Benford's Law Example

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Fibonacci Leading Digit

11 Leading Digit (x) Frequency (f) Probability p(x)


11 1 301 0.301
22 2 0 0
33 3 0 0
55 4 0 0
88 5 0 0
13 1 6 0 0
21 2 7 0 0
34 3 8 0 0
55 5 9 0 0
89 8 Sum 1000 1
144 1
233 2 Mean
377 3
610 6
987 9
1597 1
2584 2
4181 4
6765 6
10946 1
17711 1
28657 2
46368 4
75025 7
121393 1
196418 1
317811 3
514229 5
832040 8
1346269 1
2178309 2
3524578 3
5702887 5
9227465 9
14930352 1
24157817 2
39088169 3
63245986 6
102334155 1
165580141 1
267914296 2
433494437 4
701408733 7
1134903170 1
1836311903 1
2971215073 2
4807526976 4
7778742049 7
12586269025 1
20365011074 2
32951280099 3
53316291173 5
86267571272 8
1.39584E+11 1
2.25851E+11 2
3.65435E+11 3
5.91287E+11 5
9.56722E+11 9
1.54801E+12 1
2.50473E+12 2
4.05274E+12 4
6.55747E+12 6
1.06102E+13 1
1.71677E+13 1
2.77779E+13 2
4.49456E+13 4
7.27235E+13 7
1.17669E+14 1
1.90392E+14 1
3.08062E+14 3
4.98454E+14 4
8.06516E+14 8
1.30497E+15 1
2.11149E+15 2
3.41645E+15 3
5.52794E+15 5
8.94439E+15 8
1.44723E+16 1
2.34167E+16 2
3.78891E+16 3
6.13058E+16 6
9.91949E+16 9
1.60501E+17 1
2.59695E+17 2
4.20196E+17 4
6.79892E+17 6
1.10009E+18 1
1.77998E+18 1
2.88007E+18 2
4.66005E+18 4
7.54011E+18 7
1.22002E+19 1
1.97403E+19 1
3.19404E+19 3
5.16807E+19 5
8.36211E+19 8
1.35302E+20 1
2.18923E+20 2
3.54225E+20 3
5.73148E+20 5
9.27373E+20 9
1.50052E+21 1
2.42789E+21 2
3.92841E+21 3
6.35631E+21 6
1.02847E+22 1
1.6641E+22 1
2.69257E+22 2
4.35668E+22 4
7.04925E+22 7
1.14059E+23 1
1.84552E+23 1
2.98611E+23 2
4.83163E+23 4
7.81774E+23 7
1.26494E+24 1
2.04671E+24 2
3.31165E+24 3
5.35836E+24 5
8.67001E+24 8
1.40284E+25 1
2.26984E+25 2
3.67267E+25 3
5.94251E+25 5
9.61519E+25 9
1.55577E+26 1
2.51729E+26 2
4.07306E+26 4
6.59035E+26 6
1.06634E+27 1
1.72538E+27 1
2.79172E+27 2
4.51709E+27 4
7.30881E+27 7
1.18259E+28 1
1.91347E+28 1
3.09606E+28 3
5.00953E+28 5
8.10559E+28 8
1.31151E+29 1
2.12207E+29 2
3.43358E+29 3
5.55565E+29 5
8.98924E+29 8
1.45449E+30 1
2.35341E+30 2
3.8079E+30 3
6.16131E+30 6
9.96922E+30 9
1.61305E+31 1
2.60997E+31 2
4.22303E+31 4
6.833E+31 6
1.1056E+32 1
1.7889E+32 1
2.89451E+32 2
4.68341E+32 4
7.57792E+32 7
1.22613E+33 1
1.98392E+33 1
3.21006E+33 3
5.19398E+33 5
8.40404E+33 8
1.3598E+34 1
2.20021E+34 2
3.56001E+34 3
5.76021E+34 5
9.32022E+34 9
1.50804E+35 1
2.44007E+35 2
