Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

Pre-test/ Pre-Reading:
Direction: Read the article entitled “Learning” by former Senate President Manny Villar
and answer the given questions below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of
paper.

Learning

Published September 22, 2020, 11:33 PM

by Former Senate President Manny Villar

Another casualty in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic is our formal education

system. The month of June every year is usually the time when millions of Filipino
students troop back to their schools and learn. But because COVID-19 prevents any
possibility of face-to-face learning, the Department of Education (DepEd) postponed
the opening of classes to August 24, 2020. In addition, it has mandated online
schooling in lieu of the traditional classroom setting.
The opening of classes was further deferred to October 5, 2020, by President
Rodrigo Duterte in order to give more time to the DepEd to prepare online modules
and other requirements for the online system of learning.
Let us be clear. This is not a problem unique to the Philippines. This is global
issue. The United Nations has recently pointed out that the “COVID-19 pandemic
has created the largest disruption of education systems in history, affecting nearly
1.6 billion learners in more than 190 countries and all continents.” The UN report
added that the “closures of schools and other learning spaces have impacted 94 per
cent of the world’s student population, up to 99 percent in low and lower-middle-
income countries.”
Many people have already referred to this batch of learners as the “lost
generation.” Studies have suggested that missing even just one year of school
translates to lost years, worth of academic gains. This would obviously also impact
the skills and knowledge of this generation of learners which are crucial to gainful
employment and future income. A World Bank study has estimated that every
additional year of schooling has a corresponding return of 8-10 percent of a
student’s future income.
I completely agree. But I also think that while formal schooling is very
important, we should not underestimate the value of non-formal learning. In other
words, despite the problems posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, learning should not
stop and this generation should not be lost. I will repeat, formal schooling is very
crucial, but learning should not be limited to face-to-face school environment.
Our home, with our parents, is our first school. It is the setting where we learn
not only our first words but the language of life and our very first value system. Our
schools, of course, reinforce these learnings but it is in the safety of home where we
first learn.
In my case, learning took place in our Tondo home and the stalls of the
market in Divisoria where my mother, Nanay Curing, would take me early morning to

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

help her sell shrimps and fish at a very young age. That was my classroom. That
was where I learned the value of hard work and persistence. That was where my
mother would tell me that doing the right thing, not shortchanging your customers,
are surefire ingredients to success.
And from there, from that foundational learning, I began to apply that value
system when my world expanded beyond the home and the market. I am not
suggesting that this informal learning is better than formal schooling. I am saying that
both can complement each other.
Maybe we can use the disruption to strengthen the value system of our kids.
Let us talk to them about the value of hard work, diligence, and persistence. In fact, I
think this is the perfect time to instill the entrepreneurial spirit in our kids. When
children see their fathers and mothers, recently unemployed, rise to the challenge
and set up a small business in order to make a living, does it not imbue them with
self-reliance and thought that they can conquer all hardships?
And the schools can help the community by helping parents with some
structure in this informal learning setting. I have always believed that formal
schooling and the the informal one—some call it the School of Hard Knocks—should
work in harmony. This pandemic will give us, in fact force us, to confront the
importance of parents, of our homes in making sure that this will not be a “lost
generation” but a generation of entrepreneurs, hardworking, and passionate to
provide solutions to the problems of their community. 

Pre-Test:

1. How has the author defined the issue?

2. Does the author provide sufficient background information for you to understand the
issue?
3. Is the issue clearly arguable? If not, why not?
4. How does the author establish that this issue is important and, thus, worthy of
discussion?
5. What is the writer’s position on the issue? Is the author’s position presented in a
clear, assertive thesis statement?
6. What are the main arguments that the author uses to support his position? Are these
arguments reinforced with evidence (facts, statistics, expert opinion, etc.)?
7. Is there any opposing position? If yes, are opposing positions fairly presented?
8. Does the author present sufficient reason to reject these opposing positions?
9. Overall, does this paper convince you/change your mind about this issue? If not, why
not?

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D What is in?
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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

Priming Activity
Learning Task 1: Directions: Analyze the outlined format of the position paper below.
Re-write your answers in the pre-test by e1
ach part of the position paper and use the space provided below.

Position Paper Outline

I. Introduction
___A. Introduce the topic.
___B. Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important.
___C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). More on thesis statements can be
found below.

