ABSTRACT

Abrasive Water jet machining (AWJM) is a non-conventional manufacturing

process, where material is removed from the work piece by impact erosion of pressurized
high velocity water stream mixed with high velocity grit abrasives on a work piece. There
are so many process parameters which affect the quality of machined surface cut by
AWJM. But, the traverse speed, hydraulic pressure, stand-off distance, abrasive flow rate
and type of abrasive are important. However, the important performance measures in
AWJM are Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), Kerf width, Depth
of cut. This paper reviews the research work carried out from the inception to the
development of AWJM within past few years. It reports on the AWJM research relating to
performance measures improvement, monitoring and process control, process variables
optimization. A wide range of AWJM industrial applications for variety of materials are
reported with variations.
The paper also discusses the future trend of research work in the area of AWJM.

KEYWORDS:

Composites, Water jet, Omni-directional, Abrasives, Mechanical loading &

Parameter

1
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Abrasive water jet machining is a mechanical, non-conventional

machining method in which abrasive particles such as Silica sand,
Garnet, Aluminum oxide, Silicon carbide etc are entrained in high speed
water jet to erode materials from the surface of material. About 90% of
machining is done by using garnet as abrasive particle. In AWJM
material removal take place by erosion induced by the impact of solid
particles. Material removal occurs by cutting wear and deformation
wear, cutting wear defines erosion at smaller impact angle. Deformation
wear occur by repeated bombardment of abrasive at larger impact angle.
Abrasive water jet machined surface are grouped into three sections they
are a) Initial damage region (IDR), b) Smooth cutting region (SCR) and
c) Rough cutting region (RCR).
[1] During 60s the study of application of pure water for cutting was
conducted by O. Manakas, University of Tokyo, and by late 60's R.
Franz of University of Michigan, analyze the cutting of wood using high
velocity water jets. Main applications of pure water jet machining
include cutting paper products, wood, cloths, plastics etc. By the end of
1970’s composites materials was introduced and its advantages such as
high strength, low weight, resistant to heat, hard etc increase its use and
applications, but there was no suitable method to machine such materials
economically. Thus abrasive water jet machine was made available at
industries by 1980’s to International Journal of Recent advances in
Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014 154
machine hard to machine materials. The abrasive water jet machine
became commercially available by the end of 1983 and the various
types of abrasives are garnet, silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, glass

2
pieces etc. The added abrasives in the water jet increase the range of
cutting materials, which can be cut with a Water jet drastically.
[2] Abrasive water jet machining is very much suitable for cutting soft,
brittle and fibrous materials. AWJM is a unconventional machining
process without much heat generation and the machined surface is
virtually without any heat affected zone. The other advantages of
abrasive water jet machining over other unconventional machining are:
i) Rapid setup of the abrasive water jet cutting, ii) High accuracy of the
components and features generated, extreme versatility of the system,
iii) No heat generated during the process and above all, minimal kerf is
obtained. Therefore, in this paper, a review of the contributions by
important researchers on water jet machining using abrasives (AWJM)
is presented. The their importance and influence on the abrasive water
jet machining system are finally compared and critically summarized to
understand the process outputs as a function of input conditions

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 Chapter 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

A.A. Khan and M.M. Hague

analyses the performance of different abrasive particles in abrasive water jet machining
of glass. They compare the effect of different abrasives on taper of cut by varying the
stand-off distance, work feed rate, pressure. Garnet abrasive produce the largest taper of
cut, followed by aluminum oxide, and silicon carbide. The study also describe that the
taper of cut increases with increase in the standoff distances because water jet get widen
with increase in standoff distance. The taper of cut decreases with increase in jet
pressure, with increase in pressure the cutting energy of jet increases. The depth of
penetration of jet increases with increases in hardness of abrasives.

