49

Performance of a rotating drum skimmer

in oil spill recovery

A H Hammoud1* and M F Khalil2

1
Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Beirut, Lebanon
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21544, Egypt

Abstract: Oil spill recovery by means of a rotating drum skimmer was investigated experimentally for a
wide range of design and operating conditions. The effect of drum diameter, drum length, rotating speed, oil

lm thickness, oil properties, and drum centre height above the oil/water interface surface were analyzed
with respect to oil recovery rate of the drum skimmer. Crude, diesel, SAE 10 W and SAE 140 W oils were
used during this investigation. It was found that oil recovery rate increases with increasing drum diameter,
drum length, drum centre height above the oil/water interface, and oil slick thickness oil viscosity, and
increases as oil density and surface tension decreases. The results revealed that the drum skimmer is an
effective device for recovering spills of low viscosity oil, such as light crude oil, which is the type of oil
involved in most serious spills and pollutions of the sea. Furthermore, an empirical equation is proposed for
predicting the oil recovery rate of the device. The equation can be applied to different oils, and gives good
agreement with observed data.

Keywords: drum skimmer, oil recovery rate, oil spills, marine pollution

NOTATION s surface tension of oil (N/m)

o angular speed (2pN/60) (rad/s)
d drum diameter (mm)
h drum centre height above oil/water
interface surface (mm) 1 INTRODUCTION
H normalized drum centre height
L drum length (mm) Oil spills can have a serious impact on coastal activities and
N drum rotational speed (rpm) on the resources of the sea as well as on marine life. The
q normalized oil recovery rate quantity of oil spill and the length of the affected area
Q oil recovery rate (m3/s) require a well-prepared plan and proper selection of a clean-
Re Reynolds number up technique to assure rapid and effective oil spill contain-
t oil spill thickness (mm) ment and recovery. The response to the spill was found to be
T normalized oil
lm thickness relatively successful due largely to the existence of effective
Voil oil volume (m 3) clean-up methods. The limitation of spill control techniques
Vwater water volume (m3) must be appreciated and the most suitable equipment
Vtotal total volume of mixture (m3) selected for the anticipated range of weather conditions
W drum submergence in water (mm) and oil types. As an example, chemical dispersants can be
We normalized Weber number used in stronger currents and bad sea conditions, but they
are not effective for all types of oil and sea conditions [1].
m dynamic viscosity of oil (N s/m2) In addition, the possible effects on marine organisms must
r density of oil (kg/m3) be considered, as well as the disadvantages of chemical
dispersal that should be part of the contingency planning
process.
The MS was received on 14 June 2002 and was accepted after revision for
publication on 4 December 2002. In short, any method of response that can help to
*Corresponding author: Mechanical Engineering Department, Beirut Arab minimize the damage caused by oil spill is worthy of
University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Beirut, Lebanon. consideration. The mechanical clean-up techniques have
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proved to be among the best alternatives for quick response,
as concluded by Tsocalis et al. [2]. The skimmers are
designed to recover oil from the water surface using the
adhesive property of their surfaces, whether disk, belt,
brush, or drum in con
guration. In the case of the drum
skimmer, which is partially submerged below the oil/water
interface surface, as the skimmer is rotated through the oil
slick, oil adheres to the drum surface and is recovered by a
scraper into a central collector where it is pumped to
containment equipment.
Over the last two decades Turner and his group presented
extensive studies towards understanding and improving the
hydrodynamic performance of disk skimmers [3–9].
Recently, Hammoud and Khalil presented several studies on
the hydrodynamics of both disk and belt skimmers [10–12].
The drum skimmer was one of the very
rst mechanical
methods used and is one of the simplest that can be applied
to recover oil or oil–water mixtures from the sea surface.
Although drum skimmers are used for oil recovery,
published information about their hydrodynamic perfor-
mance is limited.
In a study carried out by Environment Canada [13],
counter-rotating drums were used to investigate the effect
of drum speed and the gap between the drums on the oil
recovery, rate for two types of oil. This study reported that,
at drum speeds greater than 10 rpm, turbulence occurred in
the region between the two drums and caused a build-up of
emulsi
ed oil of up to 12 cm thick. It was stated that the gap
width between the drums had a minor effect on oil recovery
rate. In 1993, a dual drum skimmer was tested under
controlled calm wave and current conditions at
xed slick
thickness to determine the effect of drum rotational speed on
oil recovery rate [14]. It was concluded that the rate of
maximum oil recovery is dependent on drum rpm and oil
viscosity. For low viscosity oil, maximum oil recovery rate
occurs at a higher speed than for high viscosity oil. In
addition, oil recovery rate increases with oil thickness for
both low and high viscosity oils. Furthermore, oil recovery
rate decreases with wave height for both low and high
viscosity oil and increases with current velocity. The
double drum simply offers a greater surface for skimming
and consequently a larger oil recovery rate.
Lorenzo et al. [15] investigated experimentally the perfor-
mance of single and double drum skimmers for various
viscosities of emulsi
ed and non-emulsi
ed oils, with drum
speed varying between 35 and 44 rpm. They indicated that
oil recovery rate and recovery ef
ciency increase with oil
viscosity.
Finally, the performance of a drum skimmer during the
recovery of oil spill oating on the water surface is depen-
dent on a large number of parameters and needs more
thorough investigation. In addition, the available studies
were performed on commercial oils that do not have any
bearing on what is actually found in oil spill situations. For
that reason the main focus of the present study was on crude
oil since it is the one that is involved in most of the serious
spills and pollutions of the seas.
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A H HAMMOUD AND M F KHALIL
The objective of the present study was to investigate
the performance characteristics of the drum skimmer in
oil recovery under a wide range of operating conditions.
Extensive experimental work has been carried out under
controlled conditions in order to collect ample oil recovery
data. The collected data were used to obtain an empirical
equation useful in the prediction of oil spill recovery rate.
2 EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND
PROCEDURE
Figure 1 shows the general features of the test rig used in the
present investigation. The apparatus consists of a rectangu-
lar water reservoir (1) of dimensions 0.60 6 0.6 6 1.00 m
made of Plexiglas and built inside a rigid steel frame (2).
The drum (3) dimensions are of 200, 250, and 300 mm
diameter, with lengths of 450, 300 and 200 mm, respec-
tively. Each drum was mounted separately on the shaft in a

xed position using two 50-mm diameter steel washers and
screw bolts. The shaft (4) is connected through one of its
free ends to a variable speed motor (6) via a V-belt and
pulley arrangement (7). The shaft rotational speed was
regulated through a variable frequency inverter (8) (Hitachi
4SB) used with the motor.
Each drum has its own scraper. The scraper (9) is made of
Plexiglas, having exible rubber in the drum contact area.
The scraper length is 100 mm longer than the corresponding
drum length. The scraper is mounted with an inclination of
5¯ with respect to the horizontal to wipe the oil. A guide bar
(10) is used to adjust the inclination of the scraper. The
scraped oil is directed to the collecting tank (12) through a
tray (11).
The water reservoir was
lled with water up to a certain
level indicated by a graduated scale of 1 mm accuracy on
one side of the tank away from the rotating drum.
Oil of controlled volume was poured on the water
surface. Oil slick thickness was measured using the grad-
uated scale and then compared with the calculated value
based on oil volume divided by cross-sectional area of the
water tank. Both methods gave the same oil
lm thickness
with an accuracy of 5 per cent for oil
lm thickness (t)
equal to or more than 20 mm, and 10 to 20 per cent for
t º 10 mm or below. Crude oil, diesel fuel, SAE 10 W and
SAE 140 W were used during this investigation. The
drum used in this study is made of PVC, and its
selection is based on a previous study by Hammoud and
Khalil [11].
Before each run, the oil
lm thickness and the drum
height above the water/oil interface surface were measured.
However, in order to keep the oil
lm thickness constant
during the experiment, the stored oil in the compensating
tank (13) was poured above the water reservoir surface
through a manual control valve (14).
During the experimental programme, the oil
lm thickness
was varied from 10 to 40 mm through the variation of oil
volume poured over the water surface in the water reservoir.
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Fig. 1 Drum skimmer assembly

