Welcome to

Straight Lines

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 Table of Contents
Session 01 03 Session 04 67 Session 07 137
Session 10 204
Coordinate Plane 04 Locus 68 Internal Division 150
Pair of Straight Lines 205
Distance Formula 06 Angle of inclination 75 External Division 152
Homogeneous Equation 208
Section Formula 16 Slope of a line 79 Distance of a point from a line 154
Angle between Pair of Lines
210
Area of Triangle 21 Calculation of Slope 86 Distance between parallel lines 159 for non-homogenous
equation
Area of Quadrilateral. 23 Condition for collinearity 89
Session 08 167 Homogenization 221
Area of Polygon 24
Session 05 91 Image of a point 168
Angle between two lines: 92 Reflection of a point
Session 02 26 172
about a Line
Intercepts of a Line 98
Polar Coordinates 27 Concurrency of Three Lines 180
Slope - Intercept Form 104
Centroid 34
Incentre 39
Slope Point Form 107 Session 09 184
Two Point Form 108 Family of Line 185

Session 03 43 Double Intercept Form 110 Angle Bisectors between 193

the lines
Excentre 44 Angular Bisectors of Acute 195
Session 06 115 and Obtuse angles
Orthocenter 48
Normal Form 119 Bisector of the angle 200
Circumcenter 50
Parametric Equation 124 containing the given point
Shifting of Origin 58
General Equation 134
Rotation of Axis 63
Slope Intercept Form 135
Return to Top Intercept Form 136
 Session 01
Basics of coordinate
Geometry

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 Coordinate Plane:
𝑌
𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
• 1st Quadrant 𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 > 0 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

• 2nd Quadrant 𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 > 0

𝑋
𝑂

• 3rd Quadrant 𝑥 < 0; 𝑦 < 0

𝑆 𝑥4 , 𝑦4
𝑅 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
• 4th Quadrant 𝑥 > 0; 𝑦 < 0

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 Coordinate Plane:

Lattice Point- A point whose abscissa and ordinate both are integers

𝑌
𝑄 −3,3

𝑃 1,2

𝑂 𝑋

𝑆 4, −2
𝑅 −4 , −3

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 Key Takeaways

Distance Formula:

Distance between 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑦
𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝐷 0, 𝑦2

𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝐶 0, 𝑦1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑅

𝑂 𝑥
𝐴 𝑥1 , 0 𝐵 𝑥2 , 0

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 Key Takeaways

Distance Formula:

Distance between 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

Using Pythagoras theorem,

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅2 + 𝑄𝑅2

⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2

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 The distance between points −3,4 and 7, −6 ?

A
10 units

B
10 2 units

C
5 2 units

D
5 units

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 The distance between points −3,4 and 7, −6 ?

𝑃 −3,4 𝑄 7, −6 A

𝑑
B
2 2 10 2 units
𝑑 = 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1

2 2
= 7 − −3 + −6 − 4 C

= 10 2

∴ 𝑑 = 10 2 units D

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 𝜋
If < 𝛼 < 𝜋 , then the distance between the points
2
(tan 𝛼 , 2) and 0,1 is:

A
cosec 𝛼

B
− cosec 𝛼

C
sec 𝛼

D
− sec 𝛼

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 𝜋
If < 𝛼 < 𝜋 , then the distance between the points
2
(tan 𝛼 , 2) and 0,1 is:

A
Let 𝑃 ≡ (tan 𝛼 , 2), 𝑄 ≡ 0,1 cosec 𝛼

𝑃𝑄 = tan 𝛼 − 0 2 + 2−1 2

B
= tan2 𝛼 +1 − cosec 𝛼

= sec 2 𝛼
∵ 1 + tan2 𝛼 = sec 2 𝛼 C
sec 𝛼
= |sec 𝛼|
𝜋
∴ 𝑃𝑄 = − sec 𝛼 ∵ <𝛼<𝜋
2
D
− sec 𝛼

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 A straight line through the point 𝐴 3,4 is such that its intercept
between the axes is bisected at 𝐴. Its equation is :
IIT JEE 2006

𝐴 3,4 is the mid-point of 𝑃𝑄 𝑌

𝑃(0, 𝑏)
𝑎+0 0+𝑏
=3& =4
2 2

𝑎=6&𝑏=8 𝐴 3,4
𝑥 𝑦
∴ Equation is + = 1
6 8

4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24
𝑂 𝑄(𝑎, 0) 𝑋

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 A triangle with vertices 4,0 , −1, −1 and 3,5 is:

A
Isosceles

B
Equilateral

C
Right-angled

D
Right-angled Isosceles

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 A triangle with vertices 4,0 , −1, −1 and 3,5 is:

Consider a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴 4,0 , 𝐵 −1, −1 and 𝐶(3,5) A

2 2
𝐴𝐵 = 4 − −1 + 0 − −1 = 26
B
𝐵𝐶 = −1 − 3 2 + −1 − 5 2 = 52

𝐴𝐶 = 4−3 2 + 0−5 2 = 26
C
Here 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 ⇒ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is Isosceles

Also, 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐴𝐶 2 = 𝐵𝐶 2 ⇒ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is Right-angled at 𝐴

D
∴ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is Right-angled Isosceles Right-angled Isosceles

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 The quadrilateral formed by the points 𝑃 −5, 0 , 𝑄 −3, −1 , 𝑅 −2, 5
and 𝑆 −4, 6 is a:

A
Rectangle

B
Square

C
Parallelogram

D
Rhombus

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 The quadrilateral formed by the points 𝑃 −5, 0 , 𝑄 −3, −1 , 𝑅 −2, 5
and 𝑆 −4, 6 is a:

Given: 𝑃 −5, 0 , 𝑄 −3, −1 , 𝑅 −2, 5 and 𝑆 −4, 6

Now, finding the distances A

𝑃𝑄 = −5 + 3 2 + 0+1 2 = 5 units

𝑄𝑅 = −3 + 2 2 + −1 − 5 2 = 37 units B

𝑅𝑆 = −2 + 4 2 + 5−6 2 = 5 units
C
𝑆𝑃 = −4 + 5 2 + 6−0 2 = 37 units Parallelogram
So, opposite sides are equal in length,
now finding the diagonal lengths, D

𝑃𝑅 = −5 + 2 2 + 0−5 2 = 34 units

𝑄𝑆 = −3 + 4 2 + −1 − 6 2 = 50 units As the diagonals are unequal so it is a parallelogram.

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 Key Takeaways

Section Formula:

Internal Division: 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 divides the line segment joining

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 internally in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛.

𝑚 𝑛

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1

𝑥= ; 𝑦=
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

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 Key Takeaways

Mid-point of a line:

If 𝑃 is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐵
⇒ 𝑃 divides 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio 1: 1

1 1

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝑥= ; 𝑦=
2 2

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 Key Takeaways

Section Formula:

External Division: 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 divides the line segment joining

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 externally in the ratio 𝑚: 𝑛.

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑚 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦

𝑚𝑥2 − 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 − 𝑛𝑦1

𝑥= ;𝑦=
𝑚−𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

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 Let the angular opposite points of a parallelogram be 3, 4
and 1, −2 . Coordinates of remaining two points are 6, 1 and
𝑥, 𝑦 . Compute 𝑥, 𝑦 :

Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other

3+1 4−2
⇒𝑂≡ ,
2 2 𝐷 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐶 1, −2
≡ 2 ,1

2=
𝑥+6
;1=
𝑦+1 𝑂 2 ,1
2 2

𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1.
𝐴 3, 4 𝐵 6, 1

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 Find the length of the median from vertex 𝐴 of a triangle
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 whose vertices are 𝐴 −1, 3 , 𝐵 1, −1 and 𝐶 5,1

𝐴 −1, 3
𝐷 is the mid-point of 𝐵𝐶. 𝐶 5, 1

1+5 −1+1
𝐷≡ , = (3, 0)
2 2

Using distance formula, 𝐷 3, 0

𝐴𝐷 = −1 − 3 2 + 3−0 2

𝐵 1, −1
= 4 2 + 32

= 5 units

∴ 𝐴𝐷 = 5 units.

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 Key Takeaways

Area of Triangle:
1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥1
Area Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦1
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
2
1
= 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦3
2 1 2
1
= 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
2
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
1
= 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

Note:

If three points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are collinear,

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
𝐴𝑟. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0
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 Find the area of triangle whose vertices are 𝐴 3,2 , 𝐵 11,8 , & 𝐶 8,12 .

Let 𝐴 ≡ 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 3, 2
𝐵 ≡ 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 = 11, 8
𝐶 ≡ 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 = 8, 12
3 2 1
1
Area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 11 8 1
2
8 12 1
1
= 3 8 − 12 + 11 12 − 2 + 8 2 − 8
2
1
= −12 + 110 − 48
2
1
= −12 + 110 − 48 = 25
2

∴ Area of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 25 sq. units

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 Key Takeaways 𝑅 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
𝑆 𝑥4 , 𝑦4
Area of Quadrilateral.

𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥1
• 𝐴𝑟. 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 =
1
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦1
𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑄 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

• 𝐴𝑟. 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆 =
1
2
𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥3 𝑦4 − 𝑥4 𝑦3 + 𝑥4 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦4

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 Key Takeaways
𝑥4 , 𝑦4 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛
Area of Polygon.

𝑥1 𝑥2 ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 𝑥1
• Area of polygon =
1
2 𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦𝑛 𝑦1
𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
1
= 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑥2 𝑦1 + ⋯ ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦𝑛
2

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 The area of pentagon with vertices 1, 1 , 7, 21 , 12, 2 , 7, −3 and
0, −3 taken in order is ?

Vertices of pentagon ≡ 1, 1 , 7, 21 , 12, 2 , 7, −3 and 0, −3

1 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥1
Area of Pentagon = 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦1
2

1 1 7 12 7 0 1
=
2 1 21 2 −3 −3 1

1
⇒Δ= (14 + 14 − 252 + −36 − 14 + −21 + 3
2

1
⇒ Δ = × 14 − 238 − 50 − 21 + 3
2

1
= × −309 + 17
2

Return to Top ⇒ Δ = 146 sq. units

 Session 02
Polar coordinates and
Geometrical centers

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 Key Takeaways

Polar Coordinates:

𝑂𝑃 = 𝑟 (radius vector)
∠𝑋𝑂𝑃 = 𝜃 (Vectorial angle)
where 𝜃 ∈ (−𝜋 , 𝜋]

𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃

𝜃
𝑂 𝑋
Initial Line

Polar coordinates of the point 𝑃 ≡ (𝑟, 𝜃)

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 Key Takeaways

Example:
𝜋
To plot the point with polar coordinates 2, − in the plane :
3

𝑌 𝑟 = 2, 𝜃 = −
𝜋
3

𝑂
𝑋
𝜋
−
3

2
𝜋
𝑄 2, −
3

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 Key Takeaways

Relation between POLAR and CARTESIAN coordinates:

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 ≡ Cartesian coordinates
𝑌
𝑟, 𝜃 ≡ Polar coordinates
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
In ∆𝑂𝑀𝑃,
⇒ 𝑟2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝑟 𝑦
𝑦
⇒ sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟 𝜃
Conversion formulas 𝑥 𝑋
𝑦 𝑂 𝑀
⇒ cos 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟
𝑦 𝑦
Also, tan 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1
𝑥 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Relation between POLAR and CARTESIAN coordinates:

𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑌
Conversion formulas
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦
𝑟= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ; 𝜃 = tan−1 −𝜋<𝜃 ≤𝜋 𝑟
𝑥 𝑟 sin 𝜃
∴ 𝑥, 𝑦 ≡ 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜃
𝑃 can be written in polar coordinates as : 𝑋
𝑂 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑀
𝑦
𝑃 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑃 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , tan−1
𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Note:

𝒙 𝒚 𝜽

𝑦
+ − tan−
𝑥

𝑦
− + 𝜋 − tan−
𝑥

𝑦
− + −𝜋 + tan−
𝑥

𝑦
+ − − tan−
𝑥

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 The polar coordinates of the points whose Cartesian
coordinates are (−3 , 3 ) is :

𝐵 ≡ −3 , 3 ≡ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑌
𝐵 −3, 3
Let the polar coordinates of 𝐵 −3, 3 be 𝑄 𝑟, 𝜃
𝑦
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝛼 = tan−1
𝑥
3 𝑟
2 −1
⇒𝑟= −3 + 32 ⇒ 𝛼 = tan
−3

= 18 = tan−1 1 𝜃
𝑋
=3 2 =
𝜋 𝑂
4

But 𝐵 −3, 3 lies in 2nd Quadrant

𝜋 3𝜋
⇒𝜃 =𝜋−𝛼 =𝜋− =
3 4

3𝜋
∴ In polar coordinates 𝐵 −3, 3 = 𝐵 3 2,
4

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 The Cartesian coordinates of the points whose polar
𝜋
coordinates are (5 2, ) is:
4

𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝜋
Conversion formulas 𝑟 = 5 2, 𝜃 =
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 4

𝜋 1
𝑥 = 5 2 cos =5 2× =5
4 2

𝜋 1
𝑦 = 5 2 sin = 5 2× =5
4 2
𝜋
∴ In Cartesian coordinates 5 2, = 5, 5
4

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 Key Takeaways

Centroid

• The point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle.

