Topics

• Fluid statics: forces applied by fluids at rest, there are no shear stress and
only normal pressure present
Fluid statics Hydrostatics-> Fluid is liquid
Hydrostatics
•Pressure (absolute, gauge pressure)
CE2201 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
•Pressure at a point, pressure variation with
Dr. B. M. L. A. Basnayake
depth
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
•Pressure measuring devices
University of Ruhuna •Hydrostatic forces on submerged bodies
•Buoyant force on submerged and floating
E2021Batch-2022
bodies
•Stability of submerged and floating bodies

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Special case: A constant pressure 𝑃𝑐 acting on a

submerged surface Moments of a triangular area
Resultant force The moment of area of a triangular area with mid points of sides at
𝐹 = ‫𝑨 𝒄𝑷 = 𝐴𝑑 𝑐𝑃 𝐴׬ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑝 𝐴׬‬ depth ℎ1, ℎ2, and ℎ3 below 𝑂𝑥
𝑥 𝑂
Centre of pressure
𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟑
1
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐹 = න 𝑦𝑃𝑐 𝑑𝐴 1st moment about Ox= 𝐴 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3
𝐴 𝐴
3

𝑃𝑐 𝐴𝑦𝑝 = 𝑃𝑐 න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 1
𝐴 2nd moment about Ox= 3 𝐴 ℎ1 2 + ℎ2 2 + ℎ3 2
‫𝐴𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴 = 𝑦𝑐
𝐴
𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝑷 ≡ 𝑪𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 (𝑪)

3 4

1
 Example 1 Example 1
Top edge at 𝒑 = 𝟎 Top edge at 𝒑 = 𝟎 Centre of pressure
Resultant force
𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0 𝑏
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = න 𝑦𝑑𝐹
𝐹 = න 𝑝 𝑑𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 𝒂
𝑎
𝑑𝐹 𝑎
𝑑𝐹 𝑎 = න 𝜌𝑔𝑦 2 𝑏𝑑𝑦
= න 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑏𝑑𝑦 𝟎
0 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎2 /2 𝑦𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎3 /3
= 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎2 /2
2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎
3
𝑭 = 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒊𝒅 × 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝑰𝑶𝑿
𝒚𝒑 =
𝑨𝒀𝑮
𝑰𝑶𝒄 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝟑 /𝟏𝟐 + 𝒃𝒂𝒂𝟐 /𝟒 𝟐
= = = 𝒂
𝑨𝒚𝑮 𝒃𝒂𝒂/𝟐 𝟑

5 6

Example 2: Method 1 Example 2: Method 1

Top edge is at 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘
Top edge is at 𝒂 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘
𝑝=0
𝑝=0
𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒 𝑏 𝑒 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒
𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒 𝑏 𝑒 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝𝑐 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒
𝑎/2
𝑑𝐹 ≡ + 𝑎/2
𝑑𝐹 𝑎 𝑑𝐹
𝑎 ≡ 𝑑𝐹 +
𝑭 = 𝑷𝒄 𝑨 𝑎 𝑎
𝑭 = 𝑷𝒄 𝑨

𝑎 2 𝑎
𝜌𝑔 𝑒 + 𝑏𝑎 𝑦𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 2 /2 𝑎 + 𝜌𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏
2 3 2

𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 +
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎

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2
 Example 2: Method 2 Example 2: Method 2
𝑝=0 𝑝=0
1
𝑒 1st moment about Ox= 3 𝐴 ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3 1
2nd moment about Ox= 3 𝐴 ℎ1 2 + ℎ2 2 + ℎ3 2
𝑏 𝑏 𝑒

𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝟏𝟏
