Generation of Clock Signal.
10. Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits – Using general

purpose PCB.
11. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR

.
REFERENCES:
1. K.Jeyachandran, S.Natarajan & S, Balasubramanian, “A Primer on
Engineering Practices Laboratory”, Anuradha Publications, (2007).
2. T.Jeyapoovan, M.Saravanapandian & S.Pranitha, “Engineering
Practices Lab Manual”, Vikas Puplishing House Pvt.Ltd, (2006)
3. H.S. Bawa, “Workshop Practice”, Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing
Company Limited, (2007).
4. A. Rajendra Prasad & P.M.M.S. Sarma, “Workshop Practice”, Sree Sai
Publication, (2002).
5. P.Kannaiah & K.L.Narayana, “Manual on Workshop Practice”, Scitech
Publications, (1999).

CONTENTS
DATE
PAGE FACULTY
S.NO OF TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARK
NO INITIAL
EXPT
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES,

1 FUSE, INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY METER
15
2 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING 19
3 STAIR CASE WIRING 22
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES –

4 VOLTAGE, CURRENT, POWER & POWER 26
FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING 1Ф
5 30
ENERGY METER
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF

6 34
AN ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND
EQUIPMENT – RESISTOR COLOR CODING
7
MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETER (PEAK-
38
PEAK, RMS PERIOD, FREQUENCY) USING CRO
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES AND, OR, EX-OR &
8 45
NOT
9 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL 49
SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS DEVICES

10 53
AND CIRCUITS – USING GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR OF HALF
11 57
WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

STUDY OF ACCESSORIES, TOOLS USED IN WIRING &

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
AIM:
To study the various types of accessories and tools used in

house wiring.
To study safety precautions for electrical engineering practice
ACCESSORIES REQUIRED:
Switch, Lamp Holder, Lamp Holder Adopter, Ceiling Roses,

Mounting Blocks, Socket Outlets, Plugs, Main Switch, Distribution
Fuses Boards, Fuse, Junction Box.
TOOLS REQUIRED:
Cutting Pliers, Flat Nose Pliers, Screw Driver, Neon Tester,

Hammer, Knife, Poker, Center Punch, Gimlet, Raw Plug Tool
& Bit, Hand Drill, Portable Drilling Machine, Spanner, Ring
Spanner Set.
ACCESSORIES :
1. Switch
A switch is used to make or break an electric
circuit. Under some abnormal conditions it must retain its
rigidity and keep its alignment between switchblades and
contacts correct to a fraction of centimeter.

2. Lamp Holders
A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp
required for lighting purposes.
3. Lamp Holder Adopter

It is used for tapping temporary
power for small portable electric appliances from lamp
holders. Such a practice is not advised.
4. Ceiling Roses
It is an end point of an electrical wire, which
provides a cover to the wire end. These are used to provide a
tapping to the lamp holder through the flexible wire or a
connection to a fluorescent tube or a ceiling fan. It consists of
a circular base and a cover made of bakelite. One end of the
plates is connected to supply and the other end to a flexible
wire connected to appliances.
5. Mounting Blocks
These are nothing but wooden round
blocks. They are used in conjunction with ceiling roses,
batten holder, surface switches, ceiling switches, etc.
6. Socket Outlets
It is a wiring accessory to which electrical
appliances are connected for power supply. These have
insulated base with molded or socket base having three
terminal sleeves. The two thin terminal sleeves are meant for
making connection to the load circuit wires and the third
terminal sleeve, larger in cross section, is used for an earth
connection.

7. Plugs
These are used for tapping power from socket
outlets. Two-pin plugs and three-pin plugs are commonly
available.
8. Main Switch
This is used at the consumer’s premises so that
he may have self-control of the entire distribution circuit.
This switch is a master control of all the wiring circuit made
in the building. The different classifications are double poled
and triple poled switches.
9. Distribution Fuse Boards

In industries or in very big
buildings, where a number of circuits are to be wired,
distribution fuse boards are used. They are usually iron clad
and are designed with a large space for wiring and splitting
the circuits. The fuse bank in the distribution board can
easily be removed.
10. Fuse
A fuse is a protective device, which is connected
such that the current flowing through the protected circuit
also flows through the fuse. There is a resistive link inside the
fuse body that heats or melts up when current flows through
it. If the current is beyond the permissible limit, the resistive
link burns open, which stops all current to flow in the circuit.
At this condition we say that the fuse is blown.