3.94811E+35 3
6.38817E+35 6
1.03363E+36 1
1.67245E+36 1
2.70607E+36 2
4.37852E+36 4
7.08459E+36 7
1.14631E+37 1
1.85477E+37 1
3.00108E+37 3
4.85585E+37 4
7.85694E+37 7
1.27128E+38 1
2.05697E+38 2
3.32825E+38 3
5.38522E+38 5
8.71347E+38 8
1.40987E+39 1
2.28122E+39 2
3.69109E+39 3
5.9723E+39 5
9.66339E+39 9
1.56357E+40 1
2.52991E+40 2
4.09348E+40 4
6.62339E+40 6
1.07169E+41 1
1.73403E+41 1
2.80571E+41 2
4.53974E+41 4
7.34545E+41 7
1.18852E+42 1
1.92306E+42 1
3.11158E+42 3
5.03465E+42 5
8.14623E+42 8
1.31809E+43 1
2.13271E+43 2
3.4508E+43 3
5.58351E+43 5
9.0343E+43 9
1.46178E+44 1
2.36521E+44 2
3.82699E+44 3
6.1922E+44 6
1.00192E+45 1
1.62114E+45 1
2.62306E+45 2
4.2442E+45 4
6.86726E+45 6
1.11115E+46 1
1.79787E+46 1
2.90902E+46 2
4.70689E+46 4
7.61591E+46 7
1.23228E+47 1
1.99387E+47 1
3.22615E+47 3
5.22002E+47 5
8.44617E+47 8
1.36662E+48 1
2.21124E+48 2
3.57786E+48 3
5.78909E+48 5
9.36695E+48 9
1.5156E+49 1
2.4523E+49 2
3.9679E+49 3
6.4202E+49 6
1.03881E+50 1
1.68083E+50 1
2.71964E+50 2
4.40047E+50 4
7.12011E+50 7
1.15206E+51 1
1.86407E+51 1
3.01613E+51 3
4.8802E+51 4
7.89633E+51 7
1.27765E+52 1
2.06728E+52 2
3.34494E+52 3
5.41222E+52 5
8.75716E+52 8
1.41694E+53 1
2.29265E+53 2
3.70959E+53 3
6.00225E+53 6
9.71184E+53 9
1.57141E+54 1
2.54259E+54 2
4.114E+54 4
6.65659E+54 6
1.07706E+55 1
1.74272E+55 1
2.81978E+55 2
4.5625E+55 4
7.38228E+55 7
1.19448E+56 1
1.9327E+56 1
3.12718E+56 3
5.05989E+56 5
8.18707E+56 8
1.3247E+57 1
2.1434E+57 2
3.4681E+57 3
5.6115E+57 5
9.0796E+57 9
1.46911E+58 1
2.37707E+58 2
3.84618E+58 3
6.22325E+58 6
1.00694E+59 1
1.62927E+59 1
2.63621E+59 2
4.26548E+59 4
6.90169E+59 6
1.11672E+60 1
1.80689E+60 1
2.9236E+60 2
4.73049E+60 4
7.65409E+60 7
1.23846E+61 1
2.00387E+61 2
3.24232E+61 3
5.24619E+61 5
8.48852E+61 8
1.37347E+62 1
2.22232E+62 2
3.59579E+62 3
5.81812E+62 5
9.41391E+62 9
1.5232E+63 1
2.46459E+63 2
3.9878E+63 3
6.45239E+63 6
1.04402E+64 1
1.68926E+64 1
2.73328E+64 2
4.42253E+64 4
7.15581E+64 7
1.15783E+65 1
1.87342E+65 1
3.03125E+65 3
4.90466E+65 4
7.93591E+65 7
1.28406E+66 1
2.07765E+66 2
3.36171E+66 3
5.43936E+66 5
8.80106E+66 8
1.42404E+67 1
2.30415E+67 2
3.72819E+67 3
6.03234E+67 6
9.76053E+67 9
1.57929E+68 1
2.55534E+68 2
4.13463E+68 4
6.68997E+68 6
1.08246E+69 1
1.75146E+69 1
2.83392E+69 2
4.58537E+69 4
7.41929E+69 7
1.20047E+70 1
1.94239E+70 1
3.14286E+70 3
