GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS

LESSON #3

FACTOR THEOREM
RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
MR. ANTHONY CIELO CASTRO, M.SC., LPT
FACILITATOR
Lord, true source of light and wisdom,
give me a keen sense of understanding,
a retentive memory and a capacity to
grasp things correctly. Grant me the
grace to be accurate in my expositions
and the skill to express myself with
thoroughness and clarity. Be with me at
the start of my work, guide its progress
and bring it to completion. Grant this
through Christ our Lord, Amen.
 Good morning! J J J

GOOD MORNING! J J J
NEEDED MATERIALS

*NOTEBOOK
*BALL PEN
*BOOK
Theorems on Polynomials
© Remainder Theorem
© Factor Theorem
© Rational Root Theorem
 REMAINDER THEOREM
If a polynomial P(x) is divided by x - a, the
remainder is the constant R(x). It means that
DIVIDEND = QUOTIENT * DIVISOR +
REMAINDER
𝑹(𝒙)
In symbol, 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝑸 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒂) + 𝒙 %𝒂
where : 𝑄 𝑥 is a polynomial with degree
one less than the degree of P(x)
 EXAMPLE # 1
Find the remainder of the ff:
3. P(x) = (– x – 10 + x )÷
2 (x – 2)

Remainder Theorem
Find the remainder of the ff:
3. P(x) = (– x – 10 + x2) ÷ (x – 2)
P(2) = – x – 10 + x2 x–2 =0
P(2) = – 2 – 10 + (2)2 x=2
P(2) = – 2 – 10 + 4
P(2) = – 8

Remainder Theorem
 YOUR TURN! J J J

Find the remainder of the ff:

2. P(x) = (3x3 – 11x2 - 18x – 6) ÷ (x – 5)

Remainder Theorem
Find the remainder of the ff:
2. P(x) = 3x3 – 11x2 – 18x – 6 ÷ x – 5
x–5 =0
x=5
P(5) = 3x3 – 11x2 – 18x – 6
P(5) = 3(5)3 – 11(5)2 – 18(5) – 6
P(5) = 375 – 275 – 90 – 6
P(5) = 4

Remainder Theorem
q Solve for the remainder when polynomials are divided
using the Remainder Theorem.
q Determine whether a given binomial is a factor of a
polynomial.
 FACTOR THEOREM
If R(x) = 0, then x – a is a
factor of the polynomial P(x).
Conversely, if x – a is factor of
P(x), then R(x) = 0.
Factor Theorem
 Show that (x – 2) is a factor of x2 – 5x + 6.
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x –2=0
x=2
STEP 2: R(x)= x2 – 5x + 6
R(2) = (2)2 – 5(2) + 6
R(2) = 4 – 10 + 6
R(2) = 0 Since the remainder is 0, then (x - 2)
is a FACTOR of x2 – 5x + 6.
Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial
is a factor of the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36) ÷ (x – 3)

Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial is a factor the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x 3 + 5x 2 – 12x – 36) ÷ ( x – 3)
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x–3=0
x=3
STEP 2: R(3) = x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36
R(3) = (3)3 + 5(3)2 – 12(3) – 36
R(3) = 27 + 45 – 36 – 36
R(3) = 0 Since the remainder is 0, then (x - 3)
is a FACTOR of x3 + 5x2 – 12x – 36.
Factor Theorem
 YOUR TURN! J J J
Determine whether the given binomial
is a factor the polynomial.
3. P(x) = (x 4 – x 3 + 2x – 2) ÷ (x – 2)

Factor Theorem
Determine whether the given binomial is a factor the polynomial.
2. P(x) = (x 4 – x 3 + 2x – 2) ÷ (x – 2)
By Using the Remainder Theorem
STEP 1: x–2=0
x=2
STEP 2: R(2) = x4 – x3 + 2x – 2
R(2) = (2)4 – (2)3 + 2(2) – 2
R(2) = 16 – 8 + 4 – 2
R(2) = 10 Since the remainder is 10, then (x - 2)
is a NOT FACTOR of x4 – x3 + 2x – 2.
Factor Theorem
ENRICHMENT
 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems

Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.

1. P(x) = 6x2 – 13x + k ÷ x – 2 ; R(x) = 0

2. P(x) = kx4 - 5x2 + 2x + 3 ÷ x + 1 ; R(x) = 1

Remainder and Factor Theorem

 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems
Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.
1. P(x) = 6x2 – 13x + k ÷ x – 2 ; R(x) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
0 = 6(2)2 – 13(2) + k
0 = 24 – 26 + k
0=–2+k
2=k
Remainder and Factor Theorem
 Applications of Remainder and Factor Theorems
Find the value of k given the ff. conditions.
2. P(x) = kx4 - 5x2 + 2x + 3 ÷ x + 1 ; R(x) = 1
x+1=0
x = -1
1 = k(-1)4 – 5(-1)2 + 2(-1) + 3
1=k–5–2+3
1=k–4
1+4=k
5=k
Remainder and Factor Theorem
Theorems on Polynomials
© Remainder Theorem
© Factor Theorem
© Rational Root Theorem
 RATIONAL ROOT THEOREM
If the polynomial P(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x + a0
!
has an integer coefficients and if is rational number in lowest terms,
"
!
then every rational root of P(x) is of the form , where p is a factor of the
"
constant term (a0) and q is a factor of the leading coefficient (an).