11. Earthing
When a wire is connected from the ground to the
outer metal casing of the electrical appliances, then it attain
zero potential and the appliance is said to be earthed and this
process is known as earthing.
12. Purpose of Earthing

Under normal condition, there is no
electrical potential is available in the outer metal casing of the
electrical appliances. When some fault develops in the
appliances, then electrical potential leaked to the metal
casing causes heavy current flow due to earthing. This heavy
current blows the fuse and cutoff electrical supply to the
appliances. Thus earthing provides protection to human
being and electrical appliances.
13. Junction Box

An electrical junction box is a container for
electrical junction, usually intended to conceal therefore sight
& to source extent to eliminate tempering. There are used in
domestic & Industrial applications. These boxes form a part
of an electrical conduit wiring system & concealed in the wall
with only lid showing. It may or may not include terminate for
joint wires

TOOLS :
1. Cutting Pliers
They are used to cut the wires, nipping by
hand and twisting the wires and also to hold them. Long nose
pliers are used to hold the wires in small space and also to
tighten and loosen small nuts.
2. Nose Pliers
Long nose pliers are used to hold flat object like
thin plates and also to tighten and loosen small nuts.
3. Screw Driver
They are used to drive and tighten screws into
pointed holes in the switches and electrical machines. They
are generally insulated.

4. Hammer
Ball peen and claw hammers are commonly used in
electrical work where greater power is required in striking. It
is best suited for riveting purposes in sheet metal works.
5. Line Tester
It is used to check the electric supply in the line or
phase wire. It has a small neon bulb, which indicates the presence
of power supply. It can also be used as a screw driver.
6. Knife
It is generally used for removing the insulation from
the wire. The closing type knife is always preferred.

7. Poker
It is a long sharp tool used for making pilot holes in wood
before fixing and tightening wood screws.
8. Center Punch
When a hole is to be drilled in a material, the center
punch is always used for making the starting hole.
9. Gimlet
It is used for boring small holes on wooden articles. It
has a wooden handle and a boring screwed edge.

10. Hand Drill

A hand drill machine is used for making holes in
thin metal sheets or wooden articles.
11. Raw Plug Tool & Bit

It is used for soldering wires to small
joints with solder. It consists of pointed oval Cu bit fixed to an
iron rod, which is heated by an electric element only.

12. Portable Drilling Machine

It is used for drilling holes in
walls for fitting switch board and also for making wiring.
13. Spanner
Various types of spanners are used for loosening
and tightening of nuts and bolts. Spanner in various sizes
and shapes are available.
14. Ring Spanner Set

It is used in place where the space is restricted. It is used for
loosening and tightening of nuts and bolts.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS :
1. While work on electrical installations, wear always rubber shoes

and avoid loose shirting.
2. Do not work on live circuits, if unavoidable use rubber gloves,

rubber mats etc
3. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working

on electric circuits.
4. Do not touch bare conductors.
5. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit

switches.
6. Never extend wiring by using temporary wiring.
7. Stand or rubber mats while working or operating switch panels,

control gears etc.
8. Always use safety belts while working on poles or high rise points.
9. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines.
10. Only skilled persons should do electric work.
11. Wear all the protective clothing and use all the necessary safety
equipment.
12. In case of any person suffered by electrical shook and if the victim
is still in contact with the supply, break the contact either by
switching off or by removing the plug or pulling the cable free.
13. Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink and do

not leave an unconscious person unattended.
14. First restore the normal breathing to the victim and ensure that
the patient can breathe normally unaided. Then we can render
other first aids.
15. Make sure the victim is not contact with the supply.

VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. List the accessories used in house wiring.

2. Identify wiring accessories used in your classroom & list.
3. Identify wiring accessories used in your house & list.
4. List the tools used in house wiring.
5. Explain the principle of operation of a line tester.
6. Explain how the fuse provided in the wiring protects the
electrical appliances.
7. Explain how the earthing protects the human beings
from electrical shook.
8. Explain how the earthing protects the electrical
appliances.
RESULT :
Thus a study on the various types of accessories, tools used

in house wiring and safety precautions for electrical engineering
practice was performed.