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝐺 ≡ Centroid
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 𝐹 𝐸
𝐺≡ ,
3 3

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐷 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3

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 Two vertices of a triangle are −1, 4 and 5, 2 . If 0, −3 is
its centroid then third vertex is :

A
−𝟒, −𝟏𝟓

B
𝟑, 𝟕

C
𝟒, 𝟏𝟓

D
−𝟒, 𝟏𝟒

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 Two vertices of a triangle are −1, 4 and 5, 2 . If 0, −3 is
its centroid then third vertex is :
𝐴 −1, 4
A
−𝟒, −𝟏𝟓
𝑃 0, −3 is the centroid
Centroid
−1 + 5 + 𝑥 4 + 2 + 𝑦
⇒ 0, −3 ≡ , B
3 3

⇒ 0, −3 ≡
𝑥+4 𝑦+6
, 𝐺 0, −3
3 3
C

𝑥+4 𝑦+6 𝐵 5, 2 𝐶 𝑥, 𝑦
=0 = −3
3 3

⇒ 𝑥 = −4 ⇒ 𝑦 = −15 D

∴ Coordinates of 𝐶 ≡ −4, −15

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 Key Takeaways
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

Features of Centroid
2
𝐹
• Centroid divides the median in the ratio 2 ∶ 1. 1 𝐺1
𝐸

2 2
1
• All three medians together divide a triangle
into six equal parts. 𝐵 𝐷 𝐶
𝐴

𝑥1 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4
𝐹 𝑥5 𝑥4
𝐸 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6
𝑥6 𝑥3
𝐸 𝑥1 = 𝑥4
𝑥1 𝐺 𝑥2

𝐵 𝐷 𝐶

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 3
Let 𝐴(1, 0), 𝐵(6, 2) and 𝐶 ,6 be the vertices of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶. If
2
𝑃 is a point inside the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that the triangles
𝐴𝑃𝐶, 𝐴𝑃𝐵 and 𝐵𝑃𝐶 have equal areas, then the length of the line
7 1
segment 𝑃𝑄, where 𝑄 is the point − , − is _________
6 3

Given: 𝑃 is a point inside the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that JEE MAINS 2020

𝐴𝑟. ∆𝐴𝑃𝐶 = 𝐴𝑟. Δ𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝐴𝑟. Δ𝐵𝑃𝐶

𝐴 1, 0
⇒ 𝑃 will be centroid of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶
3
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3 1+6+ 0+2+6
2
∴𝑃≡ , ≡ ,
3 2 3 3
17 8
⇒𝑃≡ , 𝑃
6 3

7 1
Given, 𝑄 − , − 𝐵 6, 2 𝐶
3
,6
6 3 2

2 2
17 7 8 1
⇒ 𝑃𝑄 = − − + − − = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
6 6 3 3
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 Key Takeaways

Incentre

• The point of concurrency of internal angle bisectors of a triangle.

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3

𝐼≡ , 𝑐 𝐼 ≡ Incentre
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝐸𝑏
𝐹

𝐵 𝐷 𝐶
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎 𝑥3 , 𝑦3

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 Features of Incentre 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

• Angular bisector divides opposite side in the ratio of

other two sides (Angular bisector theorem) 𝐹
𝑐
𝐸𝑏
𝐵𝐷 𝑐
=
𝐷𝐶 𝑏 𝐼
𝐴𝐸 𝑐
= 𝐵 𝐷 𝐶
𝐸𝐶 𝑎
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
𝐴𝐹 𝑏
=
𝐹𝐵 𝑎

• Ratio in which the incentre divides the internal angle bisectors:

𝐴𝐼 𝑏+𝑐
=
𝐼𝐷 𝑎

𝐵𝐼 𝑐+𝑎 𝐶𝐼 𝑎+𝑏
= =
𝐼𝐸 𝑏 𝐼𝐹 𝑐

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 Features of Incentre

• The largest circle contained in a triangle is called the

Inscribed circle or the incircle of the triangle.

𝐴
Incircle

Incentre

𝐵 𝐶

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 If the vertices of a triangle are 4, −2 , −2,4 and 5 , 5 , then
find its incentre.

𝐼≡
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐𝑦3
, 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

Using distance formula 𝑐

𝐹 𝐸𝑏
𝑎= 5+2 2 + 5−4 2 = 50 = 5 2

𝑏= 5−4 2 + 5+2 2 = 50 = 5 2 𝐼

𝑐= 4+2 2 + −2 − 4 2 = 72 = 6 2 𝐵 𝐶
𝐷
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎 𝑥3 , 𝑦3
4×5 2 + −2 ×5 2 + 5×6 2 −2×5 2 + 4×5 2 + 5×6 2
≡ ,
5 2 +5 2 +6 2 5 2 +5 2 +6 2

20 2 −10 2 +30 2 −10 2 + 20 2 + 30 2 40 2 40 2

≡ , ≡ ,
16 2 16 2 16 2 16 2

5 5 5 5
≡ , ∴ Incentre ≡ ,
2 2 2 2
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 Session 03
Transformation and
Rotation of Axis

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 Key Takeaways

Excentre:

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑐 𝑏
−𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 −𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 𝐼1 ≡ ,
𝑎 −𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 −𝑎+𝑏+𝑐

𝐼1
Excentre

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 Key Takeaways

Excentre:

𝐼2 𝑎𝑥1 −𝑏𝑥2 +𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 − 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3

𝐼2 ≡ ,
𝑎−𝑏+𝑐 𝑎−𝑏+𝑐
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 Excentre

𝑐 𝑏

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎 𝐶 𝑥 ,𝑦
3 3

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 Key Takeaways

Excentre:

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑥2 −𝑐𝑥3 𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 −𝑐𝑦3

Excentre 𝐼3 ≡ ,
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
𝐼3

𝑐 𝑏

𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 𝑎 𝐶 𝑥3 , 𝑦3

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 If the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 4,0 , 2,8 ,
(0, −6) respectively then find excentre opposite to vertex 𝐴.
Steps for finding 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ;
By using distance formula 𝐴 4, 0

𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎 = 0−2 2 + −6 − 8 2 = 10 2

𝐴𝐶 = 𝑏 = 0−4 2 + −6 − 0 2 = 2 13
2 17 2 13
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐 = 2−4 2 + 8−0 2 = 2 17

𝑎 = 10 2, 𝑏 = 2 13, 𝑐 = 2 17

Hence, excentre opposite to vertex 𝐴 𝐵 2, 8 10 2 𝐶 0, −6

−𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐𝑥3 −𝑎𝑦1 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑦3
∵ 𝐼1 = ,
−𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 −𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐

−10 2 4 + 2 13 2 + 2 17(0) −10 2 0 + 2 13 8 + 2 17(−6)

= ,
−10 2 + 2 13 + 2 17 −10 2 + 2 13 + 2 17
−20 2 + 2 13 8 13 − 6 17
= ,
Return to Top −5 2 + 13 + 17 −5 2 + 13 + 17
 Key Takeaways

Orthocenter:

The point of concurrency of altitudes of a triangle

𝐸 𝐻 ≡ Orthocentre

𝐵 𝐷 𝐶

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 Key Takeaways

Feature of Orthocenter:

If △ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angled triangle, then, orthocenter coincides with

the right angular vertex.

𝐵 𝐶=𝐻

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 Circumcenter:

The point of concurrency of perpendicular side bisectors of a triangle.

𝐹 𝑆 ≡ Circumcentre
𝐸
𝑥1 sin 2𝐴+𝑥2 sin 2𝐵+𝑥3 sin 2𝐶 𝑦1 sin 2𝐴+𝑦2 sin 2𝐵+𝑦3 sin 2𝐶
𝑆≡ ,
𝑆 sin 2𝐴+sin 2𝐵+sin 2𝐶 sin 2𝐴+sin 2𝐵+sin 2𝐶

𝐵 𝐷 𝐶

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 Feature of Circumcenter:

The circle circumscribing the vertices of the triangle is called the

Circumcircle of the triangle.

Circumcircle

𝐵 𝐶

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 Feature of Circumcenter:

In a right angled triangle, circumcenter lies on the mid-point of the

hypotenuse.

𝐵 𝐶

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 Feature of Circumcenter:

In a triangle, Circumcenter ‘𝑆’, Centroid ‘𝐺’ and Orthocenter ‘𝐻’ are

collinear. 𝐺 divides 𝑆𝐻 in the ratio 1: 2

𝑆𝐺 1
𝑆𝐺 ∶ 𝐺𝐻 = 1 ∶ 2 𝑖. 𝑒. =
𝐺𝐻 2

1 2

𝑆 𝐺 𝐻
Circumcentre Centroid Orthocentre

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 Let the orthocenter and centroid of a triangle be 𝐴 (− 3 , 5) and
𝐵(3 , 3) respectively. If 𝐶 is the circumcenter of this triangle , then
the radius of the circle having line segment 𝐴𝐶 as diameter is :

A
2 5

B 3 5
2

C 5
3
2

D
10

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 Let the orthocenter and centroid of a triangle be 𝐴 (− 3 , 5) and
𝐵(3 , 3) respectively. If 𝐶 is the circumcenter of this triangle , then
the radius of the circle having line segment 𝐴𝐶 as diameter is :

Given 𝐴 ≡ Orthocentre −3,5

𝐵 ≡ Centroid (3,3)
𝐶 ≡ Circumcentre

2 1

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Orthocentre Centroid Circumcentre

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 Let the orthocenter and centroid of a triangle be 𝐴 (− 3 , 5) and
𝐵(3 , 3) respectively. If 𝐶 is the circumcenter of this triangle , then
the radius of the circle having line segment 𝐴𝐶 as diameter is :

2 1

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Orthocentre Centroid Circumcentre

𝐵𝐶 1
⇒ =
𝐴𝐵 2

Adding 1 both sides :

𝐵𝐶 1 3
⇒ +1= +1=
𝐴𝐵 2 2
𝐵𝐶+𝐴𝐵 3 𝐴𝐶 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
𝐴𝐵 2 𝐴𝐵 2

