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PARASITOLOGY
CESTODES/TAPEWORMS
By: Dr. Diaz II. LARVAE OF TAPEWORMS
I. OVERVIEW SOLID LARVAE VESICULAR LARVAE
v Cestodes/ tapeworms are generally FLAT & ü Procercoid § Cysticercus
ü Plerocercoid/ § Cysticercoid
RIBBON LIKE
Sparganum § Hydatid (echinococcus)
v White or Yellowish color § Coenurus
v When alive: consisting of chain of egg-producing
units called SEGMENTS/ PROGLOTTIDS SOLID LARVAE
LARVAE DESCRIPTION
PROCERCOID ü Globular or elongate with an
INVAGINATED SCOLEX inside its
solid body
ü CERCOMERE: vestige of the
embryo with hooklets situated at
the CAUDAL part
PLEROCERCOID/ ü Elongate w/ scolex (invaginated
SPARGANUM or free) into the neck part of the
larvae
ü May look like a MINIATURE OF
THE ADULT WORM with
markings of the would-be
segments

VESICULAR LARVAE
LARVAE DESCRIPTION
CYSTICERCUS § Aka TRUE BLADDER WORM
§ With a SINGLE SCOLEX invaginated
v PARTS in the PROXIMAL portion of the
large bladder
PARTS DESCRIPTION/ FUNCTION
CYSTICERCOID § Has a small body at the anterior
SCOLEX v serves as anchor structure part
v for orientation § With an INVAGINATED scolex
NECK v immediately after the scolex within the cavity
v GROWTH REGION § Solid, elongate caudal portion
v Origin of strobili (series of segments
COENURUS § globular shaped
or proglottids), which will grow
§ Shell: has an inner layer of
segments to replace the loss ones
germinal epithelium where
SEGMENTS protoscolices arises, which in turn
IMMATURE v Develop from the DISTAL end of the are projected into the fluid-filled
neck cavity
v with UNDER-DEVELOPED internal HYDATID § Aka ECHINOCOCCUS
structures § Globular-shaped
MATURE v Develop from IMMATURE segments § Germinal epithelium: give rise to
v Bigger, with INTERNAL & smaller daughter cysts within the
REPRODUCTIVE structures ( male & fluid-filled cavity, which in turn
female in each segment) fully give rise to protoscolices
developed § BROOD CAPSULE: detached
GRAVID v FARTHEST from the scolex daughter cyst, produces SMALLER
v Following mature segments cysts within, which will be
v ATROPIED internal structures due protoscolices
to ENLARGED, EGG-FILLED uterus












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PARASITOLOGY
III. GENERAL FEATURES § Coiled, piled or segments
Ø NO INTENAL STRUCTURES that may serve as rosette uterus v Tubular uterus
INTESTINAL TRACT. § Single ovary filled with eggs
Ø SKIN/INTEGUMENT- with MICROTRICHES, § Scattered testis v 2 ovaries
v Scattered testis
used to ABSORB food from the environment,
GRAVID § Bigger than v Oval-shaped due
function like INTESTINAL VILLI SEGMENTS mature to markedly egg-
Ø ENTIRE SKIN: serve as absorptive structure segments & w/ filled uterus
Ø SCOLEX: has a GANGLION CELL from where egg-filled uterus
nerve fiber arise, which are NON-MOTOR EGGS § Oval, v Spherical, non-
FIBERSà worm is QUITE TRANQUIL operculate, operculate,
immature when almost mature
laid when laid
Ø SEGMENTS- mainly MATURE ones: have
EMBRYO § Ciliated v Non-ciliated
SOLENOCYTES/ flame cells scattered within hexacanth hexacanth
Ø CAPILLARIES- connect solenocytes with one § Coracidium: v Embryophore:
another. They join together to form collecting ciliated with 6 non-ciliated with
tubulesà drain into excretory canals (consist hooklets 6 hooklets
of transverse and longitudinal) LARVAL § Solid v Vesicular
Ø TRANSVERSE CANALS- 1 at the superior & 1 at FORMS
the posterior part of the segment INTERME- § 2 v 1
DIATE
Ø LONGITUDINAL CANALS- one on each of the
HOSTS
lateral side of segments

