Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

- Theory in psychology
- Human motivation based on the pursuit of different levels of needs
- Humans are motivated to fulfill their need in a hierarchical order
- 5 main levels, the goal is to reach the fifth level of hierarchy: self-actualization

- Physiological needs – first and the lowest of Maslow’s hierarchy. At this level, a person’s motivation is
from their instinct to survive (i.e. water, food, shelter, warmth, rest, and health)
- Safety/Safety & Security Needs – refers to a person’s need for security, safety in their life and to their
surroundings. The motivation comes from the need for law, order, and protection from unpredictable and
dangerous conditions
- Love and Belongingness Needs – means humans are social creatures that cannot live alone and needs to
interact with others. A person thrives for friendship, intimacy, family, and love. Deprived of these needs,
a person may experience loneliness and depression.
- Self-esteem Needs – related to a person’s need to gain recognition and to feel respected.
- Self-actualization Needs – relates to the realization of an individual’s full potential. People strive to
become the best that they can be. Can manifest in many ways such as obtaining skills, knowledge, seeking
happiness, and pursuing life dreams
Harry Stack Sullivan (Sullivan’s Stages of Interpersonal Development)

- This theory deals with people’s characteristic interaction patterns

- An individual’s personality is shaped entirely by the relationship we have with other people. Without other
people, humans would have no personality
- Sullivan’s Stages of Development:
o Infancy Phase (birth – 18 months) – Gratification needs. Experiences maternal tenderness and
intuits. Maternal anxiety. Struggles to achieve feelings of security and to avoid anxiety
o Childhood (18 months – 6 y/o) – Delayed gratification. Modifies actions to suit social demands in
sex roles training, peer play, family events. Uses language and movement to avoid anxiety
o Juvenile (6 – 9 y/o) – Formation of peer groups. Learns to accept subordinate to authority figures
outside family. More concept of self-esteem roles
o Pre-adolescence (9 – 12 y/o) – Developing relationships within the same gender. Capable of
participating in genuine love relationships with others. Develop consideration and concerns
outside the self
o Early Adolescence (12 – 14 y/o) – Identity. Heterosexual contacts enter into personal
relationships. Attempts to integrate sex with other personal relationship
o Late Adolescence (14 – 21 y/o) – Forming lasting, intimate relationships. Master expression of
sexual impulses. Forms satisfying and responsible associations. Uses communication skills to
protect self from conflicts with others
- Three types of self:
o Good Me – represent what people like about themselves and is willing to share with others
o Bad Me – what people don’t like about themselves and are not willing to share. Develops in
response to negative feedback with feels of discomfort, displeasure, and distress. The “Bad Me”
creates anxiety.
o Not Me – refers to the unknown, repressed component of the self. The aspect of the self that are
so anxiety-provoking that the person does not consider them a part of the person. It contains
feelings of horror and dread. This part of the self is primarily unconscious (dissociative coping)
- Anxiety – the “main disruptive force” in interpersonal relations
- Basic Anxiety – fear of rejection by significant persons
- Interpersonal Security – feelings associated with relief of anxiety, the point when all needs are met, or a
sense of total well-being
- Parataxic Distortion – a person’s fantasy perception of another person’s attributes without consideration
important personality differences
- Selective Inattention – how people cope with the anxiety caused by the undesired traits
- Security Operations – reduces feelings of anxiety or insecurity
- Self System - security operations; Consistent pattern of behavior that maintains people’s interpersonal
security by protecting them from anxiety
Ludwig Von Bertalanffy (General Systems Theory)

- Proposed by Ludwig, a biologist, in 1940

- Provides approach to understanding, analyzing, and thinking about organizations
- Views an organization as an organism, a system is made up of separate components that rely on one
another, interrelated, and share a common purpose and together form a whole.
- Assumptions:
o All systems must be goal directed
o A system is more than the sum of its parts
o A system is everchanging and any change in one part affects the whole
o Boundaries are implicit and human systems are open and dynamic
- Nursing Models based on Systems Theory:
o Imogene King’s System Interaction Model
o Betty Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model
o Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model
- Basic Elements of a System:
o Input – Information that enters the systems
o Output – the end product of a system
o Feedback – the process through which the output is returned to the system
Kurt Lewin (Change Theory)

