What are Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases? diseases Diseases that can spread from one person to another [Diseases that are due to infection by microorganisms that cause diseases (pathogen) or brought by vectors or through a medium Non-infectious disea Diseases that cannot spread from a p Diseases that are caused by lifestyle, genetic factors 0} Examples: Influenza, tuberculosis, ringworm, tinea, leptospirosis, malaria, dengue, Zika and cholera Photograph 4.1 Dengue fever Examples Cancer, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases How are infectious diseases transmitted? Pieters 1 Infectious diseases are transmitted by pathogens from one host to another host through four ways (Figure 4.2). i the person will ‘symptoms of the 2 Figure 4.1 Stomach cancer ~~i How does it spread The cause and transmission of infectious diseases H I ¥ Drinking untreated and 1 Through water. Examples are cholera, typhoid Bernas kiss fever and dysentery é DU raha foo * Where does it commonly occur Pei ciean ¥ Areas with poor sanitation system ¥ Areas without supply of treated water ¥ Flooded areas © Ways of prevention Boil water and cook food properly Wash hands afier going to toile ; Build proper and clean sanitation system Figure 4.3 2 Through air. Examples are tuberculosis, * How does it spread? Influenza A (H1N1), severe acute respiration ¥ Through droplet transmission syndrome (SARS) and influenza * Where does it commonly occur? 7 Public areas that are filled with people 7 In enclosed areas, air-conditioned fooms and rooms with no ventilation In areas that is most of the time shaded from ultra violet rays (sunlight) droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs land on a he person ¥ Through airborne transmissic Pathogens from dried sputum cha" into spores which can be transt™ by air [neon Figure 4.4 Transmission through air+ Ways of prevention Ghermouthiand noe when SSS~*Y (@ Afier sneezing or coughing sneezing and coughing Wash hands with Use sanitis soap and water Don't spit everywhere peer 2) Figure 4.5 3 Through touch. « How does it spread? ¥ Through touching skins of infected individuals or sharing personal belongings with infected individuals. Examples are ringworm and tinea. Y Through sex with multiple partners. Examples are syphilis and gonorrhoea Z Through sex, blood transfusion and sharing injection needles among drug addicts and infected persons. An example is AIDS. ‘* Ways of prevention \isms, of transmission are shown in Table 4.1 --@Table 4.1 Examples of vectors, pathogens and m [ i Pathogen Disease ; Aedes mosquitoes | Dengue virus [Dengue Aedes mosquitoes | Zika virus Zika Anopheles Plasmodium malariae virus | Malaria Mi mosquitoes os Rats Leptospira sp. bacteria. _| Leptospirosis is Flies and cockroaches Salmonella typhi bacteria | Typhoid E | Contamir Flies Vibrio cholerae bacteria | Cholera Contaminat ‘+ How does it spread? 7 Dengue and Zika ~ spread by Aedes ne Ac mosquitoes carries th n salivary gla When the mosqu ‘An Aedes pathogen in th mosquito bites a dengue patient saliva enters th: person's blood The healthy individual is infected with dengue TS The Aedes mosquito bites a healt individual Figure 4.7 S Contaminated water or urine enters the eyes Accidentally ingeste! contaminated wate’ legnfood. AL weieale© Ways of preventio’ g Eee | a Fliminate the vectors, the Aedes mosquitoes, by spraying ecticide Use insect repellent to. prevent mosquito bites Clean surrounding areas to minimise breeding grounds for the vectors ‘The high population of rats is identified as the reason why leptospirosis spread. (a) What is the meaning of population? _ {1 mark] (b) Give two characteristics that classify rats as mammals. [2 marks] (c) The following figure shows a rubbish dumping sors stein Town X ‘on diseases in Mala} yysia based on statistics from the Ministry of Health Malaysia agin a Based on the figure, explain why rat population in Town X increases. [3 marks] Answers (a) A group of the same species that stays in one habitat /, (b) Hairy V, give birth /, feed their young by milking them ¥ (any two) (0) Town X is very dirty and filled with rubbish /This provides a suitable habitat for the rats Vand they ‘can reproduce very fast ¥. gor, TLR diseases among MalaysiaBody Defence 1 Pathogens can only cause diseases if they are successful in infecting disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites, | 2 Humans have three lines of defence mechanisms to fight against an i in infecting the b The first line of defence prevents the entry of pathogens into the body ; the skin provides a physical barrier to prevent the entry of pathe acids and oils in sebum secreted by the skin prevent the growth of the sweat excreted by the skin contains an enzyme which is able to bre walls of certain bacteria * the mucous membrane that coats the respiratory tract traps microorganisms, spores in the air tears have enzyme that kills certain bacteria If the first line of defence is overcome by the pathogens, the Pathogens will face the second line of defence The second line of defence * white blood cells carry out phagocytosis * phagocytosis is the process of engulfing, inge Pathogens by white blood cells 7G-© white blood cel 1B and digesting If the second line of defen the pathogens, the third li be activated ce is