5.08525E+70 5
8.22811E+70 8
1.33134E+71 1
2.15415E+71 2
3.48549E+71 3
5.63963E+71 5
9.12512E+71 9
1.47648E+72 1
2.38899E+72 2
3.86546E+72 3
6.25445E+72 6
1.01199E+73 1
1.63744E+73 1
2.64943E+73 2
4.28686E+73 4
6.93629E+73 6
1.12232E+74 1
1.81594E+74 1
2.93826E+74 2
4.7542E+74 4
7.69246E+74 7
1.24467E+75 1
2.01391E+75 2
3.25858E+75 3
5.27249E+75 5
8.53107E+75 8
1.38036E+76 1
2.23346E+76 2
3.61382E+76 3
5.84728E+76 5
9.46111E+76 9
1.53084E+77 1
2.47695E+77 2
4.00779E+77 4
6.48474E+77 6
1.04925E+78 1
1.69773E+78 1
2.74698E+78 2
4.44471E+78 4
7.19168E+78 7
1.16364E+79 1
1.88281E+79 1
3.04645E+79 3
4.92925E+79 4
7.9757E+79 7
1.2905E+80 1
2.08807E+80 2
3.37856E+80 3
5.46663E+80 5
8.84519E+80 8
1.43118E+81 1
2.3157E+81 2
3.74688E+81 3
6.06258E+81 6
9.80946E+81 9
1.5872E+82 1
2.56815E+82 2
4.15536E+82 4
6.72351E+82 6
1.08789E+83 1
1.76024E+83 1
2.84812E+83 2
4.60836E+83 4
7.45648E+83 7
1.20648E+84 1
1.95213E+84 1
3.15862E+84 3
5.11075E+84 5
8.26937E+84 8
1.33801E+85 1
2.16495E+85 2
3.50296E+85 3
5.66791E+85 5
9.17087E+85 9
1.48388E+86 1
2.40096E+86 2
3.88484E+86 3
6.28581E+86 6
1.01706E+87 1
1.64565E+87 1
2.66271E+87 2
4.30836E+87 4
6.97107E+87 6
1.12794E+88 1
1.82505E+88 1
2.95299E+88 2
4.77804E+88 4
7.73103E+88 7
1.25091E+89 1
2.02401E+89 2
3.27492E+89 3
5.29893E+89 5
8.57384E+89 8
1.38728E+90 1
2.24466E+90 2
3.63194E+90 3
5.8766E+90 5
9.50854E+90 9
1.53851E+91 1
2.48937E+91 2
4.02788E+91 4
6.51725E+91 6
1.05451E+92 1
1.70624E+92 1
2.76075E+92 2
4.46699E+92 4
7.22774E+92 7
1.16947E+93 1
1.89225E+93 1
3.06172E+93 3
4.95397E+93 4
8.01569E+93 8
1.29697E+94 1
2.09853E+94 2
3.3955E+94 3
5.49403E+94 5
8.88953E+94 8
1.43836E+95 1
2.32731E+95 2
3.76567E+95 3
6.09298E+95 6
9.85864E+95 9
1.59516E+96 1
2.58103E+96 2
4.17619E+96 4
6.75721E+96 6
1.09334E+97 1
1.76906E+97 1
2.8624E+97 2
4.63146E+97 4
7.49387E+97 7
1.21253E+98 1
1.96192E+98 1
3.17445E+98 3
5.13637E+98 5
8.31082E+98 8
1.34472E+99 1
2.1758E+99 2
3.52052E+99 3
5.69632E+99 5
9.21685E+99 9
1.4913E+100 1
2.413E+100 2
3.9043E+100 3
6.3173E+100 6
1.0222E+101 1
1.6539E+101 1
2.6761E+101 2
4.33E+101 4
7.006E+101 7
1.1336E+102 1
1.8342E+102 1
2.9678E+102 2
4.802E+102 4
7.7698E+102 7
1.2572E+103 1
2.0342E+103 2
3.2913E+103 3
5.3255E+103 5
8.6168E+103 8
1.3942E+104 1
2.2559E+104 2
3.6501E+104 3
5.9061E+104 5
9.5562E+104 9
1.5462E+105 1
2.5018E+105 2
4.0481E+105 4