⇒ 𝐴𝐵 = 3+3 2 + 3−5 2 = 40 = 2 10

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 Let the orthocenter and centroid of a triangle be 𝐴 (− 3 , 5) and
𝐵(3 , 3) respectively. If 𝐶 is the circumcenter of this triangle , then
the radius of the circle having line segment 𝐴𝐶 as diameter is :

2 1
A
𝐴𝐵 = 2 10 2 5
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
(−3,5) (3,3) Circumcentre
B 5
𝐴𝐶 3
3
2
⇒ =
𝐴𝐵 2
3 3
⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ 𝐴𝐶 = 2 10 = 3 10 C
2 2 5
3
2
∴ Radius of the circle 𝑟 with 𝐴𝐶 as diameter

𝑟=
𝐴𝐶
=
3 10
=3
5 D
2 2 2 10

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 Key Takeaways

Shifting of Origin:

𝑂𝑋 & 𝑂𝑌 → Original Coordinate Axes

𝑂′ 𝑋 ′ & 𝑂′ 𝑌 ′ → Shifted Coordinate Axes
𝑌
𝑌′
𝑃 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 coordinate of point 𝑃 with respect to 𝑂.
𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 coordinate of point 𝑃 with respect to 𝑂′ .
𝑌

𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 𝑦 𝑋′
𝑋

𝑂 0, 0 𝑥 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Shifting of Origin:

Now, 𝑂𝑀 = 𝑂𝐿 + 𝐿𝑀 𝑌
𝑥 =ℎ+𝑋 𝑌′
𝑃

And, PM = 𝑃𝑁 + 𝑁𝑀 𝑌
𝑦 =𝑘+𝑌
𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 𝑋 𝑁 𝑦 𝑋′
𝑘
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑃 𝑋 + ℎ, 𝑌 + 𝑘 ℎ
𝑂 0, 0 𝑥 𝐿 𝑀 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Shifting of Origin:

When the origin is shifted at the point (ℎ, 𝑘) then substitute 𝑥 = 𝑋 + ℎ,

𝑦 = 𝑌 + 𝑘.

The coordinates of the old origin referred to the new axes are (−ℎ, −𝑘).

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 At what point the origin be shifted if the coordinates of a point
(4, 5), becomes (−3, 9) .

A
7, −4

B
1, 14

C
8, −5

D
−1, −4

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 At what point the origin be shifted if the coordinates of a point
(4, 5), becomes (−3, 9) .

A
Let origin be shifted to 𝑂′ ℎ, 𝑘 7, −4

Original coordinates = 4, 5
Shifted coordinates = −3, 9 ⇒ 𝑋 = −3, 𝑌 = 9 B
1, 14
𝑥 =𝑋+ℎ 𝑦 =𝑌+𝑘
⇒ 4 = −3 + ℎ ⇒5=9+𝑘
C
⇒ℎ=7 ⇒ 𝑘 = −4 8, −5
Hence the origin is to be shifted to 7, −4
D
−1, −4

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 Key Takeaways

Rotation of Axis:

𝑌
′ 𝑃
𝑌
𝑂𝑋 & 𝑂𝑌 → Original Coordinate Axes
𝑂′ 𝑋 ′ & 𝑂′ 𝑌 ′ → Rotated Coordinate Axes 𝑋′
𝜃 𝑦
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 coordinate of point 𝑃
with respect to 𝑂.
𝑃 𝑋, 𝑌 coordinate of point 𝑃 𝜃
with respect to 𝑂′ .
𝑥 𝑋
𝑂 0, 0
𝑿 𝒀
𝑥 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝑦 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

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 Key Takeaways

Rotation of Axis:

𝑥 = 𝑋 cos 𝜃 − 𝑌 sin 𝜃 𝑌
′
𝑃
𝑌
𝑦 = 𝑋 sin 𝜃 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃 𝑋′
𝑋 = 𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝜃 𝑦
𝑌 = −𝑥 sin 𝜃 + 𝑦 cos 𝜃
𝜃
𝑥 𝑋
𝑂 0, 0

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 If the axes are turned through an angle 450 in the anti-clockwise
direction then the equation 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 transforms to:

A
3𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 2

B
2𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 1

C
𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 = 2

D
3𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 = 1

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 If the axes are turned through an angle 450 in the anti-clockwise
direction then the equation 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 transforms to:

The axes are turned through an angle 450 A

0 3𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 2
𝜃 = 45
𝑥 = 𝑋 cos 𝜃 − 𝑌 sin 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑋 sin 𝜃 + 𝑌 cos 𝜃
𝑋 𝑌 𝑋 𝑌 B
⇒ − =𝑥 ⇒ + =𝑦 2𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 1
2 2 2 2

Substituting the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the equation:

3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 C
𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 = 2
𝑋−𝑌 2 𝑋+𝑌 2 𝑋−𝑌 𝑋+𝑌
⇒3 +3 +2 =2
2 2 2 2

⇒ 3(𝑋 2 − 2𝑋𝑌 + 𝑌 2 ) + 3(𝑋 2 + 2𝑋𝑌 + 𝑌 2 ) + 2(𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 ) = 4 D

3𝑋 2 + 3𝑌 2 = 1
⇒ 8𝑋 2 + 4𝑌 2 = 4
⇒ 2𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 1

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 Session 04
Locus & slope concept and
its applications

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 Key Takeaways

Locus:

When a point moves in a plane under certain geometric conditions, the

•
point traces out a path. This path of the moving point is called its locus.

Example: Locus of all the points

equidistant from a fixed point on a
plane is a Circle.

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 Key Takeaways

To find Locus of a point

• Let ℎ, 𝑘 be the coordinate of the moving point say 𝑃.

• Write the given condition in mathematical form involving ℎ, 𝑘 .

• Transformation variable(s) if any.

• Replace ℎ by 𝑥 and 𝑘 by 𝑦.
• Equation obtained is the locus of the point.

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 The ends of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
are 6,0 and 0,6 , then the locus of the third vertex is:

A
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐

A
B
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐

C
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟐

D
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎

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 The ends of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
are 6,0 and 0,6 , then the locus of the third vertex is:

Let 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 be the third vertex of ∆𝑃𝐴𝐵 A

In ∆𝑃𝐴𝐵, using Pythagoras theorem:

𝐴𝐵 2
= 𝐴𝑃 2
+ 𝐵𝑃 2 B
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟎
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 6−0 + 0−6 = ℎ−6 + 𝑘−0 + ℎ−0 + 𝑘−6

⇒ 36 + 36 = ℎ2 + 36 − 12ℎ + 𝑘 2 + ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 36 − 12𝑘 C
𝑃(ℎ, 𝑘)
⇒ 2ℎ2 + 2𝑘 2 − 12ℎ − 12𝑘 = 0 𝑌
D
⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 6ℎ − 6𝑘 = 0 𝐵 0,6
∴ Locus of ℎ, 𝑘 is : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 0

𝑋
Return to Top 𝑂 𝐴 6,0
 A rod of length 𝑙 slides with its ends on two perpendicular
lines, then the locus of its midpoint is :
a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4𝑙2 b) 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 𝑙2
c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑙2 d) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 4𝑙2

Solution :
Let 𝐴𝐵 be a rod of length 𝑙 & coordinates 𝐵 0, 𝑏
of 𝐴 and 𝐵 be 𝑎, 0 and 0, 𝑏 respectively,
ℎ, 𝑘
Let 𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘 be locus of the mid point of the 𝑙
rod 𝐴𝐵
𝑎+0 0+𝑏
⇒ℎ= &𝑘 = 𝑋
2 2 𝑂
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 𝑎, 0
⇒ℎ= &𝑘 = ⇒ 𝑎 = 2ℎ & 𝑏 = 2𝑘
2 2

In ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵, Using Pythagoras theorem ⇒ 𝐴𝐵2 = 𝑂𝐴2 + 𝑂𝐵2

⇒ 𝑙 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑙 2 = 2ℎ 2
+ 2𝑘 2

∴ Locus of ℎ, 𝑘 is : 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 𝑙 2
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 The locus of the point 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1, 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ is :

A
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

A
B
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

C
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

D
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟎

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 The locus of the point 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1, 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ is :

Let ℎ, 𝑘 ≡ 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1, 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1 A
⇒ ℎ = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 + 1, 𝑘 = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1
ℎ−𝑘
⇒ ℎ − 𝑘 = 2𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 =
2
A
B
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟒 = 𝟎
⇒ ℎ + 𝑘 = 2𝑡 2 + 2 ⇒ ℎ + 𝑘 − 2 = 2𝑡 2

ℎ−𝑘 2 C
⇒ℎ+𝑘−2=2
2

ℎ2 +𝑘 2 −2ℎ𝑘
⇒ℎ+𝑘−2=2×
4 D
⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 2ℎ𝑘 − 2ℎ − 2𝑘 + 4 = 0

∴ Locus of ℎ, 𝑘 is : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Angle of inclination

• Angle ′𝜃′ which a line makes with positive direction of 𝑥-axis

measured in the anticlockwise sense.
𝑌

0≤𝜃<𝜋
𝜃
𝑂
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Note

• Parallel lines have same angle of inclination.

𝑌
𝑙1 𝑙2

𝜃1 = 𝜃2

𝑂 𝜃1 𝜃2
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Note

• Angle of inclination of a line parallel or coincident with 𝑋 − axis is 0.

𝑌
𝑙1
𝜃=0

𝑂 𝑙2
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Note

• Angle of inclination of a line parallel or coincident with Y − axis is 90°.

𝜃 = 90°
𝑙2 𝑙1

𝑂
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Slope of a line

• If the angle of inclination of a given line ′𝑙′ is 𝜃 then, the slope ′𝑚′ of
that line is given by tan 𝜃.

𝑌
𝑙

𝑚 = tan 𝜃
𝜃
𝑂
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Examples

𝑌 𝑌 𝑌
𝑙
𝑙

120°
30° 60°
𝑂 𝑂 𝑂
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋

1
𝑚 = tan 30° = 𝑚 = tan 60° = 3 𝑚 = tan 120° = − 3
3

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 Key Takeaways

Note:

• Two parallel lines have same slope.

𝑌
𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑚𝑙1 = 𝑚𝑙2

𝑂 𝜃1 𝜃2
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Note:

• Two parallel lines have same slope (𝜃 = 0).

𝑌
𝑙1
𝑚𝑙1 = 𝑚𝑙2 = tan 𝜃 = 0

𝑂 𝑙2
𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Note:

•
𝜋
< 𝜃 < 𝜋.
2

𝑌
𝑙

𝑚 = tan 𝜃 < 0
𝜃
𝑂
𝑋

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 1
Find the angle of inclination of the line whose slope is − :
3

Given: Slope of the line ′𝑚′

1
⇒ tan 𝜃 = −
3

𝜋
⇒ tan 𝜃 = − tan
6

𝜋
⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜋 −
6

5𝜋
⇒𝜃=
6

Hence angle of inclination 𝜃 of the line 150°

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 Key Takeaways
Calculation of Slope
𝑌
• In ∆𝑃𝑄𝑁,
𝑦2
∠𝑄𝑃𝑁 = 𝜃
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
⇒ Slope of 𝑃𝑄 = tan 𝜃
𝜃
𝑄𝑁 𝑦1
⇒ tan 𝜃 = 𝑁
𝑃𝑁

⇒ tan 𝜃 =
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝜃
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑋
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦1 −𝑦2
∴𝑚= OR
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑥1 −𝑥2

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 The slope of a line joining the points 2,1 & 0, −3 is

A
𝟏

B
−𝟐

C
−𝟏

D
𝟐

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 The slope of a line joining the points 2,1 & 0, −3 is

Let 2,1 = 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 0, −3 = 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

A
𝑦2 −𝑦1
⇒𝑚=
𝑥2 −𝑥1

−3−1 B
⇒𝑚=
0−2

4
⇒𝑚=− C
−2

⇒𝑚=2
D
𝟐

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 Condition for collinearity

𝑙 𝑌

𝐴
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = 𝑚𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚𝐴𝐶

𝐵
𝑋
𝑂
𝐶

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 Find 𝑥 if the points 𝐴(2,3), 𝐵(1,1), 𝐶(𝑥, 3𝑥) are collinear.