EXPERIMENT No: DATE:-
RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES, FUSE,

INDICATOR, LAMP AND ENERGY METER.
AIM:
To construct residential house wiring using switches, fuse &
lamps.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Equipment Range Quantity

1 Lamp Holder 3
2 Bulb 100W 3
3 One Way Switches 3
4 3 Way Junction Box 2
6 ‘L’ Bend 1
7 Screw Driver 1
8 PVC Pipes
9 Connecting Wires
PROCEDURE:
 Fix the necessary materials as per the circuit layout
diagram.
 Give wiring connection as per the circuit diagram.
 Fix the lamps on the lamp holders.
 Verify the connections with help of staff then switch ON the

supply.
 Switches are operated to see the output of the lamp.

PRECAUTIONS:
 The metal covering of all appliances are to be properly

earthed in order to avoid electrical shock due to leakage or
failure of insulation.
 Every line has to be protected by a fuse of suitable rating as

per the requirement.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Prepare the cost estimate for above wiring execution.
2. Prepare the wiring diagram for your classroom.
3. Prepare the wiring diagram for your home.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:
FUSE RATING CALCULATIONS:
Power drawn by the circuit = 300 watts

Voltage of circuit = 230 volts
Power = VI cosΦ
Assuming cos Φ =1
Current in the circuit (I) = Power/ Voltage
(I) = 300W/ 230V = 1.30A
Fuse rating of the circuit = 1.304A

Rounding off the current to the nearest 5A
(Normally fuses are available in the ratings of 5A, 10A, 15A and etc.)

TABULATION
SWITCH LAMP
Sl.No
Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3 Lamp 1 Lamp 2 Lamp 3
1 ON OFF OFF ON OFF OFF
2 OFF ON OFF OFF ON OFF
3 OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON
4 ON ON ON ON ON ON
RESULT:
Thus the single phase residential house wiring has been
constructed and tested.

FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING
AIM:
To construct a fluorescent tube wiring.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
S.No Components Range Quantity

1 Tube Light 40W 1
2 Choke Copper 1
3 Starter 1
4 Tube Light Frame 1
5 Tester
6 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
The fluorescent tubes are available in lengths of 0.61m and

1.22m. The tubes are coated from inside with phosphorous, which
is used to convert ultra violet radiations into visible light and to
give the required colour sensation. A choke is used to give a
transient high voltage so as to initiate the electron movement.
With the switch S closed, the circuit gets closed. The current flows
through the choke and the starter. The starter suddenly breaks
thereby breaking the circuit. Due to high inductive property of the
choke, a transient high voltage is available across the filaments.
Hence electrons are emitted and travel through the tube. Such a
continuous flow of electrons produces the sensation of light to
human eyes.

PROCEDURE:
 The tube light wirings are made as per the circuit diagram.

supply.
 After verification switch OFF the supply.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
 Prepare the cost estimate for above wiring execution.
 What is the purpose starter in tube light wiring?
 Explain the principle of operation of a tube light.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :


Voltage of circuit = 230volts
Power = VI cosΦ
Assuming cos Φ =1
(I) = 40W/ 230V = 0.173A

RESULT:
Thus the fluorescent tube wiring has been constructed and
the working is tested.


STAIRCASE WIRING
AIM:
To setup a staircase wiring using the given lamp,
controlled by two switches.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

1 Lamp Holder 1
2 Lamp 100W 1
3 2 Way Switch 2
5 ‘L’ Bend 1
6 Screw Driver 1
7 PVC Pipe
8 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
In this wiring a single lamp is controlled from two places. For
this purpose two numbers of two-way switches are used.
PROCEDURE:
 Fix the necessary materials as per the circuit layout

diagram.
 Give wiring connection as per the circuit diagram.
 Fix the lamps on the lamp holders.

supply.
 Check the output as per Tabulation -A

VIVA QUESTIONS:
 Prepare the cost estimate for above wiring execution.
 Prepare the wiring diagram for controlling a traffic

signal the road crossing at the entrance of the college.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

LAYOUT DIAGRAM:

Voltage of circuit = 230volts
Power = VI cosΦ
Assuming cos Φ =1
(I) = 100W/ 230V = 0.434A


TABULATION A:
Sl.No Position of Switch (S1) Position of Switch (S2) Condition of Lamp
1 1 1 ON
2 1 2 OFF
3 2 1 OFF
4 2 2 ON
RESULT:
Thus the staircase wiring has been constructed and tested.