M.A. Azmir, A.K. Ahsan

conducted a practical study for analyzing the surface roughness and kerf taper ratio of
glass/epoxy composite laminate machined using abrasive water jet machine. The various
process parameters considered are abrasive types (2-level), hydraulic pressure (3-level),
standoff distance (3-level), abrasive flow rate (3-level), traverse rate (3-level), cutting
orientation (3-level). The optimization of AWJM was done with the use of Taguchi
method and ANOVA (analysis of varience). The ratio of top kerf width to bottom kerf
width is called Kerf taper ratio. Types of abrasives and traverse speed are insignificant
parameter for surface roughness while hydraulic pressure is most significant factor that
influences surface roughness in AWJM. Standoff distance (SOD), cutting orientation and
abrasive mass flow rate are equally significant factors that influence surface roughness,
but the kerf taper ratios are influenced by hydraulic pressure, abrasive mass flow rate and
cutting orientation. Abrasives type, standoff distance and traverse speed are most
significant factors that had significant influences on kerf taper ratio. The quality of cutting
in AWJM can be increased by increasing the kinetic energy of the water jet.

Ahmet Hascalilk, Ulas Aydas, Hakan Gurun

4
has carried out the study of effect of traverse speed on AWJM of Titanium alloy. The
width of cutting, changes with changes in traverse speed. International Journal of Recent
advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014 155 The
study also reveals that the kerf taper ratio and surface roughness increases with increases
in traverse speed. The increase in traverse speed reduces the

J. John Rozario Jegaraj, N. Ramesh Babu

worked on 6063-T6 aluminum alloy to find efficient strategy and quality cutting of
materials with abrasive water jets considering the variation in orifice and focusing nozzle
diameter in cutting. The study found that the effect of orifice size and focusing nozzle
diameter on depth of cut, material removal rate, cutting efficiency, kerf geometry and
surface roughness. The study suggested that a ratio of 3:1 between focusing nozzle
diameter to orifice size was best suited combination to achieve the maximum depth of cut
out of several combinations of focusing nozzle to orifice size. They suggest that the ratio
of 5:1 and beyond cause ineffective entrainment of abrasives in cutting head. The
investigation also analyze that the increase in hydraulic pressure for different
combinations of orifice and focusing nozzle size the depth of cut increases. The material
removal rate also increases with an increase in the size of focusing nozzle up to 1.2 mm
diameter and further increase tends to decrease the material removal rate. The abrasive
flow rate has less significant on kerf width. This study suggests that taper of kerf can be
minimized by maintaining the orifice size and focusing nozzle size within certain limits
raging from 0.25–0.3 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively. The surface quality does not depend
on the increase in the size of orifice and focusing nozzle but larger size of orifice, produce
a better surface finish on cut surface.

Mohemed Hashish

observed that as the pressure increases the power required for cutting get reduced
drastically. This suggests that cutting at higher pressure is more efficient than at low
pressure for the same power consumption. Plain waterjets are capable of cutting thn sheet
metals at pressure of 600 Mpa. Elevated pressure promise cost reduction due to reduction
in abrasive usage or increased cutting speed. The study shows that the depth of cut
increases with increases in water pressure.

5
C. Ma, R. T. Deam

studied the kerf geometry of cut in abrasive waterjet machining using an optical
microscope. The kerf width developed on the work has shown that there are two regions,
called the developing stage and the fully developed stage. The first region is the
developing stage, and it ends after about 2 mm of the cutting depth. The developing stage
is due to the velocity profile of the jet changing from a uniform profile to a fully
developed flow in a groove. The velocity profile developed is similar to the velocity
profile developed when flow enters a pipe from a large tank. In the second section, the
fully developed stage which starts from 2 mm to the cutting depth and the cutting width
varies with depth, depending on the cutting speed. The kerf width increases with low
cutting speed and narrows down at high cutting speeds.

interaction of abrasives particles and the work piece thus narrow kerf widths with a greater
kerf taper ratio can be cut with AWJM.

