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La Marseillaise
"La Marseillaise"[a] is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by
La Marseillaise
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against
Austria, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin" ("War Song English: The Marseillaise
for the Army of the Rhine").

The French National Convention adopted it as the Republic's anthem in 1795. The song
acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by volunteers from Marseille marching to the
capital. The song is the first example of the "European march" anthemic style. The anthem's
evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its
incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music.

Contents
History
Music
Lyrics
Cultural impact and musical adaptations
Adaptations in other musical works
Notable use in other media
Historical Russian use The Marseillais volunteers
Criticism departing, sculpted on the Arc de
See also Triomphe

Notes
National anthem of France
References
Further reading Also known as Chant de Guerre
External links pour l'Armée du
Rhin (English: War
song for the Army
History of the Rhine)
Lyrics Claude Joseph
As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Rouget de Lisle,
Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor 1792
would spread to their countries. The War of the First
Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least Music Claude Joseph
contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not Rouget de Lisle
distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France. Adopted 14 July 1795

On 25 April 1792, Baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, 1870

the mayor of Strasbourg and worshipful master of the
local masonic lodge, asked his freemason guest Rouget de Relinquished 1799 (readopted in
Lisle to compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from 1870)
Rouget de Lisle, composer of "La
Marseillaise", sings the song for the all over to defend their homeland that is under Audio sample
first time at the home of Dietrich, threat".[1][2] That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant
Mayor of Strasbourg (1849 painting de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin"[3] (English: "War Song
1:20
by Isidore Pils, Musée historique de for the Army of the Rhine"), and dedicated the song to
Strasbourg). Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian freemason in "La Marseillaise" (instrumental)
French service from Cham.[4] A plaque on the building on file · help
Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood
commemorates the event.[5] De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror.[6]

The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as "La Marseillaise" after the melody was
first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés in French) from Marseille by the end of May. These fédérés were making their
entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a

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patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille.[3] A newly
graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28.[7]

The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) that was under way when it was
written. Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat
in the Battle of Valmy. As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French, a German version ("Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag
entgegen") was published in October 1792 in Colmar.[8]

The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795,
making it France's first anthem.[9] It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was
banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X, being re-instated only briefly after the July
Revolution of 1830.[10] During Napoleon I's reign, "Veillons au salut de l'Empire" was the
unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was "Partant pour la Syrie",
but the Government brought back the iconic anthem in an attempt to motivate the French
people during the Franco-Prussian War. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
"La Marseillaise" was recognised as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; Belgian singer Jean Noté singing
as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title "La Marseillaise" in 1907
"La marseillaise de la Commune". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's
national anthem, and has remained so ever since.[10]

Music

Several musical antecedents have been cited for the melody:

Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore, a work by the Italian violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti (composed in 1781);[11][12] the dating
of the manuscript has been questioned.[13]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Allegro maestoso from the Piano Concerto No. 25 (composed in 1786).[14]
The oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison (composed in 1787).[15][16]

Other attributions (the credo of the fourth mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg)[17] have been refuted.[18]

Rouget de Lisle himself never signed the score of "La Marseillaise".

Lyrics
Generally only the first verse is sung.

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French original IPA transcription[b] English translation

Allons enfants de la Patrie,

[a.lõz‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃ də la pa.tʁi.ə]
Arise, children of the Fatherland,

Le jour de gloire est arrivé !

[lə ʒuʁ də glwaʁ ɛt‿a.ʁi.ve]
The day of glory has arrived!

Contre nous de la tyrannie

[kõ.tʁə nu də la ti.ʁa.ni.ə]
Against us, tyranny's

L'étendard sanglant est levé, (bis)

𝄆 [le.tɑ̃.daʁ sɑ̃.glɑ̃t‿ɛ lə.ve] 𝄇
Bloody standard is raised, (repeated)

Entendez-vous dans les campagnes

[ɑ̃.tɑ̃.de vu dɑ̃ le kɑ̃.pa.ɲə]
Do you hear, in the countryside,

Mugir ces féroces soldats ?