- Theorized a three-staged model of change. It represents a practical mode for understanding the change
process which it entails that change is needed, before moving towards the new and finally to the desired
solidifying level of behavior
- 3 Stages of Change:
o Unfreezing – it is the recognition of the need for change and the dissolution of previously held
patterns of behavior
o Movement – the actual shift of behavior towards a new healthful pattern
o Refreezing – a long term solidification of new pattern of behavior

Erik Erikson (Theory of Psychosocial Development)

- Erikson is an ego psychologist

- Human believes that personality develops in a series of stages.
- There are 8 stages over a lifespan showing the development. The main element behind the theory is to
identify one’s ego. When conflicts arise, a person has the opportunity to grow or fail equally
- 8 stages of Psychosocial Development:
Lawrence Kohlberg (Theory of Moral Reasoning/Development)

- Kohlberg proposed three distinct levels of moral reasoning with each level is based on the degree to
which a person conforms to conventional standards of society.
- It has two stages, and its stages represents different degrees of complexity of moral reasoning

LEVEL 1: PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL

- Punishment and obedience orientations
STAGE 1 - Reflexes causes actions
- “I must follow the rules otherwise I will be punished”
- Instrumental Relativist Orientation
STAGE 2 - Conforms to obtain rewards of favors
- “I must follow the rules for the rewards and favors it gives
LEVEL 2: CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
- Good-Boy-Nice-Girl Orientation
- Seeks good relations and approval of family group,
STAGE 3
orientation to interpersonal relations of mutuality
- “I must follow the rules so I will be accepted”
- Society-Maintaining Orientation
- Obedience to law and order in society; maintenance of social
STAGE 4
order shows respect and authority
- “I must follow rules so there is order in the society”
LEVEL 3: POST CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
- Social Contract Orientation
- Concerned with individual rights and legal contract; social
STAGE 5
contract; utilitarian lawmaking perspective
- “I must follow rules as there are reasonable laws for it”
- Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
- Higher law and conscience orientations
STAGE 6 - Orientation to internal decisions of conscience but without
clear rationale or universal principles
- “I must follow rules because my conscience tells me”
Rozzano C. Locsin RN, PhD, FAAN (The Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing)

- A middle range theory that illustrates the harmonious co-existence of the technological and caring in
nursing as a fundamental concept in the nursing discipline.
- Assumptions:
o Knowing a Person – a process of nursing that allows for continuous appreciation of person’s
moment to moment
o Technology – is used to know wholeness of person’s moment to moment
- The process of Nursing
o Knowing
o Designing
o Participation in Appreciation
o Verifying Knowledge

Sister Carolina S. Agravante (CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model)

- A psycho-spiritual model for faculty to become better educators and servant-leader

- Main Propositions:
o CASAGRA transformative leadership is a psycho-spiritual model, developed for faculty to be a
better teacher and servant-leaders
o The Care complex is a structure of personality of the caregiver that is significantly related to
leadership behavior
o The CASAGRA servant-leadership formula is an effective modality to enhance the nursing faculty’s
servant-leadership behavior while the vitality of care complex of nursing faculty is directly related
to leadership behavior
- Three-fold transformation Leadership
o Servant-Leader Spirituality
o Self-Master – expressed in a vibrant care complex
o Special Expertise – level in the nursing field one is engaged in
Carmelita Divinagracia (COMPOSURE Model)