Solution :

Given: 𝐴 2,3 , 𝐵 1,1 , 𝐶 𝑥, 3𝑥 are collinear

𝐴 2, 3 𝐵 1, 1 𝐶 𝑥, 3𝑥

⇒ Slope of 𝐴𝐵 = Slope of 𝐵𝐶
1−3 3𝑥−1
⇒ =
1−2 𝑥−1

−2 3𝑥−1
⇒ =
−1 𝑥−1

⇒ 2 𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑥 − 1

⇒ 2𝑥 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
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 Session 05
Various Forms of Equation
of Straight Line

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 Key Takeaways

Angle between two lines:

𝑙1

𝑙2
Obtuse angle
𝜋−𝜃

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 Key Takeaways

Angle between two lines:

𝑌
𝑚1 = tan 𝜃1 𝑙1
𝑙2
𝑚2 = tan 𝜃2

Also, 𝜃1 = 𝜃 + 𝜃2 𝜋−𝜃

⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝜃
⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 𝜃2 𝜃1
𝑋
𝑂
tan 𝜃1 −tan 𝜃2
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
1+tan 𝜃1 tan 𝜃2

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
1+ 𝑚1 𝑚2

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 Key Takeaways

Angle between two lines:

∴ Acute angle 𝜃 between two lines:

𝑚1 − 𝑚2
tan 𝜃 =
1+ 𝑚1 𝑚2

Case 1: Case 2:

𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2

𝜃 = 0° 𝜃 = 90°

tan 𝜃 = 0 cot 𝜃 = 0

∴ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 ∴ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1

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 1
The angle between the two lines is 450 and the slope of one of them is ,
2

then the slope of the other line is :

A 𝟏
𝟑

B 𝟏
−𝟑, −
𝟑

C 𝟏
𝟑, −
𝟑

D 𝟐
𝟑

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 1
The angle between the two lines is 450 and the slope of one of them is ,
2

then the slope of the other line is :

1
Given, 𝜃 = 45° & 𝑚1 =
2
A
1
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 − 𝑚2
° 2
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ tan 45 = 1
1+ 𝑚1 𝑚2 1 + ⋅𝑚2
2
B
1 − 2𝑚2
⇒1= ±
2 + 𝑚2

Case I Case II C 𝟏
𝟑, −
𝟑
1 −2𝑚2 1 −2𝑚2
1= 1=−
2+ 𝑚2 2+ 𝑚2
D
⇒ 2 + 𝑚2 = 1 − 2𝑚2 ⇒ 2 + 𝑚2 = −1 + 2𝑚2
1
∴ 𝑚2 = − ∴ 𝑚2 = 3
3

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 1
The angle between the two lines is 60° and the slope of one of them is ,
3

then the slope of the other line is :

1 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
Given: 𝜃 = 60° , 𝑚1 = tan 𝜃 =
3 1+ 𝑚1 𝑚2
1
− 𝑚2
⇒ tan 60° = 3
1
1 + ⋅𝑚2
3

1 − 3𝑚2
⇒ 3= ±
3+ 𝑚2

Case I Case II

1 − 3𝑚2 1 − 3𝑚2
3= − 3=
3+ 𝑚2 3+ 𝑚2

⇒ 3 + 3𝑚2 = 1 − 3𝑚2 ⇒ −3 − 3𝑚2 = 1 − 3𝑚2

1
⇒ 𝑚2 = − ⇒ 𝑚2 is undefined.
√3

1
∴ 𝑚2 = −
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 Key Takeaways

Intercepts of a Line

The intercept of a line is the point at which it crosses either the 𝑥 or 𝑦 axis .

𝑌
𝐵

𝑦 −intercept 𝑂𝐵

𝑋
𝑂 𝑂𝐴 𝐴

𝑥 −intercept

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 Key Takeaways

Eqn. of line parallel to 𝑋 − axis

0, 𝑏 𝑦=𝑏

𝑏
𝑦=0 Equation of 𝑥 − axis
𝑋
𝑂
𝑏
0, −𝑏 𝑦 = −𝑏

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 Key Takeaways

Eqn. of line parallel to 𝑌 − axis

𝑌
𝑥=0 Equation of 𝑦 − axis

𝑎
0, −𝑎 0, 𝑎
𝑋
𝑂 𝑎

𝑥=𝑎
𝑥 = −𝑎

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 Draw the graph of :
𝑖 𝑥 = 5 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = −1

A. 𝑥 = 5 D. 𝑦 = −1

𝑌
𝑌
𝑥=5

𝑋
𝑂 −1
𝑋 𝑦=4
𝑂

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 Equation of a line parallel to 𝑦–axis and passing through − 4, 3 is :

A
𝒚 = −𝟑

B
𝒙 = −𝟒

C
𝒙=𝟒

D
𝒚=𝟑

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 Equation of a line parallel to 𝑦–axis and passing through − 4, 3 is :

Given: Line is parallel to 𝑦 − axis 𝑌

𝑥 = −4 A
i.e., its equation is 𝑥 = 𝑎

Also, line is passing through − 4 , 3 −4, 3 B

𝒙 = −𝟒
4
𝑋
𝑂
C

∴ Equation of the line is 𝑥 = −4.

D

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 Key Takeaways

Slope - Intercept Form

𝑌
Equation: 𝑙
𝐴 0, 𝑐

Slope of 𝑃𝐴 = Slope of 𝑙 = 𝑚

𝑦−𝑐
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
⇒ =𝑚
𝑥−0 𝑦 −intercept 𝑐

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Intercept
𝑋
𝑂
Slope Slope 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways

Slope - Intercept Form

Note: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 Note: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
𝑌
𝑌
𝑙
𝐴 0, 𝑐 𝑙
𝑐=0

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑐 𝑋
𝑂

𝑋
𝑂

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 Find the equation of a line which cuts off an intercept of 5 units on
negative direction of 𝑦 −axis and makes an angle of 120° with the
positive direction of 𝑥– axis.

Given: 𝑦 − intercept ′𝑐 ′ = −5 𝑌

Also, 𝜃 = 120°
𝑙 120°
∴ 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 = tan 120° 𝑋
𝑂
⇒𝑚=− 3 𝑐 = −5

Hence, using Slope-intercept form :

𝑙 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑦 = − 3𝑥 − 5

⇒ 𝑦 + 3𝑥 + 5 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Slope Point Form

𝑌
Equation:
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑙
Slope of 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑚 =
𝑥−𝑥1
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑥1 Known Point
𝑄 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑋
𝑂
Slope 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways

Two Point Form

𝑌
Equation:

𝑙
Slope of 𝑃𝐴 = Slope of 𝐴𝐵
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦1 −𝑦2
= 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 Known Point
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑥1 −𝑥2

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑋
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑂
Slope 𝑚

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 Key Takeaways

Two Point Form

Note:

Equation of a line passing through 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 and 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 is

𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑥2 −𝑥1

Or
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 =0
𝑥2 𝑦2 1

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 Key Takeaways

Double Intercept Form

𝑌
Equation:

Slope of 𝑃𝐴 = Slope of 𝐴𝐵 𝑙
𝐵 0, 𝑏
𝑦−0 0−𝑏
=
𝑥−𝑎 𝑎−0 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑏 𝑦 −intercept 𝑏
𝑦 = − (𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝑎
𝐴 𝑎, 0
𝑏𝑥 𝑋
+𝑦=𝑏 𝑎
𝑎
𝑂
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 −intercept
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

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 Area of a triangle formed by the axes and the line 𝑒 −𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼 𝑦 = 2
in square units is :

A
𝟏

B
𝟑

C
𝟐

D
𝟒

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 Area of a triangle formed by the axes and the line 𝑒 −𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼 𝑦 = 2
in square units is :

𝑌
Given: 𝑒 −𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝛼 𝑦 = 2
A
Converting the equation into double 𝑙
𝐵 0, 2𝑒 −𝛼
intercept form :
𝑥
+
𝑦
=1 B
𝑥 𝑦 2𝑒 𝛼 2𝑒 −𝛼
+ =1
2𝑒 𝛼 2𝑒 −𝛼

𝐴 2𝑒 𝛼 , 0
Area of ∆OAB = × OA × OB
1
𝑋 C
2 𝟐
𝑂
1
= × 2e𝛼 × 2e−𝛼
2 D
=2

∴ Area = 2 sq. units

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 Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (3,4) and
the sum of its intercepts on the axes is 14.

𝑥 𝑦
Let the equation of line be : + = 1
𝑎 𝑏

This passes through (3,4)

3 4
∴ + =1 ⋯ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏

Given : 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 14 ⇒ 𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎

3 4
Putting 𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎 in 𝑖 ⇒ + =1
𝑎 14−𝑎

⇒ 𝑎2 − 13𝑎 + 42 = 0

⇒ 𝑎−7 𝑎−6 =0

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 Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (3,4) and
the sum of its intercepts on the axes is 14.

3 4
∴ + =1 ⋯ 𝑖
𝑎 𝑏

⇒ 𝑎−7 𝑎−6 =0

⇒𝑎=7 ⇒𝑎=6

𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎 𝑏 = 14 − 𝑎

⇒𝑏=7 ⇒𝑏=8

Putting values of 𝑎 and b in (𝑖)

𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
7
+ =1
7
And 6
+ =1
8

𝑥+𝑦 =7 And 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24

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 Session 06
Normal form & parametric
form of line

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 A straight line through the point 𝐴 3,4 is such that its intercept
between the axes is bisected at 𝐴. Its equation is :
IIT JEE 2006

A
𝑥+𝑦+7=0

B
3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 7 = 0

C
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24

D
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 25

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 A straight line through the point 𝐴 3,4 is such that its intercept
between the axes is bisected at 𝐴. Its equation is :
IIT JEE 2006

𝐴 3,4 is the mid-point of 𝑃𝑄 𝑌

𝑃(0, 𝑏)
𝑎+0 0+𝑏
=3& =4
2 2

𝑎=6&𝑏=8 𝐴 3,4
𝑥 𝑦
∴ Equation is + = 1
6 8

4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24
𝑂 𝑄(𝑎, 0) 𝑋

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 A straight line through the point 𝐴 3,4 is such that its intercept
between the axes is bisected at 𝐴. Its equation is :
IIT JEE 2006

C
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24

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 Key Takeaways
Normal Form
𝑌
Equation: Using Intercept form,
𝑙
Eqn. of 𝑙 ≡
𝑥
+
𝑦
=1 𝐵
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵

In ∆𝑂𝐴𝑄 𝑄
𝑝
𝑝 𝑝
cos 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝑂𝐴 = 𝛼
𝑂𝐴 cos 𝛼 𝐴
𝑋
𝑂
Similarly, In ∆𝑂𝐵𝑄

𝑂𝑄 𝜋 𝑂𝑄
cos ∠𝐵𝑂𝑄 = ⇒ cos −𝛼 =
𝑂𝐵 2 𝑂𝐵

𝑝 𝑝
⇒ sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝑂𝐵 =
𝑂𝐵 sin 𝛼

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 Key Takeaways
Normal Form
𝑌
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐵
𝑙
𝐵
𝑝
𝑂𝐴 =
cos 𝛼
𝑄
𝑝
𝑝
𝑂𝐵 = 𝛼
sin 𝛼 𝐴
𝑋
𝑂
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ × cos 𝛼 + × sin 𝛼 = 1
𝑝 𝑝

𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝

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 A line forms a triangle of area 54 3 sq. units with the coordinate axes. If the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the line makes an angle of 60° with
the positive 𝑥 −axis, then the equation of the line is :

𝑌
Now, equation of 𝑙 in Normal Form is :
𝑙
𝐵
𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝

⇒ 𝑥 cos 60° + 𝑦 sin 60° = 𝑝 2𝑝

𝑄
3 𝑝
𝑥 3
⇒ + 𝑦=𝑝
2 2 60° 𝐴
𝑋
𝑂
⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2𝑝 2𝑝
𝑥 3𝑦
⇒ + =1
2𝑝 2𝑝

𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + 2𝑝 =1
2𝑝
3

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 A line forms a triangle of area 54 3 sq. units with the coordinate axes. If the
perpendicular drawn from the origin to the line makes an angle of 60° with
the positive 𝑥 −axis, then the equation of the line is :

𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + 2𝑝 =1 𝑌
2𝑝
3

𝑙
Given : Area = 54 3 sq. units 𝐵

1 2𝑝
⇒ × 2𝑝 × = 54 3 2𝑝
𝑄
2 3
3 𝑝
2
⇒ 𝑝 = 81 ⇒ 𝑝 = ±9
60° 𝐴
𝑋
⇒ 𝑝 = 9 ∵ length is always positive 𝑂
2𝑝
Now equation of line is :

𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2𝑝

⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18.
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 The length of the perpendicular from the origin to a line is 7 and the
line makes an angle of 150° with the positive direction of 𝑦 −axis. Find
the equation of the line.