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 Chapter 3

STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Water is an accelerating medium which is compressed to very

high pressures up to 1,00,000 PSI or more than that with the help of an
Intensifier pump. On this, water will try to escape somewhere because
of its incompressible property. This highly pressurized water is
directed along high pressure piping through an orifice having very
small diameter in between 0.0005 mm to 0.15 mm. The velocity of
pressurized water is double the speed of sound. A mixing tube is
employed after an orifice. The water create a vacuum that will pull the
abrasives from a hopper. So, the jet is ready to cut any material. This
prepared jet when comes along the material, it cuts some portion of the
material having fine quality. This depends on thickness of material,
speed of cut and type of garnet used. The difference between the size
of kerf and width of tube orifice is 10 % and kerf is always greater t

7
 Chapter 4

MATERIALS USED IN ABRASIVE WATER JET

MACHINING

summarizes various properties like components volume,

average particle size, Vickers hardness number and Bond Work Index
of Abrasive Water Jet Cutting (AWJC) materials. The most common
abrasive used in water jet cutting is Garnet. Three sets of natural
mineral abrasive types with varying concentrations of hessonite,
grossularite and andradite (an iron rich grossular garnet occurring in
this sample predominantly in a poly-crystalline form) were also
prepared from crushed rock.
Study shows that, tensile stresses are introduced in the particles
when brittle particles are loaded in compression or by impact. For
splitting failure of brittle particles, these tensile stresses are
responsible. Theoretical calculation of tensile strength of natural
materials using the strengths of atomic bonds is ineffective as it is
about 2 orders of magnitude lower than those predicted theoretically.
Because, randomly oriented cracks or fractures are caused by the
stress concentration around Griffith cracks.
The energy required to fragment a material of one size to that of
another is indicated by Bond Work Index (BWI). But, it is based on
the assumption that the material is not ductile. BWI of abrasives was
determined so as to evaluate its resistance to fragmentation during
AWJC by impact with the machined material or within the mixing the
tube. This method is widely used in designing full-scale grinding mills
At low cutting depths, abrasives impinge on the target material at

8
shallow angles

Chapter 5

COMPONENTS OF ABRASIVE WATER JET

MACHINING

The components of AJM center include:

1. Abrasive
Delivery

2. System Control System

3. Pump

4. Nozzle

1. Abrasive Delivery System

A simple fixed abrasive flow rate is all that's needed for smooth, accurate cutting.
Modern abrasive feed systems are eliminating the trouble-prone vibratory feeders
and solids metering valves of earlier systems and using a simple fixed-diameter
orifice to meter the abrasive flow from the bottom of a small feed hopper located
immediately adjacent to the nozzle on the Y-axis carriage. An orifice metering
system is extremely reliable and extremely repeatable. Once the flow of abrasive
through the orifice is measured during machine set-up, the value can be entered
into the control computer program and no adjustment or fine-tuning of abrasive
flow will www.pediain.com Abrasive Jet Machining ever be needed. The small
abrasive hopper located on the Y-axis carriage typically holds about a 45-minute
supply of abrasive and can be refilled with a hand scoop while cutting is
underway.

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2. Control System

Fundamental limitation of traditional CNC control systems. Historically, water jet

and abrasive jet cutting tables have used traditional CNC control systems
employing the familiar machine tool "G-code." However, there is a rapid
movement away from this technology for abrasive jet systems, particularly those
for short-run and limited-production machine shop applications. G-code
controllers were developed to move a rigid cutting tool, such as an end mill or
mechanical cutter. The feed rate for these tools is generally held constant