Ø CANALS - connected with each other NOTE: Fully embryonated egg contains an oncosphere
Ø POSTERIOR openings of the LONGITUDINAL (hooked ball), which has 3 pairs of hooklets (thus
canals: at the most distal segments serve as the called hexacanth embryo)
EXCRETORY PORES
Ø PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA eggs: released through V. CLINICAL ASPECT OF TAPEWORM INFECTION
UTERINE PORE Pathology and manifestation may be caused by the:
Ø CYCLOPHYLLIDEA eggs: released through ADULT WORM ü Passive obstruction
ü Migration to unusual sites
APOLYSIS –i.e. skin of gravid segments, due to
ü Competition with nourishment of
filling-up of eggsàprogressively becomes the host
THINàrupturesà release of egg LARVA × OFTEN SERIOUS; larva may be
Ø MIDDLE PORTION of the HOST’S SMALL lodged in critical foci such as the
INTESTINE- general location of ADULT WORM brain, eyes, or elsewhere
Ø SCOLEX & NECK: important structures, since × may grow to large masses
infection persists as long as these parts producing pressure defects on
adjacent structures
remain attached to the host’s intestinal wall


IV. DIFFERENTIATION OF TAPEWORMS AS TO VI. PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA
ORDER Diphyllobothrium latum
PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA CYCLOPHYLLIDEA
SCOLEX § Spindle, almond, v Globular/ Common Name Broad or Fish Tapeworm
spoon-shaped transversely Diseases § Broad Tapeworm or Fish
§ Bothria/sectori quadrate in Tapeworm Infection
al groove at the shape § Bothriocephalus anemia
MID-VENTRAL v 4 cup-like Distribution worldwide , more on Northern
part suckers Temperate regions where pickled or
MATURE § Genital & v Genital pore- at insufficiently cooked fresh-water
SEGMENTS uterine pore at the lateral fishes are prominent part of the diet
the midline margin segment, Site of Walls of the ileum
ventral side of alternating or attachment rarely in the jejunum
each segment same side of the

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v Abdominal § Epigastric fullness
LIFE CYCLE discomfort § Appetite loss
1. Man: Ingestion of plerocercoid/sparganum larva in v Weight loss § Nausea
flesh of improperly cooked freshwater fishes like v Weakness § Vomiting
pike, salmon, trout v Malnutrition
2. Ingested larva becomes adult and attaches to the walls VAGUE & QUESTIONABLE QUESTIONS: oftentimes
attributed to:
of the ileum & lay eggs in 5-6 weeks.
Ø Absorption of toxic secretion or by-products of
3. Immature eggs pass with the feces & deposited in degenerating proglottids
bodies of water like lakes, ponds, & streams Ø Irritation of mucosa caused by worms
4. On maturation of the egg, coracidium escapes v Spirometra mansoni - MOST COMMON cause of
through the operculum & swims in water
Sparganosis in Asia
5. COPEPODS (Diaptomus vulgaris- most common,
Cyclops strenuous- rarely): tiny water crustaceans
v Spirometra mansonoides - usual species in the
that serve as 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOSTS, ingest the Western parts of the world

coracidium à transforms into procercoid larva CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

6. FRESHWATER FISHES, 2nd INTERMEDIATE HOST , Ø SPARGANOSIS: condition whereby an individual is
ingest the 1st IH that contains procercoidsà infected with LARVAL FORMS (PLEROCERCOID
transforms into PLEROCERCOID/SPARGANUM LARVAE) of some species of Pseudophyllidea
larvae in the tissues & muscles of the fish worms, not natural parasites of man.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE o Infection: limited to larvae only
FORM SITE PATHOLOGY o SITES OF LODGING: brain, eyes/ orbit &
ADULT WORM Small intestine No symptoms abdominal viscera
75% of cases- infection: limited to OCULAR × Intense pain
ILEUM a single worm only SPARGANOSIS × Irritation
Large intestine Pernicious anemia × Edematous swelling of eyelids
25% of cases w/ excessive lacrimation
worms compete w/ SUBCONJUNCTIVAL × Leads to LAGOPHTHALMIA
absorption of Vit INVASION (protruding eyes)
B12/ Cobalamin × Ulceration of the cornea
ITCHING × Developed over & around the
MINOR PROBLEMS NON-DEFINITIVE PUSTULES larvae in the subcutaneous tissue
v Nervous disturbances DIGESTIVE SYMPTOMS

v Digestive disorders § Hunger pains Ø HUMAN SPARGANOSIS may result from:

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PARASITOLOGY
1. Drinking water with cyclops infected with 2. Stomach juices digest the pork causing release of the
procercoid larvaà penetrates the intestinal larvae, which evaginate their scolices when they reach
wallà migrates to the subcutaneous tissues & the upper level of the small intestine
muscle: where it develops into typical sparganum 3. The worm attaches to the wall of small intestine &
larva becomes adult after 5-12 weeks.
2. Ingestion of plerocercoid larva from raw flesh 4. Eggs escape from ruptured uterus of the gravid
of birds, reptiles, amphibians & mammals proglottids & are together with feces, deposited in soil.
3. Local application of the flesh of infected 5. PIGS: as intermediate host, ingest the embryonated
vertebrate to the skin, conjunctiva or vagina à egg.
migration of the sparganum larva out of the flesh 6. Egg hatches as it passes in the duodenum & jejunum.
of infected animal into tissues of man 7. Released oncosphere penetrates the wall of the
intestine to enter the mesenteric venulesà carried
CYCLOPHYLLIDEA throughout the body where it develops into
CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE larvae: infective stage
Taenia solium to man
Common Name Pork Tapeworm
Diseases Taeniasis solium CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Pork Tapeworm infection
ADULT WORM Ordinarily: no serious damage or
§
Distribution cosmopolitan grave manifestation
Habitat Upper part of the jejunum with its § Slight local inflammation of the
scolex attached to the mucosa & its intestinal mucosa due to
body folded back & forth in the lumen mechanical irritation by the
Usual Definitive Man strobili & the attached scolex
Host § Vague abdominal discomfort,
One worm is present & life span may hunger pains, chronic digestion
be 25 years and/ or diarrhea (may have
alternating constipation),
appetite
§ Moderate eosinophilia
§ Proglottids, singly in chain, come
out of the anus while the person
is ACTIVEà anal itchiness
LARVAL WORM may occur if man:
INFECTION § Ingests foods or water infected
(Cysticercosis) with embryonated eggs
§ Has Taeniasis solium (eggs released
from the segment may hatch to
liberate the oncospheres, which
penetrate the intestinal wall &
distributed in different organs &
tissues)
§ Cysticercus cellulosae: found
practically in all organs & tissues of
man
Ø Common locations:
subcutaneous & intermuscular
tissues
Ø Subcutaneous cysts: resemble
small lipomas, removed
surgically- for diagnostic
purposes
§ May also involve the eyes, brain,
liver, lungs
§ Cysticercus: surrounded with a

fibrous capsule in tissues, EXCEPT
1. Man: ingestion of inadequately cooked pork with in the EYE, ventricles of the brain &
cysticercus cellulosae. subarachnoid spaces of the
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PARASITOLOGY
cranium & rachi. Larva provokes identification of eggs)
typical sequence of local cellular Cysticercosis Ø Inspection of a whitish or
reactions that include infiltration of grayish mass seen in the
the neutrophils, eosinophils, anterior or vitreous chamber
lymphocytes, plasma cell & giant of the eye- w/ impaired vision
cells. Cellular response is followed Ø X-ray: larvae in the tissues will
with fibrosis & necrosis of the show calcification
capsule with eventual caseation or Ø CT scan & or Ultrasound
calcification of the larvae. Ø MRI
§ SUBCUTANEOUS & MUSCULAR Ø Immunologic tests such as
INVOLVEMENT: oftentimes, no ELISA, Western Blot & IHA
sign and symptoms. It usually
involves the voluntary muscles &
there may be myositis w/ fever & Taenia saginata
eosinophilia
Common Name Beef Tapeworm
OCULAR v in vitreous & anterior chamber
Diseases Taeniasis saginata
CYSTICERCOSIS of the eyes
v Living cysticerci: non- Beef Tapeworm infection
encapsulated & may actively Distribution cosmopolitan
change with periodic eversion & Habitat small intestine
introversion of the scolex Usual Definitive Man
v Symptoms: discomfort due to Host
shadow cast by the larva infront of More prevalent, generally than
the retina unless it is removedà Taenia solium
can result to uveitis, iritis,
retinitis, choroidal atrophy, LIFE CYCLE
palpebral conjunctivitis or cyst
formation depending on its
location
v Patient: orbital pain, flashes of
light, grotesque shapes in the visual
field & blurring and loss of vision
v If parasites die: INTENSE
INFLAMMATION develops that
may endanger the eye
CEREBAL v Involves cerebral cortex, meninges,
CYSTICERCOSIS ventricles & less often, cerebral
substance.
v Little disturbance: noted during its
life
v As soon as the organism begin to
die: tissue reaction takes place
around it & variable brain
symptoms developà may end with
fatal outcome
v CONVULSION: most common
manifestation
Bone v May lead to fracture
Involvement