[my.ʒiʁ se fe.ʁɔ.sə sɔl.da]
The roar of those ferocious soldiers?

Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras

[il vjɛ.nə ʒys.kə dɑ̃ vo bʁa]
They're coming right into your arms

Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes !

[e.gɔʁ.ʒe vo fis vo kõ.pa.ɲə]
To cut the throats of your sons, your women!

Refrain :
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]:
Refrain:

𝄆 Aux armes, citoyens,

𝄆 [oz‿aʁ.mə si.twa.jɛ̃]
𝄆 To arms, citizens,

Formez vos bataillons,

[fɔʁ.me vo ba.ta.jõ]
Form your battalions,

Marchons, marchons !
[maʁʃõ maʁʃõ]
March, march!

Qu'un sang impur

[kœ̃ sɑ̃k‿ɛ̃.pyʁ]
Let an impure blood

Abreuve nos sillons ! 𝄇

[a.bʁœ.və no si.jõ] 𝄇
Water our furrows! 𝄇

Que veut cette horde d'esclaves,

[kə vø sɛ.tə ɔʁ.də dɛs.kla.və]
What does this horde of slaves

De traîtres, de rois conjurés ?

[də tʁɛ.tʁə də ʁwa kõ.ʒy.ʁe]
Of traitors and conspiring kings want?

Pour qui ces ignobles entraves,

[puʁ ki sez‿i.ɲɔ.bləz‿ɑ̃.tʁa.və]
For whom have these vile chains
Ces fers dès longtemps préparés ? (bis)
𝄆 [se fεʁ de lõg.tɑ̃ pʁe.pa.ʁe] 𝄇
These irons, been long prepared? (repeated)

Français, pour nous, ah ! quel outrage

[fʁɑ̃.sɛ puʁ nu a kɛl u.tʁa.ʒə]
Frenchmen, for us, ah! What outrage

Quels transports il doit exciter !

[kɛl tʁɑ̃s.pɔʁz‿il dwat‿ɛk.si.te]
What furious action it must arouse!

C'est nous qu'on ose méditer

[sɛ nu kõn‿o.zə me.di.te]
It is for us they dare plan

De rendre à l'antique esclavage !

[də ʁɑ̃.dʁ‿a lɑ̃.tik ɛs.kla.va.ʒə]
A return to the old slavery!

Refrain
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]
Refrain

Quoi ! des cohortes étrangères

[kwa de ko.ɔʁ.təz‿e.tʁɑ̃.ʒɛ.ʁə]
What! Foreign cohorts!

Feraient la loi dans nos foyers !

[fə.ʁe la lwa dɑ̃ no fwa.je]
Would make the law in our homes!

Quoi ! Ces phalanges mercenaires

[kwa se pa.lɑ̃.ʒə mɛʁ.sə.nɛ.ʁə]
What! These mercenary phalanxes

Terrasseraient nos fiers guerriers ! (bis)

𝄆 [tɛ.ʁa.sə.ʁe no fje gɛ.ʁje] 𝄇
Would strike down our proud warriors! (repeated)

Grand Dieu ! Par des mains enchaînées

[gʁɑ̃ djø paʁ de mɛ̃z‿ɑ̃.ʃ(e).ne.ə]
Great God! By chained hands

Nos fronts sous le joug se ploieraient

[no fʁõ su lə ʒu sə plwa.ɛ.ʁe]
Our brows would yield under the yoke

De vils despotes deviendraient

[də vil dɛs.pɔ.tə də.vjɑ̃.dʁe]
Vile despots would themselves become

Les maîtres de nos destinées !

[le mɛ.tʁə də no dɛs.ti.ne.ə]
The masters of our destinies!

