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Roman Magic
Roman Magic
Here are some examples of magical practices that were accepted by the
Romans. You will run into them occasionally. I will begin with the one spell
dislocated it will be made well by this incantation. Take a green reed four or
five feet long, split it in half and let two men hold the halves at their hips.
DISSUNA PITER until the halves come together. Keep brandishing a sword
over them. When they have come together and one half-reed touches the
other, seize them in the hand and cut them off to the right and left, bind
the form of incantation daily over the man who has suffered the dislocation.
DANNAUSTRA.
This last incantation seems to be archaic Latin and may have been HUAT
Latin AVET AVET AVET ISTA PESTIS SISTAT DAMNABO DAMNA VESTRA,
meaning "I pray, pray, pray, may this trouble cease; I will harm what harms
you"
The person who studies the art of magic and other occult arts was mostly
summon Gods, Daemons, Heroes, souls, if they were eager to help or serve
When he summoned daemons, heroes and souls- he could either help, heal,
destroy and/ or kill. One of the important concept in magic is sympathy. Not
universe. Even Wiccans know this that when magic is used to create an
action, one might always suspect that there will be a reaction coming your
way. So the magi protects himself from this reaction. Just as the microcosm
reflects and reacts to the macrcosm because both influence one another and
share a deep affinity. This was held with variations by pythagoreans, Stoics
circumstances. When the people found out that magic wasn't excluded as a
possible answer to the mysterious death, the people went to the temples,
and kicked out the statues of the gods to let their Gods know their pain and
to react on it. According to George Luck, this is still done today by Italian
symbols that are fully known only to the gods but isn't quite understood by
the higher magus or theurgist. In fact the Theurgist uses the cosmic
sympathy to work through him and allow him to work. The secret lies is
so.
religious pray for something and thank the deity in question later on, he
does this in a somewhat submissive manner while the magi can do this as
well but sometimes he uses threats to compel the Gods to do his bidding.
This isn't always the case. The magi can be like the religious person and be
submissive and grateful towards his Gods. The difference between the two
lies in how they approach their Gods. One does is through prayers and
rituals (which is also kind of magic) to strengthen his request while the magi
uses magic to put strength behind his request he wants to make to his Gods.
Luck in Arcana Mundi, which I did mention here, one thing is certain and I
agree with the author that the roots of magic lie in prehistoric times and will
survive any religion and civilisation under one form or another. This I'm
certain of. I think what I said here also applies to the Hellenic religion
concerning magic.
One reason I posted Cato's spell is to illustrate that it does not have the
prayers are described as contractual because they are often not submissive
at all. As part of the contract, too, there is in Roman practice what Orcus
mentions, that men could punish gods for not fulfilling their end of the
and religions, but I do not think Roman practice would fit either definition
The first part of Cato's spell uses sympathetic magic, a kind sometimes
in something else; that is, he acts with the natural properties of the reeds in
order to effect an action on the injured body.
includes a statement of will, his will for the body to heal, rather than calling
upon any god or daemon to effect a cure. There is implied that some
supernatural agent is at work, that caused the injury and could heal it, which
injury is, and that he can do so through a magical power of words. Since the
be contractual. Yet it is not the typical sort of prayer we normally see in the
Religio Romana. The implied agent here is probably a lemur, or one of the
evil manes; that is, the spirit of a deceased person who delights in mischief
by harming others. Cato does not call on some higher daemon or deity to
compel the agent of injury, or the lemur, to reverse the harm it has caused,
as a magi would. Instead he deals directly with the lemur, in the same way
that Ovid describes the rite of Lemuria when he makes an offering to the
Manes but also orders them to leave. Cato's prayer does not fall under the
kind of rites performed to celestial deities as in the cultus civile. But it does
fall into a category of practices in the Religio Romana that deal with the
Cato's spell. But the salient feature is Cato's willing the leg to heal. He does
not ask. He does not leave it to the gods to decide. He acts in a magical way
One place where practice in the cultus civile may be considered magical in
nature is with all the tabus placed upon the flamen Dialis, as recorded by
Aulus Gellius in Attic Nights X.15.1-25. One of those tabus was that "the nail
parings of the Dialis and his hair trimmings are buried in earth under a
bride from the evil eye of onlookers, and was also hung over the lintel of the
grooms house as a means of guarding his house from evil influences. The
"Sabine herb" mentioned in marriages rites and purifications was the variety
of juniper. Pliny said that its odor, when burned or rubbed on the skin, would
repel the approach of serpents (Hist. Nat. 24.36) which is also mentioned by
Virgil (Geor. 3.414) Certain religious articles were required to be made from
specific trees. The fetiales carried spears made of cornel (Livy I.32.6-14).