𝑝 all possible factors of the constant term

=
𝑞 all possible factors of the leading coefficient

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x2 – 5x + 6.
Since the given is QUADRATIC, then there will be two factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±. Among the 8 possible factors, which
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6 will give a remainder of zero (0)?
( ±*

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x2 – 5x + 6.
Since the given is QUADRATIC, then there will be two factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±. Among the 8 possible factors, which
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6 will give a remainder of zero (0)?
( ±*
By using the SYNTHETIC DIVISION By using the REMAINDER THEOREM
3 1 -5 6 P(2) = 22 – 5(2) + 6
3 -6 P(2) = 4 – 10 + 6
1 -2 0 P(2) = 0 Therefore, the factors
of x2 – 5x + 6 are
(x – 3) and (x – 2).
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18.
Since the given is QUARTIC, then there will be 4 factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±.,±/,±*0
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18, ±½, ±3/2, ±9/2
( ±*,±,

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18.
Since the given is QUARTIC, then there will be 4 factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±.,±/,±*0
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18, ±½, ±3/2, ±9/2
( ±*,±,
P(2) =
By using the REMAINDER THEOREM
-1 2 7 -4 -27 -18 P(2) = 2(2)4 + 7(2)3- 4(2) 2 – 27(2) - 18
-2 -5 9 18 P(2) = 2(16) + 7(8)- 4(4) – 27(2) - 18
2 5 -9 -18 0 P(2) = 32 + 56 - 16 - 54 - 18
P(2) = 0

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18.
Since the given is QUARTIC, then there will be 4 factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±.,±/,±*0
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18, ±½, ±3/2, ±9/2
( ±*,±,

Continue the same process looking for other roots.

After solving all, you will also find
-3 and -3/2 as roots.

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18.
Since the given is QUARTIC, then there will be 4 factors.
' ±*,±,,±-,±.,±/,±*0
= = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18, ±½, ±3/2, ±9/2
( ±*,±,

Therefore, the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18

are (x – 2) (x + 3) (x + 1) (2x + 3).

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 + x + 1.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.
' ±*
= = ±1
( ±*
By using the REMAINDER THEOREM
-1 1 0 1 1 P(1) = 13 + 1 + 1
-1 1 -2 P(1) = 1 + 1 + 1
P(1) = 3
1 -1 2 -1

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 + x + 1.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.
' ±*
= = ±1
( ±*

Since none of the two factors gives a ZERO

remainder, then it means that there is
NO RATIONAL ROOT in the given polynomial.

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 – 3x + 2.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.
' ±*,±,
= = ±1, ±2
( ±*
By using the REMAINDER THEOREM
P(-2) = (-2)3 – 3(-2) + 2
1 1 0 -3 2 P(-2) = -8 + 6 + 2
1 1 -2 P(-2) = 0
1 1 -2 0 1 1 1 -2
1 2
1 2 0
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 – 3x + 2.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.
' ±*,±,
= = ±1, ±2
( ±*

Therefore, the factors of x3 – 3x + 2 are

(x – 1) (x – 1) (x + 2)
having “1 with the multiplicity of 2”
and “-2 with the multiplicity of 1”
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 DESCARTES’ RULE OF SIGNS
According to Descartes’ Rule of Signs,
ü The number of positive real zeros is either equal to the
number of sign changes of f(x) or is less than the number of
sign changes by an even integer.
ü The number of negative real zeros is either
equal to the number of sign changes
of f(­x) or is less than the number of sign
changes by an even integer.
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Let’s verify DESCARTES’ RULE OF SIGNS
using the previous examples.

Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x2 – 5x + 6.
Since the given is QUADRATIC, then there will be two factors.

There are two alternating signs

which means that there are
2 POSITIVE REAL ZEROS.
Recall that the factors of x2 – 5x + 6 are (x – 3) and (x – 2).
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18.
Since the given is QUINTIC, then there will be 4 factors.

There is one alternating signs

which means that there is only
1 POSITIVE REAL ZERO.
Recall that the factors of 2x4 + 7x3 – 4x2 – 27x – 18 are
(x – 2) (x + 3) (x + 1) (2x + 3).
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 + x + 1.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.

There is no alternating signs

which means that there is
NO POSITIVE REAL ZERO.
Since none of the two factors gives a ZERO remainder,
then it means that there is NO RATIONAL ROOT in the given polynomial.
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.
 Determine the factors of x3 – 3x + 2.
Since the given is CUBIC, then there will be 3 factors.

There are two alternating signs

which means that there are
2 POSITIVE REAL ZEROS.
Recall that the factors of x3 – 3x + 2 are (x – 1) (x – 1) (x + 2).
Learning Competency: C2.3. Determine the factors of a polynomial using the Rational Root Theorem.