6.5499E+105 6
1.0598E+106 1
1.7148E+106 1
2.7746E+106 2
4.4894E+106 4
7.264E+106 7
1.1753E+107 1
1.9017E+107 1
3.0771E+107 3
4.9788E+107 4
8.0559E+107 8
1.3035E+108 1
2.1091E+108 2
3.4125E+108 3
5.5216E+108 5
8.9341E+108 8
1.4456E+109 1
2.339E+109 2
3.7845E+109 3
6.1235E+109 6
9.9081E+109 9
1.6032E+110 1
2.594E+110 2
4.1971E+110 4
6.7911E+110 6
1.0988E+111 1
1.7779E+111 1
2.8768E+111 2
4.6547E+111 4
7.5314E+111 7
1.2186E+112 1
1.9718E+112 1
3.1904E+112 3
5.1621E+112 5
8.3525E+112 8
1.3515E+113 1
2.1867E+113 2
3.5382E+113 3
5.7249E+113 5
9.2631E+113 9
1.4988E+114 1
2.4251E+114 2
3.9239E+114 3
6.349E+114 6
1.0273E+115 1
1.6622E+115 1
2.6895E+115 2
4.3517E+115 4
7.0411E+115 7
1.1393E+116 1
1.8434E+116 1
2.9827E+116 2
4.8261E+116 4
7.8087E+116 7
1.2635E+117 1
2.0444E+117 2
3.3078E+117 3
5.3522E+117 5
8.66E+117 8
1.4012E+118 1
2.2672E+118 2
3.6684E+118 3
5.9357E+118 5
9.6041E+118 9
1.554E+119 1
2.5144E+119 2
4.0684E+119 4
6.5828E+119 6
1.0651E+120 1
1.7234E+120 1
2.7885E+120 2
4.5119E+120 4
7.3004E+120 7
1.1812E+121 1
1.9113E+121 1
3.0925E+121 3
5.0038E+121 5
8.0963E+121 8
1.31E+122 1
2.1196E+122 2
3.4296E+122 3
5.5493E+122 5
8.9789E+122 8
1.4528E+123 1
2.3507E+123 2
3.8035E+123 3
6.1542E+123 6
9.9577E+123 9
1.6112E+124 1
2.607E+124 2
4.2182E+124 4
6.8251E+124 6
1.1043E+125 1
1.7868E+125 1
2.8912E+125 2
4.678E+125 4
7.5692E+125 7
1.2247E+126 1
1.9816E+126 1
3.2064E+126 3
5.188E+126 5
8.3944E+126 8
1.3582E+127 1
2.1977E+127 2
3.5559E+127 3
5.7536E+127 5
9.3095E+127 9
1.5063E+128 1
2.4373E+128 2
3.9436E+128 3
6.3808E+128 6
1.0324E+129 1
1.6705E+129 1
2.703E+129 2
4.3735E+129 4
7.0764E+129 7
1.145E+130 1
1.8526E+130 1
2.9976E+130 2
4.8503E+130 4
7.8479E+130 7
1.2698E+131 1
2.0546E+131 2
3.3244E+131 3
5.379E+131 5
8.7034E+131 8
1.4082E+132 1
2.2786E+132 2
3.6868E+132 3
5.9654E+132 5
9.6523E+132 9
1.5618E+133 1
2.527E+133 2
4.0888E+133 4
6.6158E+133 6
1.0705E+134 1
1.732E+134 1
2.8025E+134 2
4.5345E+134 4
7.337E+134 7
1.1872E+135 1
1.9209E+135 1
3.108E+135 3
5.0289E+135 5
8.1369E+135 8
1.3166E+136 1
2.1303E+136 2
3.4468E+136 3
5.5771E+136 5
9.0239E+136 9
1.4601E+137 1
2.3625E+137 2
3.8226E+137 3
6.1851E+137 6
1.0008E+138 1
1.6193E+138 1
2.62E+138 2
4.2393E+138 4
6.8594E+138 6
1.1099E+139 1
1.7958E+139 1
2.9057E+139 2
4.7015E+139 4
7.6071E+139 7
1.2309E+140 1
1.9916E+140 1
3.2224E+140 3
5.214E+140 5