DIAGNOSIS

Taeniasis solium Ø identification of the egg in the
1. Man: ingest cysticercus bovis larva present in raw or
feces: also include the possibility
of Taenia saginata since both improperly cooked beef
parasites produce eggs with 2. Small intestine: Larva matures to adult.
same appearance 3. Eggs released from gravid segments are evacuated
Ø Recovery & identification of with the stool into the soil.
the gravid- and/ or mature
segments (more specific than

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PARASITOLOGY
4. Mature egg in soil is ingested by cattle and reaches
the duodenum where it hatches to release
oncosphere.
5. Oncosphere penetrates the intestinal wallà goes into
mesenteric venules or lymphatics & carried in the
blood circulation into different sites of the cow’s body,
although more commonly in striated muscles, where
it transforms into cysticercus bovis larva (infective
stage to man)

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Ø Generally: SINGLE WORM INFECTION only
Ø WITHOUT larval worm infection
Ø INFECTION- generally well tolerated but may also be
responsible for intestinal disturbances.
Ø Intestinal OBSTRUCTION – possible
Ø SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:
o Epigastric pain

o Vague abdominal discomfort
1. Man: ingests viable embryonated eggs from
o Vertigo
contaminated food or drinks
o Nervousness
2. Small intestine: where egg hatches
o Nausea and vomiting
3. Freed oncosphere penetrates into the villi of the
o Diarrhea
ANTERIOR part of the small intestine à develops into
Ø INDIVIDUAL PROGLOTTID: may be lodged in the
a cysticercoid larva
appendix à ACUTE APPENDICITIS
4. Larva: breaks out of the villi à goes into the lumen of
Ø DETACH PORTION OF THE STROBILA- has strong
the small intestine à attaches its scolex into the
tendency to crawl from the anus down the thigh,
mucosal wall
especially during the day: when the person is MOST
5. In 2 weeks or more: LARVA develops into MATURE
ACTIVE, manifesting w/ PRURITUS ANI
worm

6. Mature worm: produces eggs that are released
DIAGNOSIS
through apolysis.
§ Recovery of eggs in DFS, although with same

morphology with that of T. solium
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
§ Recovery and identification of either the mature
Ø ONLY HUMAN TAPE WORM THAT DOES NOT NEED
and/ or gravid segments- more specific than eggs
an INTERMEDIATE HOST

Ø May be transferred directly via person-to-person
Hymenolepsis nana contact or through hands-to-mouth transfer
Ø Has great possibility of AUTOINFECTION
Common Name Dwarf Tapeworm
Ø Incidence of infection: CHILDREN > ADULTS
Diseases Hymenipesiasis nana
Ø Transmissible through contaminated food or water via
Dwarf tapeworm infection
Distribution Cosmopolitan insects (accidental intermediate hosts)
- more common in WARM than cold Ø Eggs: may hatch in the intestinal tract
countries Ø Released oncospheres penetrate the villi to repeat the
Habitat Upper 2/3 of ILEUM cycle (Internal autoinfection) ~~ increases tendency
Usual Definitive Man of continuous heavy infection.
Host Ø Infection: usually well tolerated even if (+) heavy
Life span Several weeks worm-load manifestation
Common tapeworm of man in Ø Clinical manifestations: due to ALLERGIC reactions
Hawaii
Ø (+) headache, dizziness, anorexia, pruritus of nose

and anus, periodic diarrhea, abdominal distress

Ø In Children: (+) lack of appetite, abdominal pain

w/or w/o diarrhea, vomiting and dizziness
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DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS
§ Demonstration of EGGS in direct fecal smear Ø Recovery of EGGS in DFS
§ Segments may be expelled but differentiation with H. Ø Identification of segments is not easy à LOOKS
diminuta is not easily done. SIMILAR WITH H. nana