- Authored the “Advance Nurse Practitioner’s Composure Behavior and Patient’s Wellness Outcome”
- Objective of the study is to mainly determine the effects of the “COMPOSURE” behavior of the Advance
Nurse Practitioner on the wellness outcome of the selected cardiac patients.
- A nurse practitioner is operationally defined on her dissertation is a BSN graduate, Licensed, and has a
clinical experience of at least 2 years in the clinical area, and has undergone special training in critical care
- COMPOSURE BEHAVIOR is a set of behaviors or nursing measures that the nurse demonstrates to selected
cardiac patients
- Acronym for COMPOSURE Behavior:
o Competence
o Presence and Prayer
o Open-Mindedness
o Stimulation
o Understanding
o Respect and Relaxation
- Wellness – refers to a condition of being in a state of well-being, a coordinated and integrated living
pattern that involves the dimension of wellness
- Coordination, communication, and interpersonal relationships are major components of collaboration
based in the lived experiences.
- Quality patient care and training of students can be at best only if nursing service and education can truly
operationalize the meaning of collaboration and put into real action.
- Connectedness between nursing service and education calls for a visionary leadership, empowerment and
an environment of trust and openness.
- Nursing as a profession can really draw a power base if only a unification model can be crafted which is
culture-based, practical, relevant, and acceptable to the concerned nursing professionals.
- Recommend a “unification model of collaboration
Sister Letty G. Kuan (Retirement and Role Discontinuity Model)

- Aging is a normal part of a human development

- As we age, people are more diverse and each of it influenced by physical, social, and environmental factors
- Old age starts from 85y/o and above but traditionally old age has been designated at 65 years old
- The theory focuses on the key elements needed to prevent negative adaptation of an old person to
retiring and aging using the philosophical and practical determinants so that everyone can relate
- Determinants of a Fruitful Aging:
o Prepared retirement
o Health Status
o Income
o Family Constellation
o Self-preparation
- Physical age – the physiologic changes; the endurance of cells and tissues to withstand wear and tear of
the human body
- Change of Life – the period of retirement and post retirement years
- Role – the set of shared expectations focused upon a particular position
- Retiree – a person who has left the position occupied for the past years, a person who reached the
prescribed retirement age (completed required years of service)
- Role Discontinuity – interruption on the status performed brought by inevitable events (accidents,
emergency, change of position, or retirement)
- Coping Approaches – the intervention or measures performed to solve problematic solutions. To restore
or maintain equilibrium and normal functioning

Carmencita Abaquin (PREPARE ME Holistic Nursing Interventions)

- Nursing interventions provided to the multi-dimensional problems of cancer patients that can be given in
any setting while providing a holistic approach to nursing care
- Components of PREPARE ME:
o Presence-being with another person in times of need.
o Reminisce Therapy-recall of past experiences, feelings, and thoughts to facilitate adaptation to
present circumstances.
o Prayer
o Relaxation-Breathing-a techniques to encourage and elicit relaxation for the purpose of
decreasing undesirable signs and symptoms.
o Meditation-encourages relaxation to alter patient’s level of awareness by focusing on an
image/thought to facilitate inner sight which helps establish connection and relationship with
God.
o Values Clarification – assisting another individual about health and illness to facilitate decision
making skills effectively.
Cecilia Laurente (Theory of Nursing Practice and Career)

- States that another entry point of helping patients is through support systems (family, and significant
others)
- The nurse can assist to strengthen the family in terms of knowledge, skills, attitudes through an effective
communication
- Published the study “Categorization of Nursing Activities as Observed in Medical Surgical Ward Units In
Selected Government and Private Hospitals in Metro Manila”

Synchronicity in Human-Space-Time: A Theory of Nursing Engagement in a Global Community by Lim-Saco,

Freslyn; Kilat, Cliford Masayon; Locsin, Rozzano

- Globalization makes the healthcare systems on nursing complex

- Synchronicity in the human-space-time theory of nursing under girds the innovative process of nursing
engagement expressed as interpersonal relating, technological knowing, rhythmical connecting, and
transformational engaging
- The human-space-time is the study of caring, and the perspective of synchronicity and nursing
engagement. It aims to enlighten nurses in their practice through an innovative demonstration of the
nursing care process grounded on authentic intentions of caring transcending extant reductionistic
approaches