II. Counter Argument

___A. Summarize the counterclaims.
___B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims.
___C. Refute the counterclaims.
___D. Give evidence for argument.

III. Your Argument

___A. Assert point #1 of your claims.
_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three).
___B. Assert point #2 of your claims.
_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three).
___C. Assert point #3 of your claims.
_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three).

IV. Conclusion
___A. Restate your argument.
___B. Provide a plan of action but do not introduce new information.

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Introduction

Counter Argument

Your Argument

Conclusion

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Learning Content:
Writers of position papers usually feel strongly about the issues they address,
and they strive to convince readers to accept their opinions as valid and reasonable. To
achieve this end, position papers typically include the following features: a well-defined,
controversial issue; a clear position on the issue; a convincing argument; and a
reasonable tone. Furthermore, position papers will often attempt to make use of
emotional appeals as well as intellectual appeals to sway an audience.
Like a debate, a position paper presents one side of an arguable opinion about
an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is
valid and defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in
choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very
important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a
manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the
argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the
topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure
the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counterclaims to show that you are
well informed about both sides.
Issue Criteria
To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a
topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you
will be able to present a strong argument:
  Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
  Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?
  Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
  Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
 
Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject
matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about
which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your
position is well supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic will help
you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of
supporting evidence for both sides. Supporting evidence includes the following:

 Type of Type of Source   How to find these sources

Information

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

directories,
introductory information
encyclopedias, Use the Library catalogue
and overviews
handbooks

Library catalogue, Canadian

books, government
in-depth studies Research Index, Government
reports
web sites

scholarly articles academic journals  Article indexes

newspapers,
current issues Article indexes
magazines 

government agencies Statistics Canada, Canadian

statistics
and associations Research Index, journal articles

position papers and association and institute

Library catalogue, web sites
analyses reports
** You do not have to use all of the above supporting evidence in your papers. This is
simply a list of the various options available to you. Consult your separate assignment
sheet to clarify the number and type of sources expected.

Considering your audience and determining your viewpoint

Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side
by side. Considering your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the
position you will take.
Considering your audience does not mean playing up to the professor or the TA.
To convince a particular person that your own views are sound, you have to consider
his or her way of thinking. If you are writing a paper for a sociology professor/TA
obviously your analysis would be different from what it would be if you were writing for
an economics, history, or communications professor/TA. You will have to make specific
decisions about the terms you should explain, the background information you should
supply, and the details you need to convince that particular reader.
In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following:
 Is your topic interesting? Remember that originality counts. Be aware that
your professor/TA will probably read a number of essays on the same
topic(s), so any paper that is inventive and original will not only stand out but
will also be appreciated.
 Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor?
 Does your topic assert something specific, prove it, and where applicable,
propose a plan of action?
 Do you have enough material or proof to support your opinion?

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What other enrichment activities can I engage in? (Additional Activities)

Learning Task 2: Directions: Read and analyze the text below. Briefly state your own
opinion on “how the article was written”. Write your answer in essay form with at least four (4)
paragraphs and at least three (3) sentences for each paragraph on a separate sheet of paper.

Advance payment for vaccine

By: Antonio T. Carpio

On Sept. 14, 2020, President Duterte criticized pharmaceutical companies in

Western countries for asking advance payment for their COVID-19 vaccines. The
President complained, “Kung sabihin mo na, sige wala pa ‘yung vaccine, there is nothing
with finality and you want us to make the reservation by depositing money, you must be
crazy.” Besides, the President stated, “The procurement law of the Philippines does not
allow you to buy something which is non-existent or to-be-produced as yet.” The
President was referring to Republic Act No. 9184 or the Government Procurement
Reform Act.
The President vowed to prioritize buying COVID-19 vaccines from China and
Russia because of their “generosity” in not demanding advance payment. “If the vaccine
of Russia and China are equally good and effective just like any other vaccine invented
by any country, I will buy first,” the President declared.
The President is sadly mistaken in his pronouncements. First, Philippine law
expressly authorizes the President to approve advance payment in any amount for the
purchase of goods, particularly in case of calamities like a pandemic. Second, China and
Russia will prioritize their own citizens since their state-owned companies are developing
their vaccines.
Under Presidential Decree No. 1445 or the Government Auditing Code, the
President is empowered to approve advance payment for the purchase of goods. Section
88 of PD 1445 provides, “Except with the prior approval of the President (Prime Minister)
the government shall not be obliged to make an advance payment for services not yet
rendered or for supplies and materials not yet delivered under any contract therefor.” In
Resolution No. 06-2020 dated April 6, 2020, the Government Procurement Policy Board
requested the President to exercise his power under Section 88 of PD 1445 to “increase
the allowable amount of advance payment from fifteen percent (15%) to thirty percent
(30%) of the contract amount” of certain goods, including common medicine, in view of
the existing pandemic. In Memorandum Order No. 48 dated April 20, 2020, the Office of
the President approved this request for increase in advance payment. Under Section 4(u)
of RA No. 11494 or the Bayanihan to Recover as One Act, the procurement of supplies,
goods, and equipment determined by the Department of Health as needed to address the
COVID-19 pandemic constitutes “exemptions from the provisions of the bidding process
required under Republic Act No. 9184 or the Government Procurement Reform Act.”
Under Section 12 of the Bayanihan to Recover as One Act, “the requirement of Phase IV