or varied only in discrete increments for corners and curves. Each time a change in
the feed rate is desired programming entry must be made. A water jet or abrasive
jet definitely is not a rigid cutting tool; using a constant feed rate will result in
severe undercutting or taper on corners and around curves. Moreover, making
discrete step changes in feed rate will also result in an uneven cut where the
transition occurs. Changes in the feed rate for corners and curves must be made
smoothly and gradually, with the rate of change determined by the type of material
being cut, the thickness, the part geometry and a host of nozzle parameters. The
control algorithm that computes exactly how the feed rate should vary for a given
geometry in a given material to make a precise part. The algorithm actually
determines desired variations in the feed rate every 0.0005" (0.012 mm) along the
tool path to provide an extremely smooth feed rate profile and a very accurate part.
Using G-Code to convert this desired feed rate profile into actual control
instructions for the servo motors would require a tremendous amount of
programming and controller memory. Instead, the power and memory of the
modern PC can be used to compute and store the entire tool path and feed rate
profile and then directly drive the servomotors that control the X-Y motion. This
results in a more precise part that is considerably easier to create than if G-code
programming were used.

3. Crankshaft pumps

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Abrasive Jet Machining The centuries-old technology behind crankshaft pumps is based
on the use of a mechanical crankshaft to move any number of individual pistons or
plungers back and forth in a cylinder. Check valves in each cylinder allow water to enter
the cylinder as the plunger fig:2 (crankshaft pump) retracts and then exit the cylinder into
the outlet manifold as the plunger advances into the cylinder Crankshaft pumps are
inherently more efficient than intensifier pumps because they do not require a power-
robbing hydraulic system. In addition, crankshaft pumps with three or more cylinders can
be designed to provide a very uniform pressure output without needing to use an
attenuator system. Crankshaft pumps were not generally used in ultra-high pressure
applications until fairly recently. This was because the typical crankshaft pump operated
at more strokes per minute than an intensifier pump and caused unacceptably short life
of seals and check valves. Improvements in seal designs and materials, combined with
the wide availability and reduced cost of ceramic valve components, made it possible to
operate a crankshaft pump in the 40,000 to 50,000 psi (280,000 to 345,000 kPa) range
with excellent reliability. This represented a major breakthrough in the use of such
pumps for abrasive jet cutting. Typical 20/30 horsepower crankshafts driven triplex
pump. Experience has shown that an abrasive jet does not really need the full 60,000 psi
(414,000 kPa) capability of an intensifier pump. In an abrasive jet, the abrasive material
does the actual cutting while the water merely acts as a medium to carry it past the
material being cut. This greatly diminishes the benefits of using ultra-high
www.pediain.com Abrasive Jet Machining pressure. Indeed many abrasive jet operators
with 60,000 psi (414,000 kPa) intensifier pumps have learned that they get smoother
cuts and more reliability if they operate their abrasive jets in the 40,000 to 50,000 psi
(276,000 to 345,000 kPa) range. Now that crankshaft pumps produce pressures in that
range, an increasing number of abrasive jet systems are being sold with the more
efficient and easily maintained crankshaft-type pumps.

4. Nozzle

All abrasive jet systems use the same basic two-stage nozzle as shown in the FIG.
First, water passes through a small-diameter jewel orifice to form a narrow jet. The
water jet then passes through a small chamber where a Venturi effect creates a
slight vacuum that pulls abrasive material and air into this area through a feed
tube. The abrasive particles are accelerated by the moving stream of water and
together they pass into a long, hollow cylindrical ceramic mixing tube. The

11
resulting mix of abrasive and water exits the mixing tube as a coherent stream and
cuts the material. It's critical that the jewel orifice and the mixing tube be precisely
aligned to ensure that the water jet passes directly down the center of the mixing
tube. Otherwise the quality of the abrasivejet will be diffused, the quality of the
cuts it produces will be poor, and the life of the mixing tube will be short. FIG:
Typical abrasivejet nozzle The typical orifice diameter for an abrasive jet nozzle is
0.010" to 0.014" (0.25 mm to 0.35 mm). The orifice jewel may be ruby, sapphire
or diamond, with sapphire being the most common.. The venturi chamber between
the jewel orifice and the top of the mixing tube is an area that is subject to wear.
This wear is caused by the erosive action of the abrasive stream as it enters the
side of the chamber and is entrained by the waterjet. Some nozzles provide a
carbide liner to minimize this wear. Precise alignment of the jewel orifice and the
mixing tube is critical to mixing tube life. This is particularly true for the relatively
small diameter 0.030" (0.75 mm).