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES - VOLTAGE,

CURRENT, POWER & POWER FACTOR IN RLC CIRCUIT
AIM:
To measure real power, reactive power, power factor and impedance

RLC circuit using voltmeter and ammeter
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Name of the
S.No Range Type Quantity
Equipment
1 Auto Transformer 230V 1Ф 1
2 Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1
3 Ammeter (0-200) mA MI 1
4 DCB 4 μF 1
5 DIB 1
6 Rheostat 150 Ω, 2A 1
7 Multimeter 1
8 Patch Chord 1
PROCEDURE:
 Connect the RLC circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

 After verification of circuit switch ON the supply.
 Keep the auto transformer to minimum position.
 Vary the auto transformer such that 100 mA of current flows
through ammeter.

 Note down voltage drop across resistance, inductance and

capacitance using multimeter.
 Bring the auto transformer to minimum position and switch OFF
the supply.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION :
S.NO Parameter Values
1
V (Voltage drop across R,L & C= I.Z in volts)
2
VC (Voltage drop across capacitor = I.XC in volts)
3 VR ( Voltage drop across resistor = I.R in volts)
4 VLr (Voltage drop across inductor & internal

resistance of inductance)
5 r (Internal resistance of inductance)
FORMULA(Theoretical Value)
XL => 2πfL
XC => 1/(2πfC)
2
1. Impedance (Z) => ( R) 2  ( X L  X C ) in ohms
2. Powerfactor (CosФ) => R/Z

3. Real Power (P) => I2 (R) in watts
4. Reactive Power (Q) => I2 [ XL -XC ] in VAR
5. Total Power (S) => (P +jQ) = ( P 2  Q2 in VA
FORMULA (Practical Value)

VL => (VLr - Vr) =
XC => VC/ I in ohms =
XL => VL/I in ohms =
VL (Voltage drop across inductor => I XL in volts) =
Vr (Voltage drop across internal resistance of inductance = > I.r in volts) =
1. Impedance (Z) => V/I in ohms
2. Powerfactor (CosФ) => (VR + Vr)/V
3. Real Power (P) => VI CosФ in Watts
4. Reactive Power (Q) => VI SinФ in VAR
5. Total Power (S) => (P +jQ) = ( P 2  Q 2 in VA
TABULAR COLUMN:
Theoretical Practical
S.No Parameters
Value Value
1 Impedance (Z)
2 Powerfactor (CosФ)
3 Real Power (P)

4 Reactive Power (Q)
5 Total Power (S)
RESULT:
Thus the parameters of RLC circuits are measured and theoretical

values and practical values are calculated .
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING 1Ф ENERGY METER.

AIM:
To measure the energy using single phase energy meter at UPF load
condition
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Range Type Quantity

Equipment
1 Voltmeter (0-300)V M.I. 1
2 Ammeter (0-10)A M.I. 1
3 Wattmeter 300V/10A UPF 1
4 Energy Meter 1
5 1Φ Lamp Load 1
6 Stop Watch 1
7 Connecting Wires
PRECAUTIONS:
 There should be no load at the time of starting.

 The connections must be made proper for UPF.
PROCEDURE:
 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 Switch ON the power supply.
 Increase lamp load from 2A to 8A and note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings.
 Note down the time taken for 10 revolutions of the aluminum
disc in the energy meter using stop watch.
 Reduced the lamp load in steps and switch OFF the supply.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NOTE:
Energy meter KW/H may be changed depends upon meter
specification. (i.e 750KW/H or 900KW/H). Hence do calculation as per
your specification.
FORMULA USED (750 rev/Kwhr)

 750 rev = 1 Kwhr

 1 rev = 1Kwhr / 750
 1 rev = [1000*3600] / 750 = 4800Watt/sec

 Energy meter consume 4800 watt-sec for 1
revolution
 Then it consume 48000 watt-sec for 10
revolution
 PE = (48000 / T10)
 % Error = {(PE - PW)/PW *100}
FORMULA USED (900 rev/Kwhr)

 900 rev = 1 Kwhr
 1 rev = 1Kwhr / 900
 1 rev = [1000*3600] / 900 = 4000Watt/sec

 Energy meter consume 4000 watt-sec for 1
revolution
 Then it consume 40000 watt-sec for 10
revolution
 PE = (40000 / T10)
 % Error = {(PE - PW)/PW *100}
WHERE
PE = Power calculated from Energy meter Reading
PW = Wattmeter Reading
T10 = Time taken for 10 revolution