The height of the drum axis over the oil–water surface At a
xed oil thickness, the rotational speed was varied
interface was varied by varying the water level inside the from 20 to 75 rpm. However, in order to estimate random
reservoir by adding or draining a controlled volume of water. error (repeatability), each reading of oil recovery rate was
At the end of each experiment, the oil from the collecting repeated three times and the average value for each para-
tank (12) was returned to the compensating tank (13). meter was recorded. Measurements are estimated to be
In a manner similar to that applied by Khalil and accurate to within §0.5 per cent for rotational speed and
Hammoud [10–12], the oil recovery rate and the oil §2.5 per cent for oil recovery rate. All tests were carried
recovery ef
ciency were recorded . The volume and the out at an approximately constant temperature of ¹27 ¯ C
weight of the collected skimmed mixture (oil and water) and data was collected after the steady-state condition was
during a speci
c recovery time (1 min) and at a certain attained. The types and properties of oil used in this
oil
lm thickness were measured. This mixture was left for investigation are presented in Table 1.
24 h in a graduated cylindrical vessel away from the
experimental apparatus to ensure complete separation
between water and oil. The volume of both oil and water 3 VISUAL INVESTIGATION OF OIL FLOW
was then obtained from measurements and from calcula-
tions by comparing mixture, oil, and water densities. Both
The
rst step in the experimental study consisted of visual
methods gave the same values for Voil and Vwater. The oil
investigations to examine the movement of the oil
lm over
recovery rate was then calculated by dividing the net oil
the water surface in the vicinity of a drum. Figures 2(a) and
volume (Voil) by the recovery time, then the oil recovery
2(b) present typical results obtained from these investiga-
ef
ciency was obtained by dividing the oil volume by the
tions. In Fig. 3, traces of the oil streamlines shown in
total volume of the mixture (Vtotal), that is oil recovery
Fig. 2(a) were used to indicate the oil ow patterns over
ef
ciency ˆ (Voil/Vtotal) 6 100 per cent. The preliminary
the water surface generated due to drum rotation. A digital
experiments indicated that the oil recovery ef
ciency was
video camera was used to record the oil collection process
in excess of 92 per cent.
and then photos were traced into streamlines using the
AutoCAD program.
The photographs indicate an interesting feature. Oil
Table 1 Properties of oil used at 27¯ C collection occurs symmetrically on either side of the down-
Density Surface Viscosity ward moving part of the drum as shown in Fig. 3. In
Oil type (kg/m3) tension (N/m) (N s/m2) addition, it can be observed that the attached oil
lm,
Diesel oil 825 4.188 6 10¡2 2.6 6 10¡3 which is drawn below the water surface, is carried through
Heavy oil 140 W 900.5 16.75 6 10¡2 2.2071 the water body as the drum rotates and some oil droplets
Crude oil 839 2.094 6 10¡2 2.65 6 10¡2 move radially outward and are thrown off into the water
Light oil 10 W 840 6.28 6 10¡2 4.5 6 10¡2
body. This depended on the rotating speed. This behaviour
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Fig. 2 (a) Thick oil disappears on water surface in front of the
drum; (b) Heavy oil SAE 140 W
was recorded by direct observations of the drum where oil
is the
rst of the two liquids (oil and water) to be
encountered by the cleaned drum as it rotates below the
water surface. From this observation, and noting that
the two liquids are immiscible, it is clear that water
cannot form a boundary layer on the drum surface. The
operation of the drum skimmer indicated also that oil was
thrown upward by the drum where it emerged through the
water surface.
Fig. 3 Oil streamlines over water surface due to drum rotation
in thick oil (SAE 140 W)
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A H HAMMOUD AND M F KHALIL
Fig. 4 Skimming process using light oil SAE 10 W
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Heavy oil recovery test
Heavy oil recovery tests were conducted using SAE 140 W
oil. During the test, it was observed that recovery was
intermittent and non-uniform. This is due to the fact that