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13
(a) Mixing tube

Abrasive Jet Machining The mixing tube is where the abrasive mixes with the
high-pressure water. The mixing tube should be replaced when tolerances drop
below acceptable levels. For maximum accuracy, replace the mixing

tube more frequently. The size of the kerf and cutting performance are the best
indicators of mixing tube wear. Fig: Mixing Tube

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 Chapter 6

Abrasive water jet machining working principle

A typical abrasive jet machining center is made up of the following components:

High pressure water starts at the pump, and is delivered through special high
pressure plumbing to the nozzle. At the nozzle, abrasive is (typically) introduced,
and as the abrasive/water mixture exits, cutting is performed. Once the jet has
exited the nozzle, the energy is dissipated into the catch tank, which is usually full
of water and debris from previous cuts.
The motion of the cutting head is typically handled by an X / Y-axis. Abrasive Jet
Machining structure. Control of the motion is typically done via a computer
following the lines and arcs from a CAD drawing. The cutting ability of water jet
machining can be improved drastically by adding hard and sharp abrasive particles into
the water jet. Thus, WJM is typically used to cut so called “softer” and “easy-to-machine”
materials like thin sheets and foils, non-ferrous metallic alloys, wood, textiles,
honeycomb, polymers, frozen meat, leather etc, but the domain of “harder and “difficult-
to machine” materials like thick plates of steels, aluminium and other commercial
materials, metal matrix and ceramic matrix

composites, reinforced plastics, layered composites etc are reserved for AWJM. Other than
cutting (machining) high pressure water jet also finds application in paint removal,
cleaning, surgery, peening to remove residual stress etc. AWJM can as well be used
besides cutting for pocket milling, turning, drilling etc. One of the strategic areas where
robotic AWJM is finding critical application is dismantling of nuclear plant

15
 Chapter 7

AWJM FEATURES

(A) Obtainable tolerances

You need a machine with good precision to get precision parts, but there are
many other factors that are just as important. A precise machine starts with a
precise table, but it is the control of the jet that brings the precision to the part. A
key factor in precision is software - not hardware. This is also true for cutting
speed. Good software can increase cutting speeds dramatically. This is because it
is only through sophisticated software that the machine can compensate for a
"floppy tool" made from a stream of water, air, and abrasive. Obtainable
tolerances vary greatly from manufacturer to manufacturer. Most of this variation
comes from differences in controller technology, and some of the variation comes
from machine construction.
Significant advances are made in the control of the process allowing for
higher tolerances.

(B) Material to machine

Harder materials typically exhibit less taper, and taper is a big factor in
determining what kind of tolerances you can hold. It is possible to
compensate for taper by adjusting the cutting speed, and/or tilting the cutting
head opposite of the taper direction.

(C) Material thickness

As the material gets thicker, it becomes more difficult to control the behavior of
the jet as it exits out the bottom. This will cause blow-out in the corners, and
taper around curves. Materials thinner than 1/4" (6mm) tend to exhibit the most
taper (which is perhaps the opposite of what you might expect.), and with thicker
materials, the controller must be quite sophisticated in order to get decent cuts
around complex geometry.

(D) Accuracy

of table Obviously, the more precise is the positioning the jet , the more

16
precise will be the machine part.

(E) Stability

of table Vibrations between the motion system and the material, poor velocity
control, and other sudden variances in conditions can cause blemishes in the part
("witness marks"), The hardware that is out there varies greatly in stability and
susceptibility to vibrations. If the cutting head vibrates relative to the part ,the
part will be ugly.

(F) Control of the abrasive jet

Abrasive Jet Machining Because your cutting tool is basically a beam of water, it
acts like a "floppy tool". The jet lags between where it first enters your material
and where it exits.