Hymenolepsis diminuta Diphylidium caninum

Common Name Rat Tapeworm Common Name Double Pored Dog Tapeworm
Diseases Hymenolepsiasis dimunta Diseases Dipylidiasis
Distribution Cosmopolitan Dog Tapeworm infection
Intermediate Ctenocephalides canis, Ct. felis, X. Distribution Worldwide
Host cheopis, Pulex irritans (human flea), Common Tapeworm of CATS and DOGS
and Nosopsyllus fasciatus Habitat Small intestine of definitive host
Definitive Host Man, Rat (including human)
Intermediate host Ctenocephalides canis, Ct. felis, Pulex
irritans, Trichodectes canis (dog louse)
Usual Definitive Dogs
Host Cats

Occasionally Man (ingestion of
INFECTED fleas)
- common in young children (kiss/licked
by infected pets)










LIFE CYCLE

Ø Man: ingestion of intermediate host (harboring

cysticercoids larvae) from food, flower, hands

Ø Cysticercoid larva: After ingestion of definitive host

à liberated and migrates to SMALL INTESTINE to

mature

Ø Gravid segments: detached from strobila,

disintegrates to release eggs à evacuated in FECES of

def host.

1. Infection of cysticercoid larva contained in the insect

Ø Intermediate host: ingest the mature eggs.
intermediate host
Ø Egg: hatches in small intestine of insect host à
2. Cysticercoid larva: liberated in the small intestine
liberated oncosphere penetrates into the hemocele of
and matures into adult after 3-4 weeks (in man).
the insect à develops into a CYSTICERCOID LARVA.
3. Gravid segments: separate SINGLY/in GROUP, from
Ø Infective stage to the definitive host: CYSTICERCOID
the strobila, and frequently wander down the bowel à
LARVA
then out through the ANUS.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 4. At times, group of eggs within the embryonic
Ø Infection: Well-tolerated by man membrane à evacuated together with the feces
Ø ASYMPTOMATIC 5. Eggs (in capsule/segment) – may be ingested by the
Ø May manifest with: larval stage of some fleas.
o Headache 6. Eggs that hatch in the intestine of the insects à
o Abdominal pain develop into PROCERCOID LARVA later,
o Nausea transforming into CYSTICERCOID STAGE in the body
o Anorexia of adult flea.
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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 1. DOG (definitive host) feeds on VISCERA of an
Ø Severity of disease and manifestations: DIRECTLY intermediate host infected with hydatid larva
related to the number of worms in a host. 2. Larva develops à becomes ADULT worm in DOG,
Ø Symptoms among children: which frequently acquires countless number of adult
o Mild intestinal disturbances (ingestion, worms
abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea) 3. EGGS (from the gravid segment) à evacuated
o Anal itchiness – due to migrating segments together with the feces of the DOG (def host) into the
soil.
DIAGNOSIS 4. Intermediate host ingests the EMBRYONATED EGG
Ø EGGS contained in a capsule (DIRECT FECAL SMEAR) 5. Hatching of the egg: DUODENUM of INT. HOST à
Ø Identification of Mature and/or Gravid segments oncosphere migrates through the intestinal walls à
evacuated with FECES enters the MESENTERIC venules à lodges in various
organs and tissues à develops into HYDATID CYST

Echinococcus granulosus 2 TYPES OF CYCLE:
Common Name Hydatid worm 1. PASTORAL
Diseases Unilocular Echinococcosis o Intermediate host: HERBIVORES (SHEEP)
Hydatid disease - where in the larval form becomes
Distribution SHEEP raising/ CATTLE raising countries UNILOCULAR HYDATID CYST
Habitat Small intestine of DOGS, WOLVES, 2. SYLVATIC
JACKALS, COYOTES, FOXES o Occurs in WOLVES
Intermediate Sheep, goat, camel, ox, hog, cattle, man
o Hydatid cyst develops in WILD UNGULATES
Host
(mouse & reindeer)
Definitive Host DOG
o Humans – less likely to become infected as
Ø Man DOES NOT harbor adult worms accidental hosts
Ø Human infection – limited to presence of hydatid Ø Infection occurs during CHILDHOOD (period of
larvae in different tissues unhygienic habits)
Ø Prevalence: depends on intimate association of Ø Transmission: INGESTION OF EGGS (hand to mouth)
humans with infected dogs o Contamination of hands with eggs from soil or
Ø Dog owners: 21x greater risk than non-dog owners fur of infected dogs and/or gumulong sa may
poop of infected dogs (ew)