overcome by ine of defence will Third line of defence * immunity is the ability of the body to fj eee an infection i * when a pathogen enters the body, our body defence system recognises the ieee organism as an antigen * the antigen stimulates the body defence patem to produce antibodies in the bloodstream Figure 4.10 (=) ‘Auman HealthWhat are active immu: y and passive immunity 1 Immunity can be classified as active immunity and passive immunity 2 Both can be acquired either naturally or artificially Table 4.2 Natural Artificial Active * Immunity obtained | © Immunity obtained through immunisation through a vaccine immunity | by a person who njection recovers from an # Vaccine is a pr nism that is weakened or dead infection because | # A vaccine is intentionally injected into the body to stimulate the the body produces body to produce antibodies against antigen which may infect the its own antibodies | body when stimulated by | * Effects: Permanent immunity after immunisation antigens Effect: Permanent immunity after recovery thai ot anita nib ib iva ui) | Figure 4.11 The level of antibody in the blood of a person after the first and second injections of vaccine Immunity obtained through the injection of readily available antibodies which is antiserum ‘+ Antiserum obtained from the blood of patient that has recovered from a disease é © Effect: Temporary and immediate3 Table 4.3 shows a comparison between the passive immunity and the active immunity ty and passive immunity Table 4.3 The similarities and differences between active immunit Similarity Protects the body fr infections Vaccine is injected before a person | Antibody is given before or after is infected being infected ‘Antibody is obtained from mother’s | The ability of the bod milk or through the placenta fight against infectior Provides immediate protection Involves the interaction between the antibody antigens Does not result in immediate protection Immunity remains for a longer —_| Immunity does not last long, 3 Sometimes, a booster dose is needed be: the first dose is insufficient to give protection against infection of a di booster dose stimulates the immune ysi= to reach the concentration of antibody ts gives effective protection. 4 The graph in Figure 4.13 shows the effecs: booster doses on the body's immunity ee ‘The secondary immune response occurs when individual is infected with the same antigen age During this time, the body defence system, which bs a memory of the antigen will immediately prod antibodies to react against the antigen.5 In Malaysia, the immunisation received by children and adolescence is based on the table of alth Malaysia, ‘The table is shown below. immunisation from the Ministry of F Table 4.4 Table of immunisation from the Ministry of Health Malaysia ‘Age (Months) Dea eee ls | 2h). sel Dose | Dose a Dose | ie7 3 Dose | Dose | Dose ies ial a Dose | Dose | Dose tid Nese lay Booster Dose | Dose eee TS Sabah! cae I Dose| Dose aT Booster Booster r [is a Girls only i [2 fo Dose| |Dose| ; es dfWhat are good habits to build a strong immunity? a 1 * Take care of personal hygiene. 2 * Get sufficient sleep and rest. * Wash hands frequently. * Practise an active lifestyle and exercise frequently. 3 * Lead a stress-free lifestyle. * Take fruits and vegetables with every | 4 meal * Do not smoke. The importance of immunisation and heal individual to the family, society and ¢ Immunisation is very important to pi from infections. Maintaining an optimum health is important a good quality of life and work productivity , an individual who falls sick often cannot socialise, Migration of foreign workers to Mala ( along many diseases such as tuberculosi The economy of a country relies e pr the workers, Without productive workers, economy will fail to develop. The burden of medical costs can be reduc a medical insurance 1 Name two types of diseases that are spread by vector. (2 marks) 2 What is the substance that stimulates the body defence system to produce antibodies? (1 mark 3 Explain the effect of immunisation to an individual, 1 mark, 4 Some vaccines need more than a sing last throughout the life of @ person. Explain w 1 ma 5 Aini’s mother forgot to bring Aini to the c to get her third dose of hepatitis B. Explain the effect on Aini's immunity. & Diagram 1 shows the number of dengue cases in Malaysia from 1995 to 2014, ‘number of dengue cases in Malaysia eso 100,000 ‘60,000 60,000 40,000 ‘20,000 (9) an BEaas Pee teairiitity 2ora: aoe:{a) Based on the graph, state the relations between the number of dengue casce ane time. (1 mark) (b) Suggest two factors that contribute to the ‘noTs number of cases recorded in 2014. [2 marks} (¢) If you are a health officer, suggest ways to ensure the spread of dengue fever at a particular housing area is contained. [3 marks} 7 Leptospirosis is a disease caused by the Leptospira sp. bacteria {a) What is the vector for leptospirosis disease? [1 mark (b) A notice as shown below is put up at a recreational area. (d) One way to catch the vector of leptospirosis Wore disease is to use a cage similar to what is shown in Diagram 2. Diagram 2 By using the apparatus listed in Diagram 3, design a trap for the vector. Explain how the trap you designed functions. Empty mineral bottle Scissors Wire mesh The ink chamber of a pen that has ran out of ink