Refrain
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]
Refrain

Tremblez, tyrans et vous perfides

[tʁɑ̃.ble ti.ʁɑ̃z‿e vu pɛʁ.fi.də]
Tremble, tyrants and you traitors

L'opprobre de tous les partis,

[lɔ.pʁɔ.bʁə də tu le paʁ.ti]
The shame of all parties,

Tremblez ! vos projets parricides

[tʁɑ̃.ble vo pʁɔ.ʒe pa.ʁi.si.də]
Tremble! Your parricidal schemes

Vont enfin recevoir leurs prix ! (bis)

𝄆 [võt‿ɑ̃.fɛ̃ ʁə.sə.vwaʁ lœʁ pʁi] 𝄇
Will finally receive their prize! (repeated)

Tout est soldat pour vous combattre,

[tut‿ɛ sɔl.da puʁ vu kõ.ba.tʁə]
Everyone is a soldier to combat you,

S'ils tombent, nos jeunes héros,

[sil tõ.bə no ʒœ.nəz‿e.ʁo]
If they fall, our young heroes,

La terre en produit de nouveaux,

[la tɛʁ‿ɑ̃ pʁɔ.dɥi də nu.vo]
Will be produced anew from the ground,

Contre vous tout prêts à se battre !

[kõ.tʁə vu tu pʁɛz‿a sə ba.tʁə]
Ready to fight against you!

Refrain
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]
Refrain

Français, en guerriers magnanimes,

[fʁɑ̃.sɛ ɑ̃ gɛ.ʁje ma.ɲa.ni.mə]
Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors,

Portez ou retenez vos coups !

[pɔʁ.tez‿u ʁə.tə.ne vo ku]
Bear or hold back your blows!

Épargnez ces tristes victimes,

[e.paʁ.ɲe se tʁis.tə vik.ti.mə]
Spare those sorry victims,

À regret s'armant contre nous. (bis)

𝄆 [a ʁə.gʁe saʁ.mɑ̃ kõ.tʁə nu] 𝄇
For regretfully arming against us (repeated)

Mais ces despotes sanguinaires,

[me.se dɛs.pɔ.tə sɑ̃.gi.nɛ.ʁə]
But these bloodthirsty despots

Mais ces complices de Bouillé,

[me.se kõ.pli.sə də bwi.je]
These accomplices of Bouillé

Tous ces tigres qui, sans pitié,

[tu.se ti.gʁə ki sɑ̃ pi.tje]
All these tigers who, mercilessly,
Déchirent le sein de leur mère !
[de.ʃi.ʁə lə sɛ̃ də lœʁ mɛ.ʁə]
Tear apart their mother's breast!

Refrain
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]
Refrain

Amour sacré de la Patrie,

[a.muʁ sa.kʁe də la pa.tʁi.ə]
Sacred love of the Fatherland,

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Conduis, soutiens nos bras vengeurs
[kõ.dɥi su.tjɛ̃ no bʁa vɑ̃.ʒœʁ]
Lead, support our avenging arms

Liberté, Liberté chérie,

[li.bɛʁ.te li.bɛʁ.te ʃe.ʁi.ə]
Liberty, cherished Liberty

Combats avec tes défenseurs ! (bis)

𝄆 [kõ.baz‿a.vɛk te de.fɑ̃.sœʁ] 𝄇
Fight with your defenders! (repeated)

Sous nos drapeaux que la victoire

[su no dʁa.po kə la vik.twa.ʁə]
Under our flags may victory

Accoure à tes mâles accents,

[a.kuʁ a.te mɑ.ləz‿a.kɑ̃]
Hurry to your manly accents

Que tes ennemis expirants

[kə.tez‿ɛ.nə.miz‿ɛks.pi.ʁɑ̃]
So that your expiring enemies

Voient ton triomphe et notre gloire !

[vwa tõ tʁi.õ.pe nɔ.tʁə glwa.ʁə]
See your triumph and our glory!