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Ø Pathology: depends on location of cysts
o Damage is due to: MECHANICAL EFFECTS
Ø Cysts
o May be distributed in liver
o May include secondary peritoneal invasion, lungs,
kidneys, bones, brain, muscle, spleen, eyes, heart,
or thyroid
o Growing unilocular cysts – evoke
INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS to surrounding
tissues that produce ENCAPSULATING FIBROUS
ADVENTITIA.
o Unilocular cysts – impairs organ due to
MECHANICAL PRESSURE
Ø Blood vessel erosion leads to HEMORRHAGE and
TORSION of Omentum === VASCULAR CONSTRICTION
Ø Adjacent tissues = undergo atrophy and pressure
necrosis as the CYSTS GROWS
Ø Symptoms – depends where the hydatid cyst is
located

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Ø MORE THAN ¾ of hepatic cysts – AT THE RIGHT DIAGNOSIS of HYDATID DISEASE
LOBE, towards the INFERIOR SURFACE, extends Ø Unilocular cyst – may grow for 5 – 20 years or more
downward to the ABDOMINAL CAVITY before it is diagnosed (it may be as old as the host)
Ø Hepatic cyst – ruptures into the abdominal cavity, but Ø History of residence: endemic or in close association
may also be discharged into the pleural cavity or with dogs
biliary ducts Ø X-ray, CT Scan, Ultrasonography
Ø Cysts at the dome of the liver – grows slowly and Ø Demonstration of protocolices, blood capsules and/or
persists as long as 30 years before producing daughter cysts after surgical removal
noticeable symptoms. Ø Demonstration of Hydatid fragments in SPUTUM or
Ø Pressure on bile ducts à OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE URINE.
Ø Ureters à URINARY PROBLEMS Ø Serologic tests:
Ø Characteristic Triad of Manifestations if Biliary o ELISA
Duct Obstruction: o HIA
1. Intermitted Jaundice o Indirect Fluorescent Antibody
2. Fever o Immune Electrophoresis
3. Eosinophilia

ABDOMEN presence of cysts à increasing DISCOMFORT Taenia multiceps

LUNGS Asymptomatic until complications, may be Diseases Coenurosis (larval form infection)
allergic in nature
Ø Similar life cycle, int. host, definitive host with
× Early manifestations: Slight hemoptysis,
cough, dyspnea, transient thoracic pain, Echinococcus granulosus
palpitations, tachycardia, pruritus Ø DIFFERS with LARVAL form
o Coenurus – T. multiceps
KIDNEY (+) intermittent pain, hematuria, kidney o Hydatid larva – E. granulosus
dysfunction Ø Coenurosis and Hydatid disease present with similar
× Rupture of cyst: (+) Hydatid materials in manifestations and clinical features
urine
Ø PREVALENCE: Coenurosis < Hydatid disease
× Osseous hydatid may lead to rapid erosion of
bones with multiple fractures or crumbling
of bone structure
BRAIN if LARGE à (+) symptoms of increase intra-
cranial pressure and Jacksonian type of
Epilepsy
SPLEEN Dull pain, bulging of ribs
If (+) spotty areas of dullness & resonance on
percussion = PELVIC CYSTS

Ø Rupture of cyst – liberates protocolices, bits of

germinal membrane, brood capsules and daughter
cysts à may reach other tissues through BLOOD or by
DIRECT EXTENSION and development into
SECONDARY CYSTS
Ø Escaping fluid from a ruptured cyst – give rise to an
ALLERGIC response
Ø Common MANIFESTATIONS of RUPTURE of CYST:
o Irregular fever
o Gastrointestinal disturbances
o Abdominal pain
o Cyanosis
o Syncope
o Delirium
Ø If considerable amount of hydatid fluid enters the
blood stream à SERIOUS ANAPHYLAXIS or SUDDEN
DEATH

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