NOTE:
1Kw = 1000W
1Hr = 3600Sec
1Kwhr = [1000W*3600Sec]
TABULAR COLUMN:
Voltmeter Ammeter Time for 10 Wattmeter

PE =48000/T10 % Error
S.No Reading Reading Revolutions Reading
(%)
(Volts) (Amps) (T10 sec) (Watts) (Watts)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

RESULT:
Thus the energy is measured in given single phase energy meter

and the power is compared with the wattmeter power and the % error is
calculated.
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF AN ELECTRICAL

EQUIPMENT
AIM:
To measure the earth resistance using earth tester.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Equipment Quantity

1 Earth Tester 1
2 Hammer 1
3 Rod 2
4 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
An earthing system defines the electrical potential of
the conductors relative to the earth's conductive surface. It taking
a wire from a circuit to ground . It is done to keep one of the
terminal at zero potential.
In electrical engineering, earthing or grounding means literally to

make an electrical connection between the ground and a metal
part. In practice this is usually done by connecting to the ground
pin of an electrical socket, which is itself connected to ground. In
permanent installations it can also be done by wiring to a piece of
grounded metal, most often a water pipe.

The main reason for doing this is safety. If a live wire touches a
metal part such as the casing of a washing machine, it will become
"live" or "hot". If you were to touch it you would get an electric
shock. By grounding the metal part, if a live wire touches it the
current will flow through the metal part to the ground. This will
usually cause a fuse to blow or a circuit breaker to trip, thereby
isolating the supply and protecting the user.
So, it is essential to maintain earth resistance (ground) very low
value. To measure the earth resistance we use earth tester.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

PROCEDURE:
 Stick the earth bars P and C deep into the earth.

 The bars P and C should be aligned at an interval of 5 to 10m from
the earth rod E.
 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
 By pressing “BATT.CHECK” button, the needle should reach red
point.
 If the needle should not reach red point, please replace the battery
of earth tester instrument.
 Press the “MEAS” button.
 Press the “x100Ω” button.
 If the reading does not indicate, then press “x10Ω” button.
 If the reading does not indicate in “x10Ω” button, then press “x1Ω”
button.
 Note down the reading.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Distance Between Electrode Resistance

S.No
(Feet) (Ohms)

NOTE:
If the needle of deflection is fully in the meter, there must be open
in the connections of P and C.
RESULT:
The earth resistance is measured in the given area.

STUDY OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

- RESISTOR, COLOUR CODING MEASUREMENT OF AC
SIGNAL PARAMETER USING CRO
AIM:
To study the resistor colour coding and measure the AC signal
Parameters. (Peak-Peak, RMS, Period, Frequency)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Equipment
1 Resistors Different 4
2 CRO 1
3 Function generator 1
4 Multimeter 1
PROCEDURE:
 Connect Function generator to CRO.

 Observe the waveform.
 Calculate Vave, Vrms, VPP, Timeperiod & Frequency.

DEFINITIONS:
Amplitude(Vm)
It is the maximum voltage reached by the signal. It is measured in
volts, V. Peak voltage is another name for amplitude.
Peak-to-peak Voltage (VPP)

Peak-to-peak voltage is simply the difference between the
largest voltage (usually positive) and the smallest voltage (usually
negative). It is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an
oscilloscope trace it is usual to measure peak-peak voltage.
Time Period(T)
It is the time taken for the signal to complete one cycle. It is
measured in seconds (s), but time periods tend to be short so
milliseconds (ms) and microseconds (µs) are often used. 1ms = 0.001s
and 1µs = 0.000001s.
Frequency(F)
It is the number of cycles per second. It is measured in hertz (Hz),
but frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz (kHz) and megahertz (MHz)
are often used. 1kHz = 1000Hz and 1MHz = 1000000Hz. The rate of
changing direction is called the frequency of the AC and it is measured in
hertz (Hz) which is the number of forwards-backwards cycles per second.
Average Value (Vave)

The average value is very often referred to as the DC Component
of the signal. Average Value = Area under the curve/Time period.
RMS Value (VRMS)

RMS value = Root of (Area under the squared curve /Time Period).
The RMS value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is
the equivalent steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Function CRO
Generator
MODEL GRAPH:

FORMULA USED:
Sine Wave
Amplitude = Vm
Peak to Peak = 2Vm
Time Period =T
Frequency = 1/T
Average Value = 2Vm/π