5. MACHINING ASPECTS

Around curves

As the jet makes its way around a radius, the jet down, and let the tail catch
up with the head. (And / or tilt the cutting head to compensate)

1 .Inside corners

As the jet enters the corner, the traverse speed must slow down to allow the
jets tail to catch up. Otherwise the tail lag will cause the corner to "blow out" a
little. As the jet exits the corner, the feed rate must not be increased too quickly,
otherwise the jet will kick back and damage the part.

2 . Feed rate:

When the jet slows down, its kerf width grows slightly.

3. Acceleration:

Any sudden movement (like a change in feed rate) will cause a slight
blemish as well. Thus for highest precision it is necessary to control the

17
acceleration as well as feed rate.

4. Nozzle

Focus Some nozzles produce more taper than others. Longer nozzles usually
produce less taper. Smaller diameter nozzles also produce less taper. Holding the
nozzle close to the work piece produces less taper as well.

5.Speed of cutting

Typically, the slower the cutting, the higher the tolerance. This is because
as the cutting is slowed down, the surface finish improves, and the taper begins to
disappear. However in some cases it is possible to slow the cutting down so much
that tolerances begin to get worse due to reverse taper.

6.Active taper

compensation Some newer machines now have the option of tilting the
cutting head against the taper. This can be used to virtually eliminate the taper, or
to purposely add taper into a part. The big advantage to active taper compensation
is that taper can be reduced without having to slow the cutting down. ("Taper" is
when the edge www.pediain.com Abrasive Jet Machining of the part is not 100%
perpendicular.) I have an entire page dedicated to this topic elsewhere in this web
site. If you want to go there now.

7. Kerf width

Kerf width, which is the width of the cutting beam, determines how sharp of
an inside corner you can make. About the smallest practical abrasive jet nozzle will
give you a kerf width of .020" (0.5mm) in diameter. Higher horsepower machines
require larger nozzles, due to the amount of water and abrasive that they flow
through. Some water jet (water only) nozzles have very fine kerf widths (like
.003" / 0.076mm). Likewise, it is possible to make ultra-small abrasive jet nozzles,
but they are problematic.

9. Consistency of Pump

Pressure Variations in water jet pump pressure can cause marks on the

18
final part. It is important that the pump pressure vary as little as possible while
machining is in progress to prevent these. (This becomes an issue only when
looking for better than +-.005" (0.125mm) tolerances, however). Typically it is
older Intensifier type pumps that exhibit this problem. Some newer intensifiers,
and as far as I know all crankshaft driven pumps have smoother pressure
delivery, and this is not an issue.

10. Cutting speeds:

Ideally, you want to make the most precise part possible in the least amount
of time, and for the least amount of money. Cutting speeds are a function of the the
material to cut, the geometry of the part, the software and controller

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 Chapter 8

PROCESS ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS

1. ADVANTAGES OF ABRASIVE JET

a. Extremely fast setup and programming

No tool changes required, so there is no need to program tool changes or
physically qualify multiple tools. For some systems, programming simply involves
drawing the part. If you customer gives you that drawing on disk,
www.pediain.com Abrasive Jet Machining half the battle is won. This means that
(for some machines) you can make good money off single part and low volume
production

b. Very little fixturing

for most parts Flat material can be positioned by laying it on the table and putting
a couple of 10 lb weights on it. Tiny parts might require tabs, or other fixturing. At
any rate, fixturing is typically not any big deal. Machine virtually any 2D shape
(and some 3D stuff) Including tight inside radii, Make a carburetor flange with
holes drilled and everything.

(a)Very low side forces during the machining

This means you can machine a part with walls as thin as .025" (0.5 mm) without
them blowing out. This is one of the factors that make fixturing is so easy. Also,
low side forces allow for close nesting of parts, and maximum material usage.