8.4365E+140 8
1.365E+141 1
2.2087E+141 2
3.5737E+141 3
5.7824E+141 5
9.3562E+141 9
1.5139E+142 1
2.4495E+142 2
3.9633E+142 3
6.4128E+142 6
1.0376E+143 1
1.6789E+143 1
2.7165E+143 2
4.3954E+143 4
7.1119E+143 7
1.1507E+144 1
1.8619E+144 1
3.0127E+144 3
4.8746E+144 4
7.8872E+144 7
1.2762E+145 1
2.0649E+145 2
3.3411E+145 3
5.406E+145 5
8.7471E+145 8
1.4153E+146 1
2.29E+146 2
3.7053E+146 3
5.9953E+146 5
9.7007E+146 9
1.5696E+147 1
2.5397E+147 2
4.1093E+147 4
6.6489E+147 6
1.0758E+148 1
1.7407E+148 1
2.8165E+148 2
4.5572E+148 4
7.3738E+148 7
1.1931E+149 1
1.9305E+149 1
3.1236E+149 3
5.0541E+149 5
8.1776E+149 8
1.3232E+150 1
2.1409E+150 2
3.4641E+150 3
5.605E+150 5
9.0691E+150 9
1.4674E+151 1
2.3743E+151 2
3.8418E+151 3
6.2161E+151 6
1.0058E+152 1
1.6274E+152 1
2.6332E+152 2
4.2606E+152 4
6.8937E+152 6
1.1154E+153 1
1.8048E+153 1
2.9202E+153 2
4.725E+153 4
7.6453E+153 7
1.237E+154 1
2.0016E+154 2
3.2386E+154 3
5.2402E+154 5
8.4787E+154 8
1.3719E+155 1
2.2198E+155 2
3.5917E+155 3
5.8114E+155 5
9.4031E+155 9
1.5214E+156 1
2.4618E+156 2
3.9832E+156 3
6.445E+156 6
1.0428E+157 1
1.6873E+157 1
2.7301E+157 2
4.4174E+157 4
7.1476E+157 7
1.1565E+158 1
1.8713E+158 1
3.0278E+158 3
4.899E+158 4
7.9268E+158 7
1.2826E+159 1
2.0753E+159 2
3.3578E+159 3
5.4331E+159 5
8.7909E+159 8
1.4224E+160 1
2.3015E+160 2
3.7239E+160 3
6.0254E+160 6
9.7493E+160 9
1.5775E+161 1
2.5524E+161 2
4.1299E+161 4
6.6823E+161 6
1.0812E+162 1
1.7494E+162 1
2.8307E+162 2
4.5801E+162 4
7.4107E+162 7
1.1991E+163 1
1.9402E+163 1
3.1392E+163 3
5.0794E+163 5
8.2186E+163 8
1.3298E+164 1
2.1517E+164 2
3.4815E+164 3
5.6331E+164 5
9.1146E+164 9
1.4748E+165 1
2.3862E+165 2
3.861E+165 3
6.2473E+165 6
1.0108E+166 1
1.6356E+166 1
2.6464E+166 2
4.2819E+166 4
6.9283E+166 6
1.121E+167 1
1.8139E+167 1
2.9349E+167 2
4.7487E+167 4
7.6836E+167 7
1.2432E+168 1
2.0116E+168 2
3.2548E+168 3
5.2664E+168 5
8.5213E+168 8
1.3788E+169 1
2.2309E+169 2
3.6097E+169 3
5.8406E+169 5
9.4502E+169 9
1.5291E+170 1
2.4741E+170 2
4.0032E+170 4
6.4773E+170 6
1.048E+171 1
1.6958E+171 1
2.7438E+171 2
4.4396E+171 4
7.1834E+171 7
1.1623E+172 1
1.8806E+172 1
3.0429E+172 3
4.9236E+172 4
7.9665E+172 7
1.289E+173 1
2.0857E+173 2
3.3747E+173 3
5.4603E+173 5
8.835E+173 8
1.4295E+174 1
2.313E+174 2
3.7426E+174 3
6.0556E+174 6
9.7982E+174 9
1.5854E+175 1
2.5652E+175 2
4.1506E+175 4
6.7158E+175 6