Refrain
[ʁə.fʁɛ̃]
Refrain

Couplet des enfants:[c]

[ku.plɛ dez‿ɑ̃fɑ̃]:
Children's verse:

Nous entrerons dans la carrière

[nu ɑ̃.tʁə.ʁɔ̃ dɑ̃ la ka.ʁjɛʁ]
We shall enter the (military) career

Quand nos aînés n'y seront plus,

[kɑ̃ no ɛ.ne ɛ.ni.ɡʁɛk sə.ʁɔ̃ ply]
When our elders are no longer there

Nous y trouverons leur poussière

[nu i.ɡʁɛk tʁu.vʁɔ̃ lœʁ pu.sjɛʁ]
There we shall find their dust

Et la trace de leurs vertus (bis)

[e la tʁas də lœʁ vɛʁ.ty]
And the trace of their virtues (repeated)

Bien moins jaloux de leur survivre

[bjɛ̃ mwɛ̃ ʒa.lu də lœʁ syʁ.vi.vʁ]
Much less keen to survive them

Que de partager leur cercueil,

[kə də paʁ.ta.ʒe lœʁ sɛʁ.kœj]
Than to share their coffins

Nous aurons le sublime orgueil

[nu o.ʁɔ̃ lə sy.blim ɔʁ.ɡœj]
We shall have the sublime pride

De les venger ou de les suivre.

[də le vɑ̃.ʒe u də le sɥi.vʁ]
To avenge or follow them.

Refrain [ʁə.fʁɛ̃] Refrain

Cultural impact and musical adaptations

"La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in
about 1830.[19]

Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.[20]

During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La
Marseillaise".[21]

Adaptations in other musical works

Dmitri Shostakovich quotes "La Marseillaise" at some length during the fifth reel of
the film score he composed for the 1929 silent movie, The New Babylon (set during
the Paris Commune), where it is juxtaposed contrapuntally with the famous "Infernal
Galop" from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld.[22]
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quotes "La Marseillaise" in his 1812 Overture, representing
the invading French Army under Napoleon (although it was not the French national
anthem at that time), and it is drowned out by cannon fire, symbolizing the Russian
victory at the Battle of Borodino.
Claude Balbastre wrote a set of variations for keyboard on this theme which was
dedicated "by citizen C. Balbastre to the brave defenders of the French Republic, Score of the opening lines of "La
1792, first year of the republic". Marseillaise"
François-Joseph Gossec used the theme extensively throughout his Offrande à la
Liberté ou 'La Marseillaise'.
Franz Metzger, a composer almost entirely forgotten nowadays, quotes it in his La Bataille de Fleurus (a "battle piece" written
after the Battle of Fleurus).
Claude Debussy quotes fragments of "La Marseillaise" in two of his piano works: the closing bars of Feux d'artifice, the last
piece in the second book of his Préludes for piano solo, composed in 1913; and the second movement Lent. Sombre in the
two-piano suite En blanc et noir, composed in 1915 during World War I, and prefaced by verses from François Villon's
Ballade contre les ennemis de la France.
László Lajtha quoted fragments of "La Marseillaise" in the third movement of his Symphony No. 7 Revolution/Autumn,
composed in 1957 after the Hungarian Revolution.
The Beatles hit single of 1967, "All You Need Is Love", uses the opening bars of "La Marseillaise" as an introduction.[23]
On Simchat Torah (18–19 October) 1973, the Lubavitcher Rebbe adapted the melody to the Jewish prayer "HaAderet
v'HaEmunah". In Chabad, the melody is believed to convey the idea of a "spiritual French revolution" – in that Torah should
be spread around the world as an advent to the messianic era.[24]

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Notable use in other media

The movie Casablanca (1942) features a scene where the German, Major Strasser, leads a group of officers in singing "Die
Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine"). The Resistance leader, Victor Laszlo, orders the house band to play "La
Marseillaise". When the band looks to the owner Rick, he nods his head. Laszlo starts singing, alone at first, then patriotic
fervor grips the crowd and everyone joins in, drowning out the Germans as the entire tavern sings "La Marseillaise". A similar
scene had been featured in Jean Renoir's La Grande Illusion (1937).