the oil cannot move towards the skimming region with a rate
equal to that recovered by the drum even at a very low
rotational speed. This may be caused by high oil viscosity,
which results in high shear stress and, consequently, high
resistance between oil layers, which reduces the oil approach
velocity over the water surface towards the drum skimmer.
This can be seen in Fig. 2(a) where the periphery of the
drum is almost covered with the adhered oil before
the scraping operation takes place. Figure 2(b) indicates
that the rotating drum surface is bare as it is not covered by
oil after the scraping process, and no oil was found to adhere
to the drum surface.
Figure 3 shows the streamlines of the oil owing over the
water surface towards the drum. Figures 2(a) and 3 show
also that, after oil sticks to the drum surface, oil disappears
from the water surface skimming region and no oil reaches
the skimming region in front of the drum.
However, in the case of lighter oils (diesel or 10 W), for
example, the required time for oil movement to the skim-
ming area is much shorter (Fig. 4). For this reason, it can be
Fig. 5 Skimming process, using crude oil
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 PERFORMANCE OF A ROTATING DRUM SKIMMER IN OIL SPILL RECOVERY
Fig. 6 Effect of oil
lm thickness on oil recovery rate at
different rpm; d ˆ 300 mm, L ˆ 450 mm, crude oil
concluded that the drum skimmer is not suitable for heavy
oils as oil does not ow out quickly. No further tests were
run using heavy oil.
4.2 Performance of drum skimmer using crude oil
The general view of the drum during the skimming process
of crude oil is shown in Fig. 5.
4.2.1 Effect of drum speed and oil
lm thickness
on crude oil recovery rate
Figure 6 indicates the oil recovery rate of the drum skimmer
using crude oil at different rotational speeds. The tests were
carried out at
xed drum centre height above the oil/water
interface surface, h ˆ 90 mm, whereas the oil
lm thickness
above the water surface was varied from 10 to 40 mm. The
results indicate that for certain oil
lm thicknesses, as the
speed of rotation increases, the oil recovery rate increases.
However, the recorded oil recovery ef
ciency was found to
be 97 per cent at 60 rpm and reduced to 95 per cent at
75 rpm. This may be caused by the increase in water
percentage in the oil–water mixture, which is due to the
increase in the drum rotational speed.
Figure 6 indicates also the effect of oil
lm thickness on
oil recovery rate. It is clear that at certain speeds, the increase
in oil
lm thickness increases the drum contact area with oil
and consequently increases the oil recovery rate.
Fig. 8
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Fig. 7 Effect of drum centre height on oil recovery rate,
t ˆ 20 mm
4.2.2 Effect of drum centre height on crude oil
recovery rate
The oil recovery rate was found to increase remarkably with
the variation of drum centre height above the water surface
interface, as demonstrated in Fig. 7, at a constant rotational
speed of 60 rpm, and an oil
lm thickness of 20 mm. The
drum centre height above the oil/water surface interface was
reduced in steps of 5 mm in each run. The tests were carried
out on drums of two diameters, d ˆ 250 and 300 mm, having
the same length. The results indicated that the oil recovery
rate increases with decreasing water level. This is due to the
increase of centre height (h), the reduction in drum submer-
gence lowering the holding time of oil
lm that adheres to
the drum surface below the water surface. In turn, this
reduces the oil loss from the drum surface to the water body.
4.2.3 Effect of drum diameter on oil recovery rate
The effect of drum diameter was examined using three
different drums of the same length, and of diameters 200,
250 and 300 mm. The tests were carried out at the same
centre height above the water surface (the same water
immersion W, see Fig. 8), with respect to drum centre line
with h ˆ 40 mm for d ˆ 200 mm diameter, h ˆ 65 mm for
d ˆ 250 mm, and h ˆ 90 mm for d ˆ 300 mm. The results
showed that in all cases oil recovery rate increases with
increasing drum diameter (Figs 9(a)–(d)).
Centre height location, h
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54 A H HAMMOUD AND M F KHALIL