𝑌
Given : 𝑝 = 7
𝑙
150°
𝑙 ≡ 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝 𝐵

𝑄
𝛼 = 30° 𝑝

3 1 30° 𝐴
⇒𝑥∙ +𝑦∙ =7 𝑋
2 2 𝑂

∴ 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 14

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 Key Takeaways
Parametric Equation
𝑌
In △ 𝑃𝑄𝑁,
𝑦 𝑟
𝑄𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑥1
cos 𝜃 = = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑃𝑄 𝑟
𝑦1 𝜃
𝑁
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
⇒𝑟=
cos 𝜃

𝑃𝑁 𝑦− 𝑦1 𝜃
sin 𝜃 = = 𝑋
𝑃𝑄 𝑟
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥
𝑦− 𝑦1
𝐴
⇒𝑟=
sin 𝜃

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
Thus, = =𝑟
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

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 Key Takeaways
Note
𝑌
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 𝑟
= =𝑟
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
𝑦1 𝜃
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 represent 𝑥 − 𝑥1
𝑁
coordinates of any point on the line at a
distance 𝑟 from 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 . 𝜃
𝑋
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥
𝐴
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1
At a given distance 𝑟 from 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 on the line = =𝑟
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

there will be two points i.e.,

𝑥1 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦1 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 and 𝑥1 − 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦1 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃 .

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 A straight line is drawn through the point 𝑃 2, 3 and is inclined at an angle
of 30° with the 𝑥 −axis in anti-clockwise direction. Find the equation of the
line and the coordinates of two points on it at a distance of 4 units from 𝑃.
𝑌
Here 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 = 2, 3 , 𝜃 = 30 °
𝑦
The equation of the line is :
𝑦−3
𝑥−2 𝑦−3
3 30° 𝑁
=
cos 30° sin 30°

𝑥−2 𝑦−3
⇒ 3
= 1
2 2 30°
𝑋
𝑂 2 𝑥−2 𝑥
⇒𝑥−2= 3 𝑦−3

⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 2 − 3 3

Points on the line at a distance 4 from 2, 3 :

𝑥1 ± 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦1 ± 𝑟 sin 𝜃
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 A straight line is drawn through the point 𝑃 2, 3 and is inclined at an angle of
30° with the 𝑥 −axis in the anti-clockwise direction. Find the equation of the
line and the coordinates of two points on it at a distance of 4 units from 𝑃.
𝑌
𝑥1 ± 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦1 ± 𝑟 sin 𝜃
4
𝑦−3
⇒ 2 ± 4 cos 30° , 3 ± 4 sin 30°
30° 𝑁
4 𝑥−2
⇒ 2 ± 2 3, 3 ± 2
30°
⇒ 2 + 2 3, 5 and 2 − 2 3, 1 𝑋
𝑂

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 The distance of the point 2, 3 from the line 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0 measured
along the line 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 is :

A
𝟐

B
𝟐 𝟐

C
𝟑 𝟐

D
𝟒 𝟐

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 The distance of the point 2, 3 from the line 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0 measured
along the line 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 is :

Given, 𝑙1 : 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 𝑙2
𝐴 2, 3
⇒ 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5
𝑙: 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0
5
⇒𝑦=𝑥+
2

∴ Slope of 𝑙1 = 1 ⇒ tan 𝜃 = 1
𝑙1 : 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
∴ 𝑙2 is passing through 𝐴 2, 3 with slope = 1
𝑥−2 𝑦−3
∴ Equation of 𝑙2 : 𝜋 = 𝜋 =𝑟
cos sin
4 4

Hence, any point lying on 𝑙2 will have coordinates,

𝜋 𝜋
2 + 𝑟 cos , 3 + 𝑟 sin
4 4

𝑟 𝑟
i.e. 2 + ,3 +
2 2
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 The distance of the point 2, 3 from the line 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0 measured
along the line 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 is :

𝑙2
𝐴 2, 3
This point lies on the line 𝑙: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑙: 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0
𝑟 𝑟
∴2 2+ −3 3+ +9=0
2 2

2𝑟 3𝑟 𝑙1 : 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
⇒4+ −9− +9=0
2 2

𝑟
⇒ =4
2

∴ Distance of 2, 3 from the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9 = 0

along 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 is 4 2 units.

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 The distance of the point 2, 3 from the line 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 9 = 0 measured
along the line 2𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 5 = 0 is :

D
𝟒 𝟐

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 Two adjacent vertices of a square are 1, 2 and − 2, 6 .
Find the coordinates of other vertices.
𝑌 𝐶
𝐴𝐵 = 6−2 2 + −2 − 1 2

= 16 + 9

= 25 = 5 units. 𝐷
𝐶′
6−2 4
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = =−
−2−1 3

Now, 𝐷𝐷′ ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 ⇒ Slope of 𝐷𝐷′ =

3 𝜃
4
𝑋
𝑂
3 𝐷′
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
4

3 4
⇒ sin 𝜃 = ; cos 𝜃 =
5 5

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 Two adjacent vertices of a square are 1, 2 and − 2, 6 .
Find the coordinates of other vertices.
𝑌 𝐶
∴ Coordinates of 𝐶 and 𝐶 ′

≡ −2 ± 5 cos 𝜃 , 6 ± 5 sin 𝜃
4 3
≡ −2 ± 5 × , 6 ± 5 ×
5 5
𝐷
≡ −2 ± 4, 6 ± 3 𝐶′

𝐶 2, 9 and 𝐶 ′ −6, 3

𝜃
∴ Coordinates of 𝐷 and 𝐷′ 𝑋
𝑂
≡ 1 ± 5 cos 𝜃 , 2 ± 5 sin 𝜃 𝐷′
4 3
≡ 1 ±5 × ,2± 5×
5 5

≡ 1 ± 4, 2 ± 3

𝐷 5, 5 and 𝐷′ −3, −1
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 Key Takeaways

General Equation:

Every first degree equation in 𝑥, 𝑦 represents a straight line.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ

Example:

𝑥+𝑦+2=0

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 7 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Slope Intercept Form:

Every first degree equation in 𝑥, 𝑦 represents a straight line.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑌
𝑎 𝑐
⇒𝑦= − 𝑥+ −
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑋
𝑎 𝑐 𝑂
Slope = 𝑚 = − , 𝑌-intercept = 𝑐 = −
𝑏 𝑏

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 Key Takeaways

Intercept Form:

Every first degree equation in 𝑥, 𝑦 represents a straight line.

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑐 𝑌
𝑐
0, −
𝑏
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝐵
⇒ + =1 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑐 −𝑐
𝑐
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
− ,0
𝑎
⇒ 𝑐 + 𝑐 =1⇒ + =1 𝑋
−𝑎 −𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
𝑂 𝐴

𝑐 𝑐
𝑋-intercept = 𝑎 = − , 𝑌-intercept = 𝑏 = −
𝑎 𝑏

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 Session 07
Distance evaluation
between line & point, lines.

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 Reduce 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 4 = 0 into
𝑎 Slope intercept form (𝑏) Intercept form

(𝑎) Slope intercept form:

Given equation, 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 4 = 0
⇒ 3𝑦 = −𝑥 − 4
1 4
⇒𝑦=− 𝑥−
3 3

∵ 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
1
∴ Slope ′𝑚′ = −
3
4
𝑌 −Intercept ′c′ = −
3

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 Reduce 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 4 = 0 into
𝑎 Slope intercept form (𝑏) Intercept form

(𝑏) Intercept form:

Given equation, 𝑥 + 3 𝑦 + 4 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −4
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ + =1
−4 −4/ 3
𝑥 𝑦
∵ + =1
𝑎 𝑏
4
∴ 𝑋 − intercept = −4 & 𝑌 − intercept = −
3

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 If the 𝑥-intercept of some line 𝐿 is double as that of the line
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 and the 𝑦-intercept of 𝐿 is half as that of the
same line, then the slope of 𝐿 is :

JEE MAIN 2013

A
−3

B −3
2

C −3
8

D −3
16

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 If the 𝑥-intercept of some line 𝐿 is double as that of the line
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 and the 𝑌-intercept of 𝐿 is half as that of the
same line, then the slope of 𝐿 is :

𝑌 JEE MAIN 2013

𝑥 𝑦
Consider 𝐿1 : 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 ⇒ + = 1
4 3 𝐿1
𝑋-intercept of 𝐿1 = 4 (0,3)
∴ 𝑋-intercept of 𝐿 = 8
3
𝑌-intercept of 𝐿1 = 3 0,
2 𝐿
3
∴ 𝑌-intercept of 𝐿 =
2 𝑋
𝑥 𝑦 𝑂 (8,0)
∴𝐿≡ + 3 =1 (4,0)
8
2
𝑥 2𝑦
⇒ + =1
8 3

1
3
Slope= − = −8
2
16
3

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 If the 𝑥-intercept of some line 𝐿 is double as that of the line
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 12 and the 𝑦-intercept of 𝐿 is half as that of the
same line, then the slope of 𝐿 is :

JEE MAIN 2013

A
−3

B −3
2

C −3
8

D −3
16

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 If the straight line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 17 = 0 is perpendicular to the line
passing through the points 7,17 and 15, 𝛽 , then 𝛽 equals :

A 35
3

B
−5

C −35
3

D 5

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 If the straight line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 17 = 0 is perpendicular to the line
passing through the points 7,17 and 15, 𝛽 , then 𝛽 equals :

2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 17 = 0
2
⇒ Slope =
3

𝛽−17
Slope of line passing through the points 7,17 and 15, 𝛽 =
15−7
𝛽−17
=
8

Since lines are perpendicular to each other :

2 𝛽−17
⇒ × = −1
3 8

𝛽=5

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 If the straight line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 17 = 0 is perpendicular to the line
passing through the points 7,17 and 15, 𝛽 , then 𝛽 equals :

A 35
3

B
−5

C −35
3

D
5

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 Let 𝑃𝑆 be the median of the triangle with vertices 𝑃 2,2 , 𝑄(6, −1)
and 𝑅 7,3 . The equation of the line passing through 1, −1 and
parallel to 𝑃𝑆 is:

A
2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 7 = 0

B
2𝑥 − 9𝑦 − 11 = 0

C
4𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 3 = 0

D 4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 3 = 0

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 Let 𝑃𝑆 be the median of the triangle with vertices 𝑃 2,2 , 𝑄(6, −1)
and 𝑅 7,3 . The equation of the line passing through 1, −1 and
parallel to 𝑃𝑆 is:
𝑃(2,2)
𝑃𝑆 is the median ⇒ 𝑆 is the midpoint of 𝑄 and 𝑅
6+7 −1+3
⇒𝑆≡ ,
2 2

13
⇒𝑆≡ ,1
2

𝑦2 −𝑦1
Now, Slope of 𝑃𝑆 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑄(6, −1) 𝑆
13
,1 𝑅(7,3)
2−1 1 2 2
= 13 =− ×2=−
2− 9 9
2

Let 𝑙 be the line parallel to 𝑃𝑆 passing

through (1, −1)

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 Let 𝑃𝑆 be the median of the triangle with vertices 𝑃 2,2 , 𝑄(6, −1)
and 𝑅 7,3 . The equation of the line passing through 1, −1 and
parallel to 𝑃𝑆 is:

𝑃(2,2)
2
∴ Slope of 𝑙 = −
9

∴ By Point Slope Form, Equation of 𝑙 :

𝑦− −1 2
=−
𝑥−1 9
2
⇒𝑦+1=− 𝑥−1
9
𝑄(6, −1) 𝑆
13
,1 𝑅(7,3)
⇒ 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 7 = 0 2

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 Let the orthocenter and centroid of a triangle be 𝐴 (− 3 , 5) and
𝐵(3 , 3) respectively. If 𝐶 is the circumcenter of this triangle , then
the radius of the circle having line segment 𝐴𝐶 as diameter is :

A
2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 7 = 0

B
2𝑥 − 9𝑦 − 11 = 0

C
4𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 3 = 0

D
4𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 3 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Internal Division:

If the straight line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 divides the line segment joining

𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 & 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) in the ratio 𝜆: 1

𝑦 𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑃
𝜆 𝐴𝑃 𝜆 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐
= =−
𝐵𝑃 1 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐
1
𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2

𝑂 𝑥

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 Key Takeaways

Internal Division:
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are on the opposite side of 𝑦
the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑃
𝜆
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 divides 𝐴𝐵 internally
1
⇒𝜆>0 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
− >0
𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐 𝑂 𝑥

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
<0
𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐

∴ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 & 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐 are of opposite sign.

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 Key Takeaways
𝐴 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

External Division: 𝑦
𝜆 𝐵 𝑥2 , 𝑦2
If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are on the same side of the
line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
1
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 divides 𝐴𝐵 externally 𝑃

⇒𝜆<0

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
− <0
𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐 𝑂 𝑥

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
>0
𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐

∴ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 & 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑦2 + 𝑐

are of same sign.

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 In what ratio is the line segment joining the points −1,1 and 5,7
divides the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.

On comparing 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4 with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 𝐵 5,7

𝑥2 , 𝑦2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1 & 𝑐 = −4
𝐴𝑃 𝜆 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
= =−
𝑃𝐵 1 𝑎𝑥2 +𝑏𝑦2 +𝑐
𝑃
𝐴𝑃 𝜆 −1+1+(−4) 4 1
= =− = =
𝑃𝐵 1 5+7+(−4) 8 2 𝐴 −1,1
𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 1: 2 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

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 Key Takeaways

Distance of a point from a line:

The length of the perpendicular from a point 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 to the line

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏

𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1

𝑟 𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
𝑟=
𝑎2 +𝑏2

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 Key Takeaways

Distance of a point from a line:

𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
Proof:
𝑟
We have, 𝑙 ∶ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑎
∴ Slope of 𝑙 = −
𝑏
𝑏
Then, Slope of 𝑃𝑀 =
𝑎
𝑏
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
⇒ cos 𝜃 = & sin 𝜃 =
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑀 lies on 𝑙 ∶ 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑦1 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

⇒ 𝑎 𝑥1 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑦1 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1
⇒ 𝑎 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 𝑟 sin 𝜃 + 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑟
⇒ 𝑟 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = − 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
⇒𝑟=−
𝑎 cos 𝜃+𝑏 sin 𝜃

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
⇒𝑟=− 𝑎 𝑏
𝑎× + 𝑏×
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

But 𝑟 ≥ 0
𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
⇒𝑟=
𝑎2 +𝑏2

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 Key Takeaways

Distance of a point from a line:

The length of the perpendicular from the origin to the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 is

𝑐
𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑃 0, 0

𝑟
𝑐
𝑟=
𝑎2 +𝑏2

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 Find the points on 𝑌 −axis whose perpendicular distance from the
line 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0 is 3.

Let the required point be 𝑃 0, 𝛼 .

Length of the perpendicular from 𝑃(0, 𝛼) on 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0 is 3
4 0 −3𝛼−12
⇒ =3 𝑌
4 2 +(−3)2

⇒ 3𝛼 + 12 = 15 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 12 = 0

⇒ 𝛼 + 4 = ±5
𝑂 𝑋
⇒ 𝛼 = 1, −9

∴ Required points are 0,1 and (0, −9)

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 Key Takeaways

Distance between parallel lines:

Distance between parallel lines

𝑐2 −𝑐1
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 is
𝑎2 +𝑏2

𝑂 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Distance between parallel lines:

Proof:
Perpendicular distance of 𝑃 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 𝑑
𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦 +𝑐
from 𝑙2 is 𝑑 = 1 2 1 2 2 𝑙2
𝑎 +𝑏

Also, 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) lies on 𝑙1

⇒ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝑙1
⇒ 𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 = −𝑐1
𝑐2 − 𝑐1 𝑐1 − 𝑐2
∴𝑑= 𝑜𝑟
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑎2 +𝑏2

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 Distance between the lines given by 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 and 3𝑥 + 15 = 6𝑦 is :

A 16
3

B 16
5

C 8
3

D 6
5

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 Distance between the lines given by 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 and 3𝑥 + 15 = 6𝑦 is :

Let , 𝑙1 ∶ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1

𝑙2 ∶ 3𝑥 + 15 = 6𝑦

Or 𝑙2 ∶ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −5
𝑑
∵ 𝑙1 ∥ 𝑙2
𝑐2 − 𝑐1
𝑀
𝑑=
𝑎2 +𝑏2

−5 −1
⇒𝑑=
12 +(−2)2
6
⇒ units.
5

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 Distance between the lines given by 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1 and 3𝑥 + 15 = 6𝑦 is :

A 16
3

B 16
5

C 8
3

D 6
5

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 The coordinates of the point on 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0, whose distance
from 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 is 5 units, is

A
−8, 5

B
1, −4

C
9, −6

D
1, 4

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 The coordinates of the point on 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0, whose distance
from 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 is 5 units, is

Let the points on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0 be 𝑎, −3 − 𝑎

Length of the perpendicular from 𝑎, −3 − 𝑎 to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 is

𝑎 − 6 − 2𝑎 + 2
⇒ = 5
12 + 22

⇒ 𝑎 = −9, 1

∴ The points are −9, 6 , 1, −4 .

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 The coordinates of the point on 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0, whose distance
from 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0 is 5 units, is

B
1, −4

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 Session 08
Image of a point and
Concurrency of lines

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 Key Takeaways

Image of a point:

The image of a point 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽) with respect to 𝑥 −axis is 𝑄(𝛼, −𝛽).

𝛽 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽)

𝑂 𝑋

−𝛽 𝑄(𝛼, −𝛽)

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 Key Takeaways

Image of a point:

The image of a point 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽) with respect to 𝑦 −axis is 𝑄(−𝛼, 𝛽).

𝑄(−𝛼, 𝛽) 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽)

−𝛼 𝑂 𝛼 𝑋

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 Key Takeaways

Image of a point:

The image of a point 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽) with respect to 𝑦 = 𝑥 is 𝑄(𝛽, 𝛼).

𝑌
𝑃(𝛼, 𝛽)
𝛽

𝛼 𝑄(𝛽, 𝛼)

𝑂 𝛼 𝛽 𝑋

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 The image of the point 𝐴(1,2) by the mirror 𝑦 = 𝑥 is the point 𝐵
and the image of 𝐵 by the line mirror 𝑦 = 0 is the point 𝐶 𝛼, 𝛽 ,
then 𝛼 = ______ , 𝛽 = ______.

The image of a point 𝐴(𝛼, 𝛽) with 𝑌

respect to 𝑦 = 𝑥 is 𝐵(𝛽, 𝛼).
𝐴(1,2)
⇒ 𝐵 ≡ (2, 1)
The image of a point 𝐵(𝛽, 𝛼) with
respect to 𝑥 −axis (𝑦 = 0) is 𝐶(𝛽, −𝛼).
⇒ 𝐶 ≡ (2, −1)
𝐵 𝛽, 𝛼

𝑂 𝑋 (𝑦 = 0)

𝐶(𝛽, −𝛼)

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 Key Takeaways

Reflection of a point about a Line:

𝐹(𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓 ) is the foot of perpendicular.

𝑃 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜

𝑑
𝐹 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓
𝑙: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑑
𝐼 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖

𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑜 𝑎𝑥𝑜 + 𝑏𝑦𝑜 + 𝑐
= =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 Key Takeaways

Reflection of a point about a Line:

𝐼(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ) is the reflection of point 𝑃(𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) about the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.

𝑃 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜

𝑑
𝐹 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓
𝑙: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑑
𝐼 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖

𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑜 𝑎𝑥𝑜 + 𝑏𝑦𝑜 + 𝑐
= = −2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and the image of
the point (8, 2) about the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 are:

Consider 𝑙 ∶ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 compare with 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐 = −2 𝑃 8, 2 ⟷ 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜
𝑥𝑓 −𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑓 −𝑦𝑜 𝑎𝑥𝑜 +𝑏𝑦𝑜 +𝑐 𝑑
= =−
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝐹 𝑥𝑓 , 𝑦𝑓
𝑥𝑓 −8 𝑦𝑓 −2 24−2−2 𝑙 ∶ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
⇒ = =− 𝑑
3 −1 3 2 + −1 2

𝐼 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖
𝑥𝑓 −8 𝑦𝑓 −2
⇒ = = −2
3 −1

𝑥𝑓 −8 𝑦𝑓 −2
= −2 = −2
3 −1

⇒ 𝑥𝑓 − 8 = −6 ⇒ 𝑦𝑓 − 2 = 2

⇒ 𝑥𝑓 = 2 ⇒ 𝑦𝑓 = 4
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 The coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and the image of
the point (8, 2) about the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 are:

𝑥𝑓 = 2, 𝑦𝑓 = 4
𝑃 8, 2 ⟷ 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜

𝑃𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 𝑑
𝐹 2, 4
⇒ 𝐹 is mid point of 𝑃𝐼.
𝑑 𝑙 ∶ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2
𝑥𝑖 +8 𝑦𝑖 +2
=2 =4 𝐼 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖
2 2

⇒ 𝑥𝑖 + 8 = 4 ⇒ 𝑦𝑖 + 2 = 8

⇒ 𝑥𝑖 = −4 ⇒ 𝑦𝑖 = 6

So, 𝐼 ≡ −4, 6

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 Find a point 𝑃 on 𝑦 = 𝑥 such that 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 is minimum where
𝐴 ≡ 1, 3 , 𝐵 ≡ 5, 2 .

𝑙: 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝐴 ≡ 1, 3
𝑙𝐴 : 𝑙 1,3 = 1 − 3 < 0 and 𝑙𝐵 : 𝑙 5,2 =5−2>0

⇒ 𝐴 & 𝐵 lies on opposite sides of 𝑙

∴ For 𝐴𝑃 + 𝐵𝑃 to be minimum,

𝐴, 𝑃 & 𝐵 must be colinear.