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trials for COVID-19 medication and vaccine stipulated in the Universal Health Care Law is
hereby waived to expedite the procurement of said medication and vaccine.”
Under Operation Warp Speed, the US government allocated almost $10 billion to
fund the research, development, and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines by
pharmaceutical companies. While this funding is a donation, the pharmaceutical
companies in turn agreed to donate to the US government a certain quantity of any
successful vaccine produced. The European Union has also financed part of the
research, development, and manufacture of vaccines by pharmaceutical companies, with
the financing considered as down payment on the vaccines that will actually be
purchased by EU member states.
The US and EU member states will have priority in the distribution of any
successful vaccine since they have invested in the research, development, and
manufacture of the vaccine. The US and the EU have calculated that gaining six to 12
months’ head start in deploying any successful vaccine will be worth the risk considering
the damage the lockdowns and work suspensions have inflicted on their economies.
The President now realizes that the West, China, and Russia will prioritize their
own citizens in the distribution of vaccines and that Filipinos may be among the last in the
long queue. On Nov. 11, 2020, the President explained: “So you can expect that in the
few months until next year, all of those vaccines produced will be used by the Americans.
Same story with the European countries who have successfully developed a vaccine. And
it’s the same situation with China. Again, we have to keep in mind that they have a
population to worry.” China will take care of its own citizens first before they give vaccines
to others, the President admitted.
So how will President Duterte provide a vaccine to the Filipino people?

My Analysis in the on “how the article was written:”

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*please use other sheet of paper if needed.

Performance Task:
Directions: Read the question below. Write your own position paper by using the
outlined format discussed above. Make sure that you will defend your stand on the
issue by presenting reasonable arguments and supported by properly cited
factual evidences. By this time write your position paper in an essay form with at least
four (4) paragraphs and five (5) to six (6) sentences for each paragraph. Write your
position paper in the space provided below or in 1 whole yellow paper with 1 inch
margin on the left and 1/2 inch margin on the right. Use proper in-text citations and do
not forget to write your sources in the last page of you paper following the APA format.
Sample APA Format for In-text Citations and References are also given below, for your
guidance.

WHAT IS YOUR POSITION ON THIS?

Some people think that some types of criminals

should not go to prison. Instead they should do 10
unpaid work in the community. To what extent do you
agree?
Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

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Introduction (1st paragraph)

A. Introduce the topic.
B. Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important.
C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). More on thesis statements can be
found below.
Counter Argument (2nd paragraph)
A. Summarize the counterclaims.
B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims.
C. Refute the counterclaims.
D. Give evidence for argument.

Your Argument (3rd paragraph)

A. Assert point #1 of your claims.
1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three)
B. Assert point #2 of your claims.
1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three).

C. Assert point #3 of your claims.

1. Give your educated and informed opinion.
2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three).

Conclusion (4th paragraph)

A. Restate your argument.
B. Provide a plan of action but do not introduce new information.

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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*please use other sheet of paper if needed
*you may also refer to R.A. 11362 for this topic

Sample In-Text Citations (APA)

For Short quotations:

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and
“pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).
You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's
last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p.
199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the
author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after
the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998,
p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

For Long quotations:

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of

typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented
1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical
citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's
content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic
example below.

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

For Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a
page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a
paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else.
Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like
verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your
source.
Jones (1998) found a variety of causes for student dissatisfaction with
prevailing citation practices (paras. 4–5).