Historical Russian use

In Russia, "La Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th
century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodnik revolutionary and theorist, wrote a
Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the
most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was
used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a
while alongside The Internationale.[25]

Criticism
The English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham, who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of
his sympathies for the ideals of the French Revolution, was not enamoured of "La Marseillaise". Contrasting its qualities with the
"beauty" and "simplicity" of "God Save the King", he wrote in 1796:

The War whoop of anarchy, the Marseillais Hymn, is to my ear, I must confess, independently of all moral association,
a most dismal, flat, and unpleasing ditty: and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one. In the
instance of a melody so mischievous in its application, it is a fortunate incident, if, in itself, it should be doomed
neither in point of universality, nor permanence, to gain equal hold on the affections of the people.[26]

Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, a former President of France, has said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with
impure Prussian blood as a German Chancellor takes the salute in Paris.[27] A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song
involving more than 100 prominent French citizens, including Danielle Mitterrand, wife of then-President François Mitterrand,
was unsuccessful.[28]

The British historian Simon Schama discussed "La Marseillaise" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on 17 November 2015 (in
the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks), saying it was "... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger;
that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are
pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the
bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS, so it's extremely easy for the
tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that".[29]

See also
"Marche Henri IV", the national anthem of the Kingdom of France
"La Marseillaise des Blancs", the Royal and Catholic variation
"Ça Ira", another famous anthem of the French Revolution
"Chant du départ", the official anthem of the Napoleonic Empire
"Belarusian Marseillaise", a patriotic song in Belarus
"Onamo", a Montenegrin patriotic song popularly known as the "Serbian Marseillaise"
"The Women's Marseillaise", a women's suffrage protest song
"Worker's Marseillaise", the national anthem of Russia from 1917-1918; written by Robert Schumann, based off of La
Marseillaise

Notes
a. Pronunciation: /ˌmɑːrsəˈleɪz, ˌmɑːrseɪˈ(j)ɛz/ MAR-sə-LAYZ, MAR-say-(Y)EZ, French: [la maʁsɛjɛːz]
b. See Help:IPA/French, French phonology and French of France.
c. The seventh verse was not part of the original text; it was added in 1792 by an unknown author.