4.2.4 Effect of drum diameter on oil recovery

rate at constant peripheral velocity

In order to investigate the effect of the drum diameter

unaffected by the rotational speed of the drum, the data of
the above tests was examined and plotted at equal peripheral
velocity in Fig. 10. For a constant peripheral velocity as an
example (Fig. 10(a)), at 10 m/s and t ˆ 10 mm, the 250-mm
drum recovers 3.3 6 10¡4 m3/s, whereas the 300-mm drum
recovers 6 6 10¡4 m3/s. That is to say, there is an increase
of about 45 per cent in oil recovery rate. Similarly

Fig. 9 Effect of drum diameter on oil recovery rate

(a) t ˆ 10 mm, L ˆ 450 mm, crude oil; (b)
t ˆ 20 mm, L ˆ 450 mm, crude oil; (c) t ˆ 30 mm,
L ˆ 450 mm, crude oil; (d) t ˆ 40 mm, L ˆ 450 mm, Fig. 10 Effect of drum diameters on the oil recovery rate at
crude oil constant peripheral velocity
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 PERFORMANCE OF A ROTATING DRUM SKIMMER IN OIL SPILL RECOVERY
Fig. 11 Effect of drum length on oil recovery rate, t ˆ 30 mm,
d ˆ 300 mm, h ˆ 90 mm, crude oil
(Fig. 10(b)), at 10 m/s and t ˆ 20 mm, the 250-mm drum
recovers 3.5 6 10¡4 m3/s, whereas the 300-mm drum reco-
vers 6.5 6 10¡4 m3/s. This demonstrates clearly that the
drum diameter has a signi
cant effect on oil recovery rate.
A possible explanation for this increase is that the thickness
of oil that adheres to the drum surface increases with
increasing drum diameter. This indicates that the rotational
speed and the drum diameter are the main factors affecting
skimmer performance. This is clearly indicated by the
results presented in Figs 10(c) and (d).
4.2.5 Effect of drum length on crude oil recovery rate
The effect of drum length on oil recovery rate is presented in
Fig. 11. It is clear that as the length of the contact area
increases, oil recovery rate increases. However, visual
inspection of the wetted drum suggests that the oil thickness
covering the drum during the skimming operation is not
uniform. In fact, it is thick at the drum edges and thinner in
Fig. 12 Effect of oil type on oil recovery rate, d ˆ 300 mm, L ˆ 450 mm, t ˆ 30 mm
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the middle region of the drum. Oil recovery rate increases
with increasing drum length up to a certain value, after
which drum length has a relatively minor effect on oil
recovery rate. In the present study, the effective length
obtained from the available drums is 300 mm. The results
showed that, for d ˆ 300 mm, the recovery rate increased by
24 per cent when the drum length was changed from
150 mm to 300 mm, whereas the rate increased by only
2 per cent when the 300-mm length drum was replaced by
the 450-mm length drum.
4.3 Effect of oil type on oil recovery rate
Experimental results were obtained for both diesel oil and
SAE 10 W oil. The results show the same physical trend for
the effect of different operating parameters and drum
dimensions on oil recovery rate. Owing to space limitation,
it was decided not to present all the experimental data and
graphs for these kinds of oils, but they are included with that
of the crude oil in the dimensional analysis (Fig. 12).
5 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
5.1 Proposed empirical equation
When oil spill is recovered by a rotating drum skimmer, the
following variables are involved:
f1 (Q; d; L; o; h; t; r; m; s) ˆ 0 (1)