Vm
RMS value =
2
Triangular Wave
Amplitude = Vm
Peak to Peak = 2Vm
Time Period =T
Frequency = 1/T
Average Value = Vm /2
Vm
RMS value =
3
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No Parameters Sine Wave Triangular Wave

1 Amplitude (Vm)
2 Time Period (T)
3 Peak to Peak (Vpp)
4 Average Value (Vave)
5 RMS Value (VRMS)
6 Frequency (F)
COLOUR CODING :

RESISTOR IDENTIFICATION:

 Hold the resistor with the silver or gold band to the right.
 Read the resistor from the left to the right.
 The first band can't be silver or gold.
 If you hold such a resistor you'll know instantly where to start.
 The 3rd color for 4-band resistors will be blue (10 6) or less.
 The 4th color for 5 band resistors will be green (10 5) or less.
 Basic resistor values range from 0.1 Ohm to 10Megaohms.
4 BANDS :
Green Blue Yellow Silver

= Digit1 Digit 2 Multiplier Tolerance 5,60,000Ω 10%
5 6 X 104 10 %
5 BANDS :

Red Orange Violet Black Gold
Digit1 Digit 2 Digit 3 Multiplier Tolerance = 237Ω 5%
2 3 7 X 100 5%
Viva Questions:
 Derive the expression for Vrms & Vave for sine wave?
 Derive the expression for Vrms & Vave for triangular wave?
 What is signal?
RESULT:
Thus the AC signal parameters are calculated and colour coding of

the resistor was studied
STUDY OF LOGIC GATES AND, OR, EX-OR AND NOT

AIM:
To realize logic functions using NOT, OR, AND & EX-OR gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Equipment
1 Digital IC Trainer Kit 1
2 IC 7404 (NOT) 1
3 IC 7432 (OR) 1
4 IC 7408 (AND) 1
5 IC 7486 (EX-OR) 1
6 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
NOT Gate (7404)
It is called so because its output is not the same as its input.
It is also called an Inverter, because it inverts the input signal. It has one
input & one output. If A is an input, then Y= A’ is its output.
OR Gate (7432)
The OR gate has an output of 1 when either A or B or Both
are 1.In other words, it is an any-or-all gate because an output occurs

when any or all inputs are present. The OR gate truth table, may be
defined as a table, which give the output state for all possible input
combinations. If A and B are inputs, then the output is Y = A+B.
AND Gate(7408)
The AND gate gives an output only when all its inputs are
present. The AND gate has output 1 if both A & B are 1. Hence this is an
all-or-nothing gate whose output occurs only all its inputs are present.
The output Y= A . B.
EX-OR Gate (7486)

In this gate, output is one if its input but not both is 1. In
other words, it has an output 1 if its inputs are different. The output is 0,

if its input is same. It is also called Inequality Comparator. The output

Y= A’ B + A B’
PROCEDURE:
 In a digital IC trainer board, Fix the IC s firmly.

 Apply +5 V to the 14th pin of IC and connect ground to the 7th pin of
IC s.
 Connect inputs terminal to the 'LOGIC SWITCHES'(IC Kit) and
output to the 'OUTPUT LED'(IC Kit)
 Verify the outputs with Truth table.
 Repeat the same for other gates.
 Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the circuit.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
 What are the universal logic gates?
 What is duality law?
 Explain the term Boolean algebra.
 State De Morgan’s Laws.
 Distinguish between floating point number & fixed-point number.

LOGIC DIAGRAM & FUNCTION TABLE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GATES:
RESULT:
Thus the logic functions are realized using NOT, OR, AND &
EX-OR gates.
GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL

AIM:

To generate a clock pulse using IC 555 Timer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 IC 555 Timer 1
2 Power Supply (0 - 30)V 1
3 Capacitors 0.1μF 1
4 Capacitors 0.01μF 1
5 Resistors 4.7kΩ 1
6 Resistors 10kΩ 1
7 Bread Board 1
8 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 1
9 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
Astable multivibrator is also called as Free Running
Multivibrator. It has no stable states and continuously switches between the
two states without application of any external trigger. The IC 555 can be made
to work as an astable multivibrator with the addition of three external
components: two resistors (R1 and R2) and a capacitor (C). The schematic of
the IC 555 as an astable multivibrator along with the three external
components is shown below.
The pins 2 and 6 are connected and hence there is no need for an external
trigger pulse. It will self trigger and act as a free running multivibrator. The
rest of the connections are as follows: pin 8 is connected to supply voltage
(VCC). Pin 3 is the output terminal and hence the output is available at this
pin. Pin 4 is the external reset pin. A momentary low on this pin will reset
the timer. Hence when not in use, pin 4 is usually tied to VCC.
The control voltage applied at pin 5 will change the threshold voltage level. But
for normal use, pin 5 is connected to ground via a capacitor (usually 0.01µF),