∴ 𝑚𝐴𝑃 = 𝑚𝐴𝐵
𝛼−3 2−3
⇒ = 𝐵 ≡ 5, 2
𝛼−1 5−1

13
⇒𝛼=
5

13 13
∴𝑃≡ ,
5 5

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 Point 𝑅 on 𝑋 −axis such that 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 is minimum when 𝑃 = (1, 1)
and 𝑄 = (3, 2) is:

A 5
,0
3

B
2, 0

C 3
,0
2

D 5
,0
4

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 Point 𝑅 on 𝑋 −axis such that 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 is minimum when 𝑃 = (1, 1)
and 𝑄 = (3, 2) is:

𝑃 & 𝑄 lies on the same sides of 𝑋 – axis. 𝑌 𝑄(3,2)

The mirror image of 𝑄 with respect to
𝑋 – axis is 𝑄′ . 𝑃(1,1)

⇒ 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄′
∴ For 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 to be minimum, when
𝑃, 𝑅 & 𝑄′ must be collinear. 𝑂 𝑅(𝛼 , 0) 𝑋
𝑚𝑃𝑄′ = 𝑚𝑅𝑄′
1+2 0+2
=
1−3 𝛼−3
5 𝑄′ (3, −2)
⇒𝛼=
3
5
∴𝑅≡ ,0
3

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 Point 𝑅 on 𝑋 −axis such that 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑅𝑄 is minimum when 𝑃 = (1, 1)
and 𝑄 = (3, 2) is:

A 5
,0
3

B
2, 0

C 3
,0
2

D 5
,0
4

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 Key Takeaways

Concurrency of Three Lines:

The three lines are concurrent if any one of the
lines passes through the point of intersection of
other two lines.

𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3 − 𝑐2 𝑏3 + 𝑏1 𝑐2 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 𝑐3 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑏2 𝑎3 = 0 𝑙2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

or

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

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 Find the value of 𝜆, if the lines 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 13 = 0, 8𝑥 − 11𝑦 − 33 = 0
and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝜆 = 0 are concurrent.

The given lines are concurrent if :

3 −4 −13
8 −11 −33 = 0
2 −3 𝜆
⇒ 3 −11𝜆 − 99 + 4 8𝜆 + 66 − 13 −24 + 22 = 0
⇒ −𝜆 − 7 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = −7

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 A ray of light coming from the point (1, 2) is reflected at a point 𝐴
on the 𝑥 −axis and then passes through the point 5, 3 .Then the
coordinates of the point 𝐴 are:

Let the coordinate of 𝐴 be (𝑎, 0)

Slope of reflected ray 𝐴𝐶 is, A 13
,0
3−0 3 𝐶 5, 3 5
𝑚𝐴𝐶 = = = tan 𝜃
5−𝑎 5−𝑎
𝐵(1,2)
𝜃 B 5
Slope of incident ray 𝐴𝐵 is, ,0
13
𝑋
2−0 𝐴(𝑎, 0)
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = tan(𝜋 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃
1−𝑎
C
−7,0
Slope of 𝐴𝐵 + Slope of 𝐴𝐶 = 0
3 2
⇒ + =0
5−𝑎 1−𝑎 D
None of these
⇒ 10 − 2𝑎 + 3 − 3𝑎 = 0
⇒ 5𝑎 = 13
13
⇒𝑎=
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5
 A beam of light is sent along the line 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1, which after
refracting from the 𝑥 −axis enters the opposite side by turning
through 300 away from the normal at the point of incidence on
the 𝑥 −axis. Find the equation of the refracted ray.

Given Equation: 𝑌 𝐼′
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1;

Slope of line 𝐼𝐼′ is 1. 𝑅

⇒ tan 𝛼 = 1 300
𝜃
⇒ 𝛼 = 450
𝑂 𝐵(1, 0) 𝑋
𝜃 = 𝛼 − 300
⇒ 𝜃 = 450 − 300
𝑙: 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
⇒ 𝜃 = 150 𝑚𝑙 = 1
⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 150 = (2 − 3) 𝐼

Equation of 𝐵𝑅:
𝑦 − 0 = (2 − 3)(𝑥 − 1)
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 Session 09
Family of Lines and Angle
bisector between Lines

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 Key Takeaways

Family of Line: 𝜆1
The equation for the family of 𝑙1
lines ′𝐿′ passing through the point
of intersection of lines 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 is
𝜆2
𝑙1 + 𝜆𝑙2 = 0, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ 𝑃
𝜆3
𝑙2
Where 𝜆 is a parameter and can
be determined from imposed
condition.

For 𝑙1 : 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0
𝑙2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 + 𝜆 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

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 Fixed point passes through which each member of the family
of lines 1 + 𝜆 𝑥 + 2 − 𝜆 𝑦 + 5 = 0 passes for all values of 𝜆 is

1+𝜆 𝑥+ 2−𝜆 𝑦+5 = 0∀𝜆 ∈ ℝ 𝐿1 = 0

𝐿1 + 𝜆𝐿2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 + 𝜆 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 𝐿2 = 0

𝐿1 ≡ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0
Fixed point or intercept point
𝐿2 ≡ 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0

Put 𝑦 = 𝑥 in 𝐿1
⇒ 3𝑥 + 5 = 0
5
⇒𝑥=−
3

5 5
Intercept point − , −
3 3

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 If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 are variables such that 21𝑎 + 40𝑏 + 56𝑐 = 0, then find the fixed point
through which each member of the family of the lines 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 passes is

Given: 21𝑎 + 40𝑏 + 56𝑐 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 passes through the fixed point.

Dividing the equation by 56

21 40 56
⇒ 𝑎+ 𝑏+ 𝑐=0
56 56 56

3 5
⇒ 𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 =0
8 7

Now, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 passes through the same point.

3 5
⇒ 𝑥 = ,𝑦 =
8 7

3 5
So, fixed point ≡ ,
8 7

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 If the straight lines cuts intercepts on the coordinate axes such that the sum
of their reciprocals is 3, then the fixed point through which all these lines
passes is

A 1
1,
3

B 2 4
,
3 3

C 1 1
,
3 3

D 2 1
,
3 3

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 If the straight lines cuts intercepts on the coordinate axes such that the sum
of their reciprocals is 3, then the fixed point through which all these lines
passes is

Let the intercept on 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes be

𝑎 and 𝑏 respectively.
1 1
Given, + = 3
𝑎 𝑏
1 1
⇒ + =1
3𝑎 3𝑏

1 1
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 3
+ 3
=1 + =1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

1 1
On comparing we get, 𝑥0 = , 𝑦0 =
3 3
1 1
∴ Fixed Point → , .
3 3

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 If the straight lines cuts intercepts on the coordinate axes such that the sum
of their reciprocals is 3, then the fixed point through which all these lines
passes is

A 1
1,
3

B 2 4
,
3 3

C 1 1
,
3 3

D 2 1
,
3 3

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 Find the straight line of the family 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ that is:
𝑖 Nearest from the point 1, −3
𝑖𝑖 Farthest from the point 1, −3

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖 𝑥+𝑦=0

𝐿1 + 𝜆𝐿2 = 0
𝐴
1, −3
Passes through intersection of
lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑖 Put 1, −3 in 𝑖 family of lines equation

⇒ 1−3 +𝜆 2+3+1 = 0
1
⇒𝜆=
3
1
Put 𝜆 = in 𝑖
3
1
⇒ 𝑥+𝑦 + 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
3

⇒ 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0
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 Find the straight line of the family 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝜆 ∈ ℝ that is:
𝑖 Nearest from the point 1, −3
𝑖𝑖 Farthest from the point 1, −3

𝑖𝑖 The line furthest from point 1, −3 will be 𝑥+𝑦=0

perpendicular to the line passing through 1, −3
and point 𝐴, where 𝐴 is the point of intersection of 𝐴
1, −3
lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

⇒ 2𝜆 + 1 𝑥 + 𝑦 1 − 𝜆 + 𝜆 = 0 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

2
Slope of line perpendicular to 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 is .
5

2 2𝜆 + 1 7
∴ =− ⇒ 2 − 2𝜆 = −10𝜆 − 5 ⇒ 𝜆 = −
5 1−𝜆 8
7
Putting 𝜆 = − in 𝑖
8
7
𝑥 + 𝑦 to−Top2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 6𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 7 = 0
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8
 Key Takeaways 𝑙1
𝐵2
Angle Bisectors between the lines: 𝐿
𝐵1
𝑃
Angle Bisector: 𝑙2
Locus is a moving point equidistant 𝑀
from the two intersecting lines. 𝜋−𝜃
𝜃

Note:

The bisectors are orthogonal to each other.

𝐵1 and 𝐵2 are always perpendicular to each other.

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 𝑙1
Key Takeaways 𝐵2
𝐿 𝑑
1
Angle Bisector between the lines: 𝐵1
𝑑2
Equation: 𝑀
𝑙2
𝜋−𝜃
Here, 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 𝜃
𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2 𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1
=
𝑎22 +𝑏22 𝑎12 +𝑏12

𝑎22 + 𝑏22 = 𝑝 and 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 = 𝑞

𝑝 = 𝑞 or −𝑝 = −𝑞 and 𝑝 = −𝑞 or −𝑝 = 𝑞
⇒𝑝=𝑞 and ⇒ 𝑝 = −𝑞

𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2

=±
𝑎12 +𝑏12 𝑎22 +𝑏22

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 Key Takeaways

Angular Bisectors of Acute and Obtuse angles:

Let revised equations

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0
𝑐1 , 𝑐2 > 0
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2

=±
𝑎12 +𝑏12 𝑎22 +𝑏22

Step I: Make constants of both lines +𝑣𝑒 .

Step II: Using equation of modified lines find 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 .

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 Key Takeaways

Angular Bisectors of Acute and Obtuse angles:

Acute Angle Obtuse Angle

Condition
Bisector Bisector

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 > 0 − +

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 < 0 + −

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 Find the straight line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0,
find the equation of the:
A. Bisector of the obtuse angle between them
B. Bisector of the acute angle between them

Solution:

4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0

⇒ −4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6 = 0
𝑐1 , 𝑐2 > 0
And 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0

Now, 𝑎1 = −4, 𝑏1 = −3 and 𝑎2 = 5, 𝑏2 = 12

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = −4 5 + −3 12

⇒ 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 = −56 < 0

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 Find the straight line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0,
find the equation of the:
A. Bisector of the obtuse angle between them
B. Bisector of the acute angle between them

A. Obtuse angle bisector: ⇒ −𝑣𝑒

−4𝑥−3𝑦+6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
=−
−4 2+ −3 2 52 +122

−4𝑥−3𝑦+6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
⇒ =−
5 13

⇒ −52𝑥 − 39𝑦 + 78 = −25𝑥 − 60𝑦 − 45

⇒ 27𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 123 = 0

So, the bisector of the obtuse angle is 9𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 41 = 0.

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 Find the straight line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0,
find the equation of the:
A. Bisector of the obtuse angle between them
B. Bisector of the acute angle between them

B. Acute angle bisector: ⇒ +𝑣𝑒

−4𝑥−3𝑦+6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
=
−4 2+ −3 2 52 +122

−4𝑥−3𝑦+6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
⇒ =
5 13

⇒ −52𝑥 − 39𝑦 + 78 = 25𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 45

⇒ 77𝑥 + 99𝑦 − 33 = 0

So, the bisector of the acute angle is 7𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3 = 0.