A meta-analysis of available literature (Jones, 1998) revealed

inconsistency across large-scale studies of student learning (Table 3).

For Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit
the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for
a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer
work. 

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998,
p. 199).

Sample Reference Listings (APA)

Formatting a Reference List

Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the
information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body
of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list;
likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay;
label this page "References" in bold, centered at the top of the page (do NOT underline
or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of
your essay.
Basic Rules for Most Sources
 All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented
one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
 All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
 Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.
o For example, the reference entry for a source written by Jane Marie Smith
would begin with "Smith, J. M."
o If a middle name isn't available, just initialize the author's first name:
"Smith, J."
 Give the last name and first/middle initials for all authors of a particular work up
to and including 20 authors (this is a new rule, as APA 6 only required the first six
authors). Separate each author’s initials from the next author in the list with a
comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. If there are 21 or
more authors, use an ellipsis (but no ampersand) after the 19th author, and then
add the final author’s name.
 Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author
of each work.
 For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list
the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
 When referring to the titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or
other sources, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of the title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
o Note again that the titles of academic journals are subject to special rules.
See section below
 Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections, names of
newspapers, and so on).
 Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such
as chapters in books or essays in edited collections.

Example:

References:

Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering &

Chatto.

Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to

international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of
State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-
international-organizations/

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-

Webster.

Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019).
Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level
construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-
899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2):
Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to
enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-
143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

 Present journal titles in full.
 Italicize journal titles.
 Maintain any nonstandard punctuation and capitalization that is used by the
journal in its title.
o For example, you should use PhiloSOPHIA instead of Philosophia, or Past &
Present instead of Past and Present.
 Capitalize all major words in the titles of journals. Note that this differs from
the rule for titling other common sources (like books, reports, webpages, and so
on) described above.
o This distinction is based on the type of source being cited. Academic
journal titles have all major words capitalized, while other sources' titles do
not.
 Capitalize the first word of the titles and subtitles of journal articles, as well
as the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and any proper nouns.
 Do not italicize or underline the article title.
 Do not enclose the article title in quotes. 
o So, for example, if you need to cite an article titled "Deep Blue: The
Mysteries of the Marianas Trench" that was published in the
journal Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication, you would write the
article title as follows:
 Deep blue: The mysteries of the Marianas Trench.
o ...but you would write the journal title as follows:
 Oceanographic Study: A Peer-Reviewed Publication
Please note: While the APA manual provides examples of how to cite common types of
sources, it does not cover all conceivable sources. If you must cite a source that APA
does not address, the APA suggests finding an example that is similar to your source
and using that format. For more information, see page 282 of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association, 7th ed.

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

Reflection:
Directions: Write your answer in a yellow paper.
What I have learned?
Question:

How do you find position paper compared to other papers (project proposal,
business letters, research papers etc.) you have learned?

REALIZATION:
How does a position differ from a simple opinion or opinion essay to a
position paper?

Note: Please find to read and compare other sample of position papers in
different fields, especially in your field of specialization. The “general text” above
was intentionally used, thus this module can be used in all strands. The outlined
format discussed in this module is the most common outline being used in all
specialization or field in preparing a position paper.
Use search engine to find a lot of sources. Also, during spare time, try to read e-
broadsheets such as Philippine Daily Inquirer and Manila Bulletin.

References

Carpio, A. (2020). Advance payment for vaccine. Opinion. Philippine Daily

Inquirer. 20 November 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020 from:
https://opinion.inquirer.net/135421/advance-payment-for-vaccine

Pulta, B. (2020). SC OKs guidelines for community service for minor offenses.
Republic of the Philippines. Philippine News Agency. 7 October 2020.
Retrieved October 19, 2020 from:

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Position Paper Lesson and Activities:

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117781#:~:text=20%2D06%2D14%2
DSC,to%2C%20among%20others%2C%20apply%20that

PURDUE OWL. Retrieved from:

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_forma
tting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html

Republic of the Philippines: Official Gazette.7 August 2019. Retrieved October

19, 2020 from:
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2019/08aug/20190808-
RA-11362-RRD.pdf

Villar, M. (2020). Learning. Opinion. Manila Bulletin. 22 September. 2020

Retrieved October 19, 2020 from
https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/22/learning/

Writing a Position Paper. Retrieved October 19, 2020 from:

https://www.sfu.ca/cmns/130d1/WritingaPositionPaper.htm

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