where Q ˆ the oil recovery rate (m3/s), d ˆ drum outer
diameter (m), L ˆ drum length (m), o ˆ rotational speed
(rad/s), h ˆ height of the drum centre above the oil/water
interface surface (m), t ˆ oil
lm thickness (m), r ˆ oil
density (kg/m3), m ˆ dynamic viscosity of oil (Pas), and
s ˆ oil surface tension (N/m). In this investigation, the oil
ow rate was normalized by (o ¢ d ¢ L ¢ t).
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By applying the Buckingham p theorem, this equation
can be arranged as
q ˆ f (Re; We; H ; T )
where q ˆ normalized ow rate ˆ Q/(o ¢ d ¢ t ¢ L), Re ˆ
Reynolds number ˆ r ¢ o ¢ d2/m, We ˆ Weber number ˆ
r ¢ o2 ¢ d3/s, T ˆ normalized oil
lm thickness ˆ t/d, and
H ˆ normalized drum centre height ˆ h/d.
In this study, the functional form in equation (2) is
assumed to be a power equation:
q ˆ K ¢ Rea ¢ Web ¢ H g ¢ T z
The constants in equation (3) are determined from the
collected experimental data for the three oils (crude, diesel
and SAE 10 W). A regression analysis of the functional
relationship given in equation (3) leads to
q ˆ 0:026521 £ Re¡0:647 £ We0:436 £ H 0:168 £ T ¡0:89
Equation (4) is valid for PVC drum material and the
conditions under which the experiments were conducted in
this study, that is,
0:2 < d < 0:3 m; 0:15 < L < 0:45 m;
25 < N < 75 rpm; 0:01 < t < 0:04 m;
0:05 < h < 0:12 m; 3300 < Re < 22 300;
2000 < We < 69 000
The basic parameter used to determine the accuracy of the
formula is
qcalculated ¡ qmeasured
%error ˆ £ 100
qmeasured
Equation (4) has a correlation coef
cient of 0.9 and an
average rms value of relative error as 17.32 per cent (Fig. 13).
Fig. 13 Comparison between experimentally measured
normalized oil recovery rate and those determined
by equation (4)
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A H HAMMOUD AND M F KHALIL
An advantage of this equation is that it can be applied to a
wide range of drum diameters, drum lengths, rotating
speeds, oil
lm thicknesses, oil properties, and drum
(2) centre heights. Because it has an acceptable value of relative
average error of 17.32 per cent, the equation can be applied
to the design and operational stages of drum skimmers to get
quick, reasonable, and reliable values.
Finally, an expression for the oil recovery rate Q can be
obtained from equation (4) as
Q ˆ 0:026521
o1:23 £ d 1:75 £ h0:17 £ t0:1 £ L £ m0:65 3
(3) £ m /s
r0:21 £ s0:44
Note: units for all parameters in the equation should be S.I.
units.
6 CONCLUSION
(4)
From the results of the experimental work carried out, the
following conclusions are drawn.
1. The drum skimmer can be used effectively to recover
spills of low viscosity oils, such as light crude oil.
2. The oil recovery rate of the drum skimmer increases with
increasing drum diameter, drum length, drum centre
height above the oil/water interface, oil slick thickness
and oil viscosity, and as oil density and surface tension
decrease.
3. An empirical equation is proposed for predicting the oil
recovery rate of the drum and is derived from a range of
data of drum dimensions and operating conditions. It can
be applied to different types of oils and gives good
agreement with the observed data.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Mr J. Smith (Foss Environ-
mental Worldwide, USA) and L. Pertile (Aquaguard
company, Canada) for their technical support.
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