(b) Almost No heat generated on your part

You can machine without hardening the material, generating poisonous fumes,
recasting, or warping. You can machine parts that have already been heat treated

20
with only a tiny, tiny decrease in speed. On piercing 2" (50mm) thick steel,
temperatures may get as high as 120 degrees F (50 C), but otherwise machining is
done at room temperature. Aerospace companies use abrasive jets a lot because of
this

2. LIMITATIONS OF ABRASIVE JET

Despite their simple design, abrasive jet nozzles can be troublesome at

times. There are many designs,

but they share the same problems: Short life of an expensive wear part: The
mixing tube. Like I said, the abrasive jet can cut through just about anything
 including itself. This will be a large part of your operating cost. (More on
operating cost later) Occasional plugging of mixing tube: Usually caused
by dirt or large particles in abrasive. (This used tobe a big problem with
abrasive jet nozzles, but not so much any more.) Wear, misalignment, and
damage to the jewel.
 It requires a clean, filtered and soften water which is free from
dust particles and minerals in large amount.

 After water requirement, huge quantity of sharp abrasive is required.

Wastage of abrasives which can be used as landfill material.
 AWJM produces matte finish on the specimen while working.

It produces noise having intensity more than 100 dB which is harmful to ears.
So, protection is one of the main requirement.

21
 Chapter 9

CONCLUSIONS

Quality of cutting surface in AWJM is depending on so many process

parameters. Process parameter which affect less or more on quality of cutting in
AWJM are hydraulic pressure, Standoff distance, types of abrasive, size of
abrasives, abrasive flow rate, nozzle diameter, orifice size, and traverse speed.
Quality of cutting surface is measured by material removal rate, surface
roughness, kerf width, kerf taper ratio. From the literature review compare to
above all mentioned International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical
Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014 158 parameter traverse speed is
most effective parameter for MRR. Abrasive flow rate is also an important
parameter for increasing MRR. But beyond some limit with increase in abrasive
flow rate and traverse speed the surface roughness decreases. Increasing traverse
speed also increase the kerf geometry. So it is required to find optimum condition
for process parameter to give better quality of cutting surface. Traverse speed is
directly proportional to productivity and should be selected as high as possible
without compromising kerf quality and surface roughness.

22
 REFERENCES

[1] M. Ramalu, S. Kunaporn, D. Arola, M. Hashish, J. Hopkins; Waterjet

machining and Peening of metals, Transactions of ASME, Vol.122, February 2000.

[2] http://lyle.smu.edurcamresearchwaterjetwj2.html updated on 8th

December 2009.

[3] Module 9, lesson 37, non-conventional machining, version 2 ME, IIT

Kharagpur

[4] A.A. Khan, M.M. Hague,” Performance of different abrasive material during
abrasive water jet machining of glass” Journal of Materials Processing
Technology 191 (2007) 404–407

[5] M.A. Azmir , A.K. Ahsan, “A study of abrasive water jet machining process
on glass/epoxy composite laminate “Journal of Materials Processing Technology
209 (2009) 6168–6173

[6] Ahmet Hascalik, Ulas C aydas, Hakan Guru “Effect of traverse speed on
abrasive water jet machining of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, ” Materials and Design 28
(2007) 1953–1957

[7] J. John Rozario Jegaraj, N. Ramesh Babu “A strategy for efficient and quality
cutting of materials with abrasive waterjets considering the variation in orifice
and focusing nozzle diameter” International Journal of Machine Tools &
Manufacture 45 (2005) 1443–1450

[8] J. Wang, W.C.K. Wong, “A study of abrasive water jet cutting of metallic
coated sheet steels” International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 39
(1999) 855–870

23
[9] Mohemed Hashish, “Observations on cutting with 600-MPa waterjets”
Journel of pressure vessel technology, May 2002, Vol. 124.

[10] Hocheng and K.R. Chang, “Material removal analysis in abrasive water
jet cutting of ceramic plates “Journal of Materials Processing Technology,
40(1994) 287-304

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