Qins heat loss, Btu/hr

Qins =U ins A ins (T i −T A ) Uins overall heat transfer coefficient thro

Ains insulation surface area, sqft
1 Ta air temperature, 72F in dry season,
U ins = Ti inside pipe temperature, 346F
ln(r 1 /r i ) ln(r 2 /r 1 ) 1
A ins ( + + )
2 πk p L 2 πk ins L h Ins A Ins r1
ri
outside pipe radius, ft
inside pipe radius, ft
r2 radius of insulation surface from ce
Qbare =U bare A bare (T i −T A ) kp pipe thermal conductivity, 24.85 Btu
1 kins insulation material conductivity, 0.0
U bare =
ln ( r 1 / r i ) 1
A bare ( + )
2 πk p L hBare A Bare
1 .24 hins air convection heat transfer coeffici
h Ins= ( ΔT Ins )1/3 hBare air convection heat transfer coeffici
5 . 6782
dTins T wall (ins) - T ambient, C
1 . 24
h Bare = ( ΔT Bare )1/3 dTBare T wall (bare) - T ambient, C
5 . 6782

References:
- Heat Transfer, J. P. Holman, Natural Convection System (page 347, simplified equation for free convection)
- Field Observation Data
- Mechanical Engineering Handbook, thermal conductivity values
 at transfer coefficient through insulated pipes, Btu/hr.sqft.F
surface area, sqft
rature, 72F in dry season, 59F in rainy season
e temperature, 346F

nsulation surface from centre of pipes, ft

mal conductivity, 24.85 Btu/hr.ft.F
material conductivity, 0.0489 Btu/hr.ft.F

ction heat transfer coefficient for insulated pipe, Btu/hr.sqft.F

ction heat transfer coefficient for bare pipe, Btu/hr.sqft.F

s) - T ambient, C
re) - T ambient, C

for free convection)

HEAT LOSS (NO RAIN)

Pipe MBtu/hr MBtu/hr Btu/h.sqft.F Btu/h.sqft.F sqft sqft F F inch inch inch Btu/h.ft.F Btu/h.ft.F feet Btu/h.sqft.F Btu/h.sqft.F
Size Qins Qbare Uins Ubare Ains Abare Ti Ta r1 ri r2 kp kins L hIns hBare
16 0.121 0.545 0.201 1.132 2,198.00 1,758.40 346 72 8 7.5 10 24.85 0.0489 420 0.8549 1.1339
30 0.229 1.095 0.208 1.132 4,003.50 3,532.50 346 72 15 14.5 17 24.85 0.0489 450 0.8549 1.1339
36 0.072 0.351 0.210 1.132 1,256.00 1,130.40 346 72 18 17.5 20 24.85 0.0489 120 0.8549 1.1339

TOTAL 0.422 1.991

HEAT LOSS 1.57 MBtu/hr
GAIN IN GENERATION 0.41 MW (90% conservation of energy is assumed)

HEAT LOSS (DURING RAIN)

Pipe MBtu/hr MBtu/hr Btu/h.sqft.F Btu/h.sqft.F sqft sqft F F inch inch inch Btu/h.ft.F Btu/h.ft.F feet Btu/h.sqft.F Btu/h.sqft.F
Size Qins Qbare Uins Ubare Ains Abare Ti Ta r1 ri r2 kp kins L hIns hBare
16 0.128 0.580 0.203 1.150 2,198.00 1,758.40 346 59 8 7.5 10 24.85 0.0489 420 0.8870 1.1525
30 0.242 1.166 0.210 1.150 4,003.50 3,532.50 346 59 15 14.5 17 24.85 0.0489 450 0.8870 1.1525
36 0.076 0.373 0.212 1.150 1,256.00 1,130.40 346 59 18 17.5 20 24.85 0.0489 120 0.8870 1.1525

TOTAL 0.446 2.120

HEAT LOSS 1.67 MBtu/hr
GAIN IN GENERATION 0.44 MW (90% conservation of energy is assumed)

CONVECTIVE HEAT CALCULATION

no rain condition, Ta = 22 C
Tw_ins 82 C
Tw_bare 162 C
rain condition, Ta = 15 C
Tw_ins 82 C
Tw_bare 162 C

Btu/h.sqft.F Btu/h.sqft.F deg C deg C

hIns hBare dTins dTbare
no rain 0.8549 1.1339 60 140
rain 0.8870 1.1525 67 147

RECOMMENDATION (SIMPLE ECONOMIC ANALYSIS)

If the improper insulation fixed, assume the following:

Steam price 35.00 $/MWhr
50% during the year is raining
Additional revenue 131,021.71 per year

Project life time 10.00 years

Discount rate 8.00 %
Repair Cost (estimate) 150,000.00

NPV at 8% DR 729,155.693