The fasces were made of elm (Plautus Asinaria 262-4). The lituus of augures
was made of a single tree branch, without knots, and having a natural curl,
taken from a "fruitful" tree. What were these "fruitful" trees is mentioned by
holm oak, cork tree, beech tree, hazel, service berry tree, white fig, pear
tree, apple tree, the vine, the plum tree, cornel (red dogwood), cherry tree,
and the Italian lotus (Sat. 3.20.2)." Other trees also bore fruit, were
properties, such as the elder and rowan, but were not, in the context of the
Religio Romana, especially with the cultus civile, regarded to be among the
"fruitful" trees.
Elder. "Trees were the templa of the gods, and, following ancient established
rituals, country places even now dedicate an outstandingly tall tree to a god.
Even images of shining gold and ivory are worshipped less by us than forests
and their silence. Different types of trees are dedicated to their own deities
and these relationships are kept for all time. For example, the Italian holm
oak is sacred to Jupiter, the laurel to Apollo, the olive to Minerva, the myrtle
to Venus, and the poplar to Hercules. We also believe that the Silvani and
Thus there is the idea that trees can hold the numina of a specific god,
you also bring the influence of the deity. Rustic shrines we are told had
rough cut wooden images of gods, or simply smooth planks, for the same
reason. By templum Pliny does not mean an edifice or house of a god, but a
holy item associated with a god. By bringing the wood of a particular tree
into your shrine you also brought the numen of that deity, whereby a
connection was made to the deity himself. In addition to trees, herbs and
certain stones were considered in the same way, associated with specific
deities and offering certain magical properties. Pliny the Elder is a treasure
trove of such associations. Although you might argue, as I have done in the
manner in which they were employed in the Religio Romana would have to
person to you. There is another type of binding spell that inhibits a person
from taking certain actions or speaking, but from its nature it is used
The supernatural agents generally used in Roman magic would be the Manes
and Di inferi. In later periods, that is, during the imperial era, numina were
directly callled upon almost as though they we separate entities so that they
assumption that ills are caused by the action of some supernatural being.
suppose, "Why do bad things happen to good people?" The Romans most
either living or dead. Defixiones call upon the deceased to act in a vengeful
manner. Brides are covered with protective amulets to prevent the jealous
eyes of others to do her harm. Then too is the provision of the XIITabulae
against harmful witchcraft. Some actions that could not be attributed to any
living person were believed to be the work of the larvae who were simply
evil spirited ghosts, but ghosts nontheless. Most, if not all really, magical
is some love magic found, employing natural charms, but most spells of that
With the Romans the supernatural is populated with greater and lesser gods
and goddesses of the heavens, the greater and lesser gods and goddesses of
the earth called the Di inferi, then the semi-divine creatures of the earth like
the fauni and silvani, and there are the spirits of the dead, the Manes, who
Here are a few thoughts and observations on the legality of magic in the
Roman world. This doesn't address just what was and wasn't magic to the
Roman legal mind, in some ways they never answered the question
a distrust of magical rites. The Twelve Tables of the early republic outlawed
most, if not all magical practices and made them a capital offense. While
these tables are fragmentary, the table on crimes, Table VII (?) and the
table on public laws, Table IX contain the seminal laws that influenced later
rulings.
During the period of the late republic, the Senate pronounced several
magical rites. Livy gives a detailed account of the suppression of the Bacchic
cult in 186 BC in book XXXIX of his History. Valerius Maximus (1.3) records
the expulsion of magi – astrologers 139 BC. Other measures passed include
them. Cato writes in his text De Agricultura that the owner of a farm should
not bother consulting magicians and astrologers (I.5). The fact that he feels
he needs to include this passage might indicate that many of Cato’s fellow
As Dictator, Sulla expanded the scope of the Twelve Tables with his Lex
and added to earlier measures that addressed homicide. A section of this law
During the Imperial period, there were a series of laws and imperial edicts
issued by emperors that built upon the previous legal documents. In 16 AD,
Vespasian pronounced edicts banning astrology and other arts (Tacitus 2.62
and Dio Cassius 65.4 (?)). Domitian also repeated this measure (Suetonius).