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 Key Takeaways
Bisector of the angle containing the given point
𝑙1
𝑎1 𝑥+𝑏1 𝑦+𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥+𝑏2 𝑦+𝑐2 𝐵2
=±
𝑎12 +𝑏12 𝑎22 +𝑏22
𝐵1
𝑃 ℎ, 𝑘
𝑙2
Step I: Substitute the point in the
L.H.S of both 𝑙1 & 𝑙2 to get 𝑙1 𝑃 & 𝑙2 𝑃 .
𝑎1 𝛼 + 𝑏1 𝛽 + 𝑐1 and 𝑎2 𝛼 + 𝑏2 𝛽 + 𝑐2 .

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 Key Takeaways

Step II: Use the working rule:

Condition Angle Bisector

𝑙1 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑙2 𝑃 > 0 Equation w.r.t (+) is the required bisector

𝑙1 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑙2 𝑃 < 0 Equation w.r.t (−) is the required bisector

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 For the straight line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the
equation of the bisector of the angle:
𝑖 Which contains (1, 2) 𝑖𝑖 Which contains the origin

𝑖 Given 𝑙1 ≡ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 𝑙2 ≡ 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0

𝑙1 1,2 ≡ 4 1 + 3 2 − 6 > 0
Same sign ⇒ 𝑙1 1,2 ⋅ 𝑙2 1,2 > 0
𝑙2 1,2 ≡ 5 1 + 12 2 + 9 > 0

Hence, equation w.r.t +𝑣𝑒 sign is the required bisector.

4𝑥+3𝑦−6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
=+
4 2+ 3 2 52 +122

⇒ 52𝑥 + 39𝑦 − 78 = 25𝑥 + 60𝑦 + 45

⇒ 27𝑥 − 21𝑦 − 123 = 0

So, the bisector of the angle that contains 1, 2 is 9𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 41 = 0.

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 For the straight line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0, find the
equation of the bisector of the angle:
𝑖 Which contains (1, 2) 𝑖𝑖 Which contains the origin

𝑖𝑖 Given 𝑙1 ≡ 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0 and 𝑙2 ≡ 5𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 9 = 0

𝑙1 0, 0 ≡ 4 0 + 3 0 − 6 < 0
Opposite sign ⇒ 𝑙1 0, 0 ⋅ 𝑙2 0, 0 < 0
𝑙2 0, 0 ≡ 5 0 + 12 0 + 9 > 0

Hence, equation w.r.t −𝑣𝑒 sign is the required bisector.

4𝑥+3𝑦−6 5𝑥+12𝑦+9
=−
4 2+ 3 2 52 +122

⇒ 52𝑥 + 39𝑦 − 78 = −25𝑥 − 60𝑦 − 45

⇒ 77𝑥 + 99𝑦 − 33 = 0

So, the bisector of the angle that contains the origin is 7𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 3 = 0.

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 Session 10
Family of Lines and Angle
bisector between Lines

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 Key Takeaways 𝑌
Pair of Straight Lines: 𝑙2 : 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0

Joint equation of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 is given by : 𝑙1 𝑙2 = 0

⇒ 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0
𝑋
𝑂
⇒ 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑎1 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 𝑏1 + 𝑙1 : 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0

𝑥 𝑎1 𝑐2 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 + 𝑦 𝑏1 𝑐2 + 𝑏2 𝑐1 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0

General Form : 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

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 Key Takeaways
General Equation of Pair of Lines :

General 2nd degree equation in 𝑥, 𝑦 ∶

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Represents a pair of straight lines iff :

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 =0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐

Or

𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0

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 Prove that the equation 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0
represents two straight lines.

Comparing the given equation 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0 with

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

We get,

𝑎 = −3, 2ℎ = −8, 𝑏 = 3, 2𝑔 = −29, 2𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = −18

We find that
𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2

3 29 3 2 29 2 2
= −3 3 −18 + 2 − −4 − −3 − 3 − − −18 −4
2 2 2 2

=0

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 Key Takeaways

Homogeneous Equation:

An equation in which combined degree of each term is same is

called a homogeneous equation.

Example:
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 ⇒ Homogeneous Equation of degree 1.
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2 = 0 ⇒ Homogeneous Equation of degree 2.
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 11𝑥𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 3 = 0 Homogeneous Equation of degree 3.

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⇒ Not a Homogeneous Equation.

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ Not a Homogeneous Equation.

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 Key Takeaways

Homogeneous Equation:

The homogeneous second degree equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0

represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin. i.e.,
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 represents two straight lines passing through
(0, 0).

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 Angle between Pair of Lines for non-homogenous equation:

If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represents pair of straight lines having slopes 𝑚1 & 𝑚2 then,
𝑌
2ℎ 𝑎
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − and 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 =
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑐1

2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏 𝑋
tan 𝜃 = 𝑂
𝑎+𝑏

𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑐2

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 Angle between Pair of Lines for non-homogenous equation:

Note:

If 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ Lines are perpendicular i.e. Coeff. of 𝑥 2 + Coeff. of 𝑦 2 = 0

If ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ Lines are coincident.

If ℎ2 > 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ Lines are real and distinct.

If ℎ2 < 𝑎𝑏 ⇒ Lines are imaginary

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 Homogeneous Equation
𝑌
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 be the 2 straight lines passing through 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥
origin represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 it.

Putting 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 in 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0, 𝑋
𝑂
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑚𝑥 2
=0
𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑚𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑚2 𝑥 2 = 0

⇒ 𝑎 + 2ℎ𝑚 + 𝑏𝑚2 = 0

Let the roots be 𝑚1 & 𝑚2

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 Homogeneous Equation
𝑌
𝑎 + 2ℎ𝑚 + 𝑏𝑚2 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥

Let the roots be 𝑚1 & 𝑚2

2ℎ 𝑋
Sum of roots = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = −
𝑏 𝑂
𝑎
Product of roots = 𝑚1 ⋅ 𝑚2 = 𝜃
𝑏
𝑦 = 𝑚2 𝑥
𝑚1 −𝑚2
tan 𝜃 =
1+𝑚1 𝑚2

2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎+𝑏

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 The gradient of one of the lines given by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is
twice that of the other, then

A
ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏

B
ℎ=𝑎+𝑏

C
8ℎ2 = 9𝑎𝑏

D
ℎ2 + 9𝑎𝑏 = 0

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 The gradient of one of the lines given by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is
twice that of the other, then

Given 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0:
Let 𝑚 and 2𝑚 be the gradients.
2ℎ
⇒ 𝑚 + 2𝑚 = −
𝑏
2ℎ
⇒𝑚=− ⋯ (𝑖)
3𝑏
𝑎
Also 𝑚 ⋅ 2𝑚 =
𝑏
2 𝑎
⇒ 2𝑚 =
𝑏
𝑎
⇒ 𝑚2 = ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
2𝑏

From (𝑖) and 𝑖𝑖 :

2ℎ 2 𝑎
− =
3𝑏 2𝑏
4ℎ2 𝑎
⇒ =
9𝑏2 2𝑏

⇒ 8ℎ2 = 9𝑎𝑏
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 The gradient of one of the lines given by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is
twice that of the other, then

A ℎ2 = 𝑎𝑏

B
ℎ=𝑎+𝑏

C
8ℎ2 = 9𝑎𝑏

D
ℎ2 + 9𝑎𝑏 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Homogeneous Equation:

If joint equation of 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 is 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0, then joint equation of

lines perpendicular to 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 and passing through origin is given by
𝑏𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = 0

𝑦 𝑙2
𝑙1 𝑙1 𝑙2 : 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0

𝑂 𝑥
𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑙4 : 𝑏𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 2 = 0
𝑙4

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 Key Takeaways

The two lines having joint equation as 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

ℎ𝑓−𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ−𝑎𝑓
intersects at the point , , (ℎ2 ≠ 𝑎𝑏).
𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2

𝑙1
𝑙1 𝑙2 : 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑙2

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 For the pair of lines represented by
3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0, find:
𝑖 Point of intersection
𝑖𝑖 The equation of the lines

𝑖 Comparing the given equation 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0 with

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

We get,
𝑎 = −3, 2ℎ = −8, 𝑏 = 3, 2𝑔 = −29, 2𝑓 = 3, 𝑐 = −18

ℎ𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓
Point of Intersection: , , (ℎ2 ≠ 𝑎𝑏)
𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2
3 29 29 3
−4 2 − 3 − 2 − 2 −4 − −3 2
= ,
3 −3 − −4 2 3 −3 − −4 2

87 58 + 9 3 5
−6 + 2
= 2 , = − ,−
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 For the pair of lines represented by
3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 = 0, find:
𝑖 Point of intersection
𝑖𝑖 The equation of the lines

𝑖𝑖 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 + 𝑥 𝑦 − 3𝑥

Hence, let 3𝑦 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 − 29𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 18 ≡ 3𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑝 𝑦 − 3𝑥 + 𝑞

Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get

−3𝑝 + 𝑞 = −29 and 𝑝 + 3𝑞 = 3

⇒ 𝑝 = 9 and 𝑞 = −2

Thus, the equation of the represented lines are 3𝑦 + 𝑥 + 9 = 0 and 𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

Homogenization:

It gives the joint equation of Pair of lines joining the Origin and the
Points of Intersection of a Line and a Curve. .

𝑌
𝑃 and 𝑄 are point of intersection of curve and line.

𝑃 Curve: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

𝑄
𝑂 𝑋
𝑙1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

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 Key Takeaways

𝑌 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 +
Homogeneous Equation:
2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Homogenizing equation of curve by using 𝑙1 = 0
𝑃
𝑙𝑥+𝑚𝑦
𝑙1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 ⇒ = 1⋯ 𝑖
−𝑛

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 ⋅ 1 + 2𝑓𝑦 ⋅ 1 + 𝑐 ⋅ 1 2

= 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑄
Substituting (𝑖) in 𝑖𝑖 : 𝑂 𝑋
𝑙1 : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

𝑙𝑥+𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥+𝑚𝑦 𝑙𝑥+𝑚𝑦 2

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 +𝑐 =0
−𝑛 −𝑛 −𝑛
This is the joint equation of line 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑂𝑄.

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 The angle between the lines joining the origin to the
points of intersection of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 with the curve
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0 is:

A 2 2
tan−1
3

B 2
tan−1
3

C 2
tan−1
3

D 2
tan−1
3

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 The angle between the lines joining the origin to the
points of intersection of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 with the curve
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0 is:

𝑌
Given line is 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 and curve
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0
𝑦−3𝑥 𝑃
⇒ =1 ⋯ (𝑖)
2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 ⋅ 1 + 8𝑦 ⋅ 1 − 11 ⋅ 1 2
= 0 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑄
Substituting (𝑖) in 𝑖𝑖 : 𝑂 𝑋
𝑦−3𝑥 𝑦−3𝑥 𝑦−3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 =0
2 2 2

⇒ 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 + 12𝑦 2 + 8𝑥𝑦 − 24𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 48𝑥𝑦 − 11𝑦 2 − 99𝑥 2 + 66𝑥𝑦 = 0

⇒ −119𝑥 2 + 17𝑦 2 + 34𝑥𝑦 = 0

⇒ 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 0 ⇔ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0

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 The angle between the lines joining the origin to the
points of intersection of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 with the curve
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0 is:

On comparing : 𝑎 = 7, ℎ = −1 and 𝑏 = −1
Let the required angle be 𝜃.
2 ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
𝑎+𝑏

2 1+7
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
7−1

2 2
⇒ 𝜃 = tan−1
3

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 The angle between the lines joining the origin to the points
of intersection of the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 with the curve 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 +
3𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 11 = 0 is:

A 2 2
tan−1
3

B 2
tan−1
3

C 2
tan−1
3

D 2
tan−1
3

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