so the external noise from the terminal is filtered out. Pin 1 is ground terminal.
The timing circuit that determines the width of the output pulse is made up of
R1, R2 and C
FORMULA USED (Theortical) :
If TON is the time for high output and T is the time period of one cycle, then the
duty cycle D is given by
TON
D
T
Therefore, percentage Duty Cycle is given by
TON
%D  * 100
T
T is sum of TON (charge time) and TOFF (discharge time).
TON  0.69R1  R2 C1 TON  0.6910  4.7 x103 x0.1x10 6  1.014m sec
T OFF  0.69R2 C1 TOFF  0.694.7 x103 x 0.1x10 6  0.324m sec
T  TON  TOFF = 1.338m sec
1
Frequency (F)  = 747Hz
T
TON
% Duty Cycle ( D)  *100 = 75.78%
T
PIN DIAGRAM:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
 Give the connections as per circuit diagram.

 Apply the 5V across pin 8 and ground.
 Observe the waveforms across pin-3 and ground (output clock
pulse) and pin-6 and ground (capacitor voltage) using CRO.
 Note down Output voltage(Vo), Time period(T1), Time period(T2) and
Capacitor voltage(Vc).
 Plot the waveforms on a graph.
TABULATION:
Sl.No Parameter Theoretical Value Practical Value

1 Output (Vo) 5V
2 Capacitor Voltage(Vc) V0/3 => 5/3 => 1.6V
3 (((VPeriod
Time C) (volts)
(TON) 1.014m sec
4 Time Period (TOFF) 0.324m sec
5 Frequency (F) 747Hz
6 Duty Cycle (D) 75.78%
RESULT:
The clock pulse has been generated using IC 555 timer in astable
mode.

SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS DEVICES AND

CIRCUITS USING GENERAL PURPOSE PCB
AIM:
To solder the given components on a PCB and check for its
Continuity.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

PCB Board for given
1. 1
circuit
2. Soldering Iron 25W 1
3. Solder As required
4. Flux As required
5. Resistors 2
6. Capacitor 1
7 Knife 1
8 Nose Plier 1
THEORY:
Soldering Definition:
It is the process of joining electrical parts together to form an

electric connection, using a molten mixture of lead and tin (solder), with
a soldering iron. The different soldering techniques are:
1. Soldering Irons or Hand Manual Soldering.

2. Mass soldering or automatic soldering.
Soldering Iron:

It supplies sufficient heat to melt solder by heat transfer, when the
iron tip is applied to a connection to be soldered. The soldering iron
temperature is selected according to the work to be performed.
Soldering bits:
It stores the heat ad transfers it from the source to work .It delivers
molten solder, flux to the work piece. It is also used to remove the solder
from the joints.
Solder:
It is alloy of low melting metals like tin, lead, cadmium, silver etc.
The most commonly used alloy combination is 63% tin and 37% lead.
Soldering Flux:
It is a resin, applied on the work piece to be soldered, preventing
contact with the atmosphere. It maintains a clean surface and dissolves
oxides thereby enabling good soldering. Aluminum chloride or zinc
chloride are commonly used as flux. The flux also assists in the transfer
of heat from the soldering iron tip to the joint area.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
 Study the given electronic circuit.

 Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also clean the
resistors, capacitors that are to be soldered.
 Apply flux to the tip of the components lead.
 Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is
hot to melt on it.
 Bend the resistor leads to fit into the holes on the board. Insert the
resistor as per the circuit shown.
 Apply the hot tip to the joints and apply solder.

 Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the
solder has cooled and set.
 Repeat the above steps to fix other components as shown in the
circuit.
CONTINUITY CHECK
 Set the multimeter in continuity check mode or resistor mode.

 Place the two leads (common, +ve lead) in the two points to be
checked.
 If the resistance value is displayed as zero, there exists continuity.
Otherwise two points are not internally connected.
(When set in continuity check mode, a beep sound is heard, if
continuity exists between the two points.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
 What are the steps involved in soldering?