The fact that these same laws were repeatedly enacted demonstrates the
futility of the efforts to stop the practice of magic.
Caesar Julian in 357 concerning the matter of magic of all kinds (IX.xviii.5).
The Jurist Julius Paulus discussed the use of magic and perhaps gives the
most complete answer preserved of the penalties for using outlawed magic:
beasts… It is the prevailing legal opinion that participants in the magical art
should be subject to the extreme punishment, that is, thrown to the beasts
permitted for anyone to have in his possession books of the magical art. If
they are found in anyone’s possession, after his property has been
Paulus’s works date from the late 2nd or early 3rd century. His
stemming from the Jurist Ulpian (?) who reasoned that the study of magic
This thread is also found in some passages of the Codex (IX.xviii.2). As time
passed the rulings against magic grew stronger, more harsh and more
inclusive so that by the time of Justinian, most all the arts or practices that
theory.
Valens and the savage response of the emperor when he discovered the
books, votives, tablets etc. come from the third to fifth centuries. Magic
eliminate it.
If your feet hurt: "I think of you; heal my feet. May Terra restrain plague.
May this health remain in my feet." Nine times must you recite this (charm),
touching the earth, and then spit on the ground. This must be recited in due
seriousness.
majesty I ask, I pray, I implore that you vindicate me of each and every
theft that is made against me, whosoever has altered my life, violated me,
lessened me by taking these things that I have listed below: six tunics, "two
cloaks, on of these being of Indian linen "I do not know (who took them).
May you call down upon him the worst possible death.
Dea Atacina Turibrig(ensis) Proserpina, per tuam maiestatem te rogo oro
obsecro, uti vindices, quot mihi furti factum est; quisquis mihi imudavit
"[pa]enula lintea II, in[dus]ium cuius I c v "m ignoro ia " [eum tu pessimo
This I put before Your numen, I hand over to You, I consecrate to You, I
sacrifice to You this ravenous wolf, this pimp who is called Caucadius, who is
You, raging hot Water, with You Nymphs, who I call upon with whatever
name You wish to be addressed, that You may destroy him, You may kill him
Letinium Lupum qui et vocatur Caucadio, qui est fi[lius] Salusti[es Vene]ries
desacrifico, uti vos Aquae ferventes, siv[e v]os Nimfas [si]ve quo alio
nomine voltis adpe[l]lari, uti vos eum interematis interficiatis intra annum
itsum.
I pray to You who reigns over the infernal regions, to You I commend Julia
Faustilla, daughter of Marius, that You may quickly carry her off, abduct her
to the nether regions and there may You count her among the spirits of the
dead.
Te rogo, qui infernales partes tenes, commendo tibi Iulia Faustilla, Marii filia,
Gods of this Earth, to you I commend, if anyone (else) would propose holy
rites or seek bonds of marriage with dearest Ticene, no matter what he may
propose, may you put an end to all he says. Gods of this Earth, to you I
commend these limbs, her complexion, her figure, head, and hair, her
shadow, brain, brow, eye lashes, mouth, nose, chin, cheeks, lips, her
speech, her breath, her neck, her sense of humor, shoulders, heart, lungs,
blood, ankles, the top of her feet, down to her toes. Gods of this Earth, if
these I see begin to waste away, then a sacrifice I'll gladly make on the
anniversary to you gods of our fathers 'may you waste (her) property.
quodquod agat quod imcidant omnia in adversa. Dii inferi, vobis comedo ilius
memra, colore figura caput capilla umbra cerebru frute supercilia os nasu
mentu bucas labra verbr alitu colu iocur umeros cor fulmones intestinas
ventre bracia dititos manus ubblicu visica femena genua crura talos planta
titidos. Dii iferi, si vider tabescente, vobis sactu ilud libens ob anuversariu
De Medicamentis
14.67
Neither blood nor bile the ant has, chase (him) away from these ovaries,
Formica sanguinem non habet nec fel, fuge uva, ne cancer te comedat.
15.11
Synanche
With pious rite I call out, I summon; I entice with songs that You come
forth
36.70 Chase away, chase away, gout and all the pains of the sinews from
membris meis.