1.0866E+176 1
1.7582E+176 1
2.8448E+176 2
4.6031E+176 4
7.4479E+176 7
1.2051E+177 1
1.9499E+177 1
3.155E+177 3
5.1049E+177 5
8.2598E+177 8
1.3365E+178 1
2.1625E+178 2
3.4989E+178 3
5.6614E+178 5
9.1603E+178 9
1.4822E+179 1
2.3982E+179 2
3.8804E+179 3
6.2786E+179 6
1.0159E+180 1
1.6438E+180 1
2.6596E+180 2
4.3034E+180 4
6.963E+180 6
1.1266E+181 1
1.8229E+181 1
2.9496E+181 2
4.7725E+181 4
7.7221E+181 7
1.2495E+182 1
2.0217E+182 2
3.2711E+182 3
5.2928E+182 5
8.564E+182 8
1.3857E+183 1
2.2421E+183 2
3.6278E+183 3
5.8698E+183 5
9.4976E+183 9
1.5367E+184 1
2.4865E+184 2
4.0232E+184 4
6.5097E+184 6
1.0533E+185 1
1.7043E+185 1
2.7576E+185 2
4.4618E+185 4
7.2194E+185 7
1.1681E+186 1
1.8901E+186 1
3.0582E+186 3
4.9483E+186 4
8.0065E+186 8
1.2955E+187 1
2.0961E+187 2
3.3916E+187 3
5.4877E+187 5
8.8793E+187 8
1.4367E+188 1
2.3246E+188 2
3.7613E+188 3
6.086E+188 6
9.8473E+188 9
1.5933E+189 1
2.5781E+189 2
4.1714E+189 4
6.7494E+189 6
1.0921E+190 1
1.767E+190 1
2.8591E+190 2
4.6261E+190 4
7.4852E+190 7
1.2111E+191 1
1.9597E+191 1
3.1708E+191 3
5.1305E+191 5
8.3013E+191 8
1.3432E+192 1
2.1733E+192 2
3.5165E+192 3
5.6898E+192 5
9.2062E+192 9
1.4896E+193 1
2.4102E+193 2
3.8998E+193 3
6.31E+193 6
1.021E+194 1
1.652E+194 1
2.673E+194 2
4.325E+194 4
6.998E+194 6
1.1323E+195 1
1.8321E+195 1
2.9644E+195 2
4.7965E+195 4
7.7608E+195 7
1.2557E+196 1
2.0318E+196 2
3.2875E+196 3
5.3194E+196 5
8.6069E+196 8
1.3926E+197 1
2.2533E+197 2
3.6459E+197 3
5.8993E+197 5
9.5452E+197 9
1.5444E+198 1
2.499E+198 2
4.0434E+198 4
6.5424E+198 6
1.0586E+199 1
1.7128E+199 1
2.7714E+199 2
4.4842E+199 4
7.2556E+199 7
1.174E+200 1
1.8995E+200 1
3.0735E+200 3
4.9731E+200 4
8.0466E+200 8
1.302E+201 1
2.1066E+201 2
3.4086E+201 3
5.5152E+201 5
8.9238E+201 8
1.4439E+202 1
2.3363E+202 2
3.7802E+202 3
6.1165E+202 6
9.8967E+202 9
1.6013E+203 1
2.591E+203 2
4.1923E+203 4
6.7833E+203 6
1.0976E+204 1
1.7759E+204 1
2.8734E+204 2
4.6493E+204 4
7.5228E+204 7
1.2172E+205 1
1.9695E+205 1
3.1867E+205 3
5.1562E+205 5
8.3429E+205 8
1.3499E+206 1
2.1842E+206 2
3.5341E+206 3
5.7183E+206 5
9.2524E+206 9
1.4971E+207 1
2.4223E+207 2
3.9194E+207 3
6.3417E+207 6
1.0261E+208 1
1.6603E+208 1
2.6864E+208 2
4.3467E+208 4
xp(x) x^2p(x)
0.301 0.301
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3.437 17.863

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