 What do you mean by de-soldering?
 List the steps involved in desoldering.
 What is PCB?
 What is the principle of operation of a continuity tester?
RESULT:
Thus the components are soldered on the given PCB and

Continuity check is also performed.
MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR OF HALFWAVE AND

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER

AIM:
To measure the ripple factor of a half wave rectifier and full wave
rectifier.
MATERIAL REQUIRED:
Name of the
Equipment
1 Diode 1N4007 2
2 Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0-10)V MI 1
4 Ammeter (0-200)mA MC 1
5 Rheostat 1000Ω/2A 1
6 CRO 1
7 Multimeter 1
Center Tapped Step-
8 (6-0-6)V 1
Down Transformer
9 Connecting Wires
THEORY:
(A) Half wave Rectifier:

In a half wave rectifier circuit, the diode conducts only
during one half cycle of the input Ac supply. While the other half cycle
diode gets reverse biased. It will not conduct. The uni-directional flow of
current through the diode is obtained.
(B) Full Wave Rectifier:

In a full wave rectifier circuit, two diodes are present.
Each diode conduct for one half cycle of the input voltage. D1 conducts
for positive half cycle and D2 conducts for negative half cycle. The output
of a rectifier is a pulsating DC (i.e) AC as well as DC components are
present at the rectifier output. The presence of an AC component is most
undesirable and therefore it must be removed from the rectifier output. It
is achieved by means of a filter circuit.
PROCEDURE:
 Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
 Vary rheostat and note down Vac and Vdc. using multimeter.
 This is repeated for both half and full wave rectifier.
 Using the formula, the ripple factor is calculated for all the cases
and compared.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Half wave Rectifier):

MODEL GRAPH(Half wave Rectifier):
TABULATION (Half wave Rectifier):

S.No Vac Vdc Ripple Factor  = Vac/Vdc

1
2
3
4
Average
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Full Wave Rectifier):
MODEL GRAPH(Full Wave Rectifier):

TABULATION (Full wave Rectifier):
S.No Vac Vdc Ripple Factor () = Vac/Vdc
4
Average
FORMULA USED FOR THEORETICAL VALUES

Half Wave Rectifier:

In practical case, we can be calculated using this formula:

Full Wave Rectifier:

In practical case, we can be calculated using this formula:
RESULT:
Thus the single-phase half wave and full wave rectifier are studied
and their ripple factor has been founded.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SSN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING

Dr. R.Leo, Associate Professor

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 1

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

2. Fluorescent lamp wiring.

3. Stair case wiring.

4. Measurement of electrical quantities – voltage, current, power & power

5. Measurement of energy using single phase energy meter.

6. Measurement of resistance to earth of an electrical equipment.

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

7. Study of Electronic components and equipments – Resistor, colour coding

8. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EX-OR & NOT.

9. Generation of Clock Signal.

10. Soldering practice – Components Devices and Circuits – Using general

11. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 2

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE

RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING USING SWITCHES,

2 FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING 19

3 STAIR CASE WIRING 22

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES –

MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

9 GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL 49

SOLDERING PRACTICE – COMPONENTS DEVICES

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 3

STUDY OF ACCESSORIES, TOOLS USED IN WIRING &

To study the various types of accessories and tools used in

Switch, Lamp Holder, Lamp Holder Adopter, Ceiling Roses,

Cutting Pliers, Flat Nose Pliers, Screw Driver, Neon Tester,

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 4

3. Lamp Holder Adopter

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 5

9. Distribution Fuse Boards

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 6

12. Purpose of Earthing

13. Junction Box

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 7

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 8

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 9

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 10

10. Hand Drill

11. Raw Plug Tool & Bit

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 11

12. Portable Drilling Machine

14. Ring Spanner Set

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 12

1. While work on electrical installations, wear always rubber shoes

2. Do not work on live circuits, if unavoidable use rubber gloves,

3. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers when working

4. Do not touch bare conductors.

5. Replace or remove fuses only after switching OFF the circuit

6. Never extend wiring by using temporary wiring.

7. Stand or rubber mats while working or operating switch panels,

9. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines.

10. Only skilled persons should do electric work.

13. Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink and do

UGE1297 - DESIGN THINKING AND ENGINEERING PRACTICES LAB 13

1. List the accessories used in house wiring.