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References
1. Dictionnaire Universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie page 601 - Jode and Cara (Larousse - 2011)
2. "La Marseillaise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120515104621/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/la_marseillaise.as
p) (in French). National Assembly of France. Archived from the original (http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/la_marseill
aise.asp) on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
3. Weber, Eugen (1 June 1976). Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (https://archive.org/
details/peasantsintofren0000webe). Stanford University Press. p. 439 (https://archive.org/details/peasantsintofren0000webe/
page/439). ISBN 978-0-8047-1013-8. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
4. Stevens, Benjamin F. (January 1896). "Story of La Marseillaise" (https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYPAAAAYAAJ&pg=
RA7-PA2). The Musical Record. Boston, Massachusetts: Oliver Ditson Company (408): 2. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
5. "Plaque Frédéric De Dietrich" (http://www.archi-wiki.org/Actualit%C3%A9s_adresse:3_place_Broglie_(Strasbourg)#Plaque_F
r.C3.A9d.C3.A9ric_De_Dietrich). Archi-Wiki. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
6. (in French) Louis Spach, Frederic de Dietrich, premier maire de Strasbourg. (https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_U5AAAA
cAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dietrich+Strasbourg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=STkcVfywGcnFggSfl4PICg&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=o
nepage&q=Dietrich%20Strasbourg&f=false), Strasbourgh, Vve. Berger-Levrault & fils, 1857.
7. "General François Mireur" (http://www.arcdetriomphe.info/officers/mireur/). Retrieved 26 January 2015.
8. Wochenblatt, dem Unterricht des Landvolks gewidmet, Colmar 1792 [1] (http://mfa.allegronet.de/page.php?urG=SER&urS=w
ochenblatt,%20dem%20unterricht%20des%20landvolks%20gewidmet).
9. Mould, Michael (2011). The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=x-FNTmUwfpEC&pg=PA147). New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-136-82573-6. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
10. Paul Halsall (1997),"La Marseillaise" (http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/marseill.html), Internet History Sourcebooks
Project
11. "La Marseillaise, un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée" (http://www.latribune.fr/economie/france/la-marseillaise-un-hymne-a-l-hist
oire-tourmentee-524332.html) by Romaric Godin, La Tribune, 20 November 2015 (in French)
12. Micaela Ovale & Guilia Mazzetto. "Progetti Viotti" (http://www.guidorimonda.com/download/File/C.stampa_ProgettoViotti.pdf)
(PDF). Guido Rimonda (in Italian). Guido Rimonda. Retrieved 24 August 2019. "Basti ricordare che "La Marsigliese" nasce
da un tema con variazioni di Viotti scritto nel 1781, ben 11 anni prima della comparsa dell'inno nazionale francese ufficiale.
English Translation Just remember that "La Marsigliese" was born from a theme with variations by Viotti written in 1781, 11
years before the appearance of the official French national anthem"
13. La Face, Giuseppina (10 January 2016). "La Marsigliese e il mistero attorno alla sua paternità" (https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.i
t/2016/01/10/la-marsigliese-e-il-mistero-attorno-alla-sua-paternita/2361661/). il fatto quotidiano. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
"A dicembre la Camerata Ducale, diretta dal violinista Guido Rimonda, ha eseguito un Tema con variazioni per violino e
orchestra sulla Marsigliese, attribuito al grande compositore vercellese Giovan Battista Viotti. Rimonda, che per la Decca sta
registrando gli opera omnia dell'illustre concittadino, possiede un manoscritto del Tema con variazioni firmato "GB Viotti" e
datato "1781"....... Nel libriccino che accompagna il CD Decca del 2013, è riprodotta la prima pagina del manoscritto.
Secondo un esperto di Viotti, il canadese Warwick Lister (Ad Parnassum, XIII, aprile 2015), la firma di Viotti in alto a destra
potrebbe essere autentica, ma le parole "2 mars 1781" sono di un'altra mano. Non si può dunque escludere che Viotti abbia
davvero scritto una serie di variazioni su un tema che tutt'Europa conobbe a metà degli anni 1790; ma l'idea che il brano
risalga al decennio precedente, e che la paternità musicale dell'inno vada girata a un violinista vercellese, è appesa all'esile
filo di una data d’incerta mano su un manoscritto d’incerta provenienza. Translation: In December the Camerata Ducale,
conducted by the violinist Guido Rimonda, performed a Theme with variations for violin and orchestra on the Marseillaise,
attributed to the great Vercelli composer Giovan Battista Viotti. Rimonda, who for the Decca is recording the opera omnia of
the illustrious fellow citizen, owns a manuscript of the Theme with variations signed "GB Viotti" and dated "1781"....... In the
booklet accompanying the 2013 Decca CD, the first page of the manuscript is reproduced. According to an expert from Viotti,
the Canadian Warwick Lister ( Ad Parnassum, XIII, April 2015), Viotti's signature on the top right may be authentic, but the
words "2 mars 1781" are from another hand. It cannot therefore be excluded that Viotti actually wrote a series of variations on
a theme that all of Europe knew in the mid-1790s; but the idea that the piece dates back to the previous decade, and that the
musical authorship of the hymn should be turned to a Vercelli violinist, hangs on the slender thread of a date of uncertain
hand on a manuscript of uncertain origin."
14. "Piano Concerto No. 25 in C major, K. 503" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120205191114/http://kennedycenter.com/calenda
r/index.cfm?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=2373). Archived from the original (http://kennedycenter.com/calendar/in
dex.cfm?fuseaction=composition&composition_id=2373) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
15. Lot, Arthur (1886). La Marseillaise: enquête sur son véritable auteur (https://books.google.com/books?id=y0yO32je-jMC). V.
Palmé, 1886; Nouvelles Éditions Latines 1992. p. 11. ISBN 9782723304580. Retrieved 13 January 2020. "Cette partition
musicale, que ma famille possède toujours, avait été écrite par Jean-Baptiste Lucien Grisons, chef de maîtrise à la
cathédrale de Saint-Omer de 1775 à 1787. Or l'air des Stances sur la Calamnie, par laquelle débute cet oratorio, n'est autre
que l'air de la Marseillaise. English Translation: This musical score, which my family still owns, was written by Jean-Baptiste
Lucien Grisons, chief of master at the cathedral of Saint-Omer from 1775 to 1787. Now the tune of Stances on Calamnia,
with which this oratorio begins, is none other than the air of the Marseillaise."
16. Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Marseillaise"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_En
cyclop%C3%A6dia/Marseillaise). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marseillaise 6/7
11/24/22, 1:25 PM La Marseillaise - Wikipedia

17. Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). "Marseillaise"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6
dia_(1879)/Marseillaise). The American Cyclopædia. See also Geschichte eines deutschen Liedes at German Wikisource.
18. Istel, Edgar (April 1922). "Is the Marseillaise a German composition? (The history of a hoax)". The Musical Quarterly. 8 (2):
213–226. doi:10.1093/mq/viii.2.213 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2Fviii.2.213). JSTOR 738232 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl
e/738232).
19. William Apthorp (1879) Hector Berlioz; Selections from His Letters, and Aesthetic, Humorous, and Satirical Writings, Henry
Holt, New York
20. L.J. de Bekker (1909) Stokes' Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians, Frederick Stokes, New York
21. Williams, Chad L. (2013). Torchbearers of Democracy African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. The University of
North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-0496-1. OCLC 957516717 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/957516717).
22. Described and played on BBC Radio 3's CD Review program "Building a Library: Elgar: Violin Concerto" (http://www.bbc.co.u
k/programmes/b0195pg1) (14 January 2012)
23. Edwards, Gavin (28 August 2014). "How the Beatles' 'All You Need Is Love' Made History" (https://www.rollingstone.com/mus
ic/music-features/the-beatles-make-history-with-all-you-need-is-love-a-minute-by-minute-breakdown-54370/). Rolling Stone.
Retrieved 24 April 2020.
24. "The Spiritual French Revolution: A Miracle in Our Times, 5752 (1992)" (https://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/246
5274/jewish/The-Spiritual-French-Revolution-A-Miracle-in-Our-Times-5752-1992.htm#footnote18a2465274). Chabad.org.
Retrieved 21 June 2020.
25. Соболева, Н.А. 2005. Из истории отечественных государственных гимнов. Журнал "Отечественная история", 1. P.10-
12 (http://www.hymn.ru/paper-soboleva-200501.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20081216213339/http://www.hym
n.ru/paper-soboleva-200501.pdf) 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
26. Bentham, Jeremy (2001). Quinn, Michael (ed.). Writings on the Poor Laws, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 136.
ISBN 978-0199242320.
27. Bremner, Charles (14 May 2014). "Cannes star denounces 'racist' Marseillaise at festival opening" (http://www.thetimes.co.u
k/tto/news/world/europe/article4089648.ece). The Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
28. Riding, Alan (5 March 1992). "Aux Barricades! 'La Marseillaise' Is Besieged" (https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/05/world/aux-
barricades-la-marseillaise-is-besieged.html). The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
29. "Simon Schama explains La Marseillaise" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34844105). BBC News. 17 November
2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.

Further reading
Hughes, Charles (Spring 1940). "Music of the French Revolution". Science & Society. 4 (2): 193–210. JSTOR 40399324 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/40399324).

External links
La Marseillaise: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
"La Marseillaise de Rouget de Lisle" (https://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/la-marseillaise-de-rouget-de-lisle) (in French).
Élysée – Présidence de la République. 16 November 2012.
"Les paroles de la Marseillaise" (https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/decouvrir-l-assemblee/histoire/dossier-historique-la-ma
rseillaise/les-paroles-de-la-marseillaise) (in French). Assemblée nationale.
La Marseillaise (http://marseillaise.org/english/), Iain Patterson's comprehensive website
Texts on Wikisource:
La Marseillaise
"Marseillaise, The". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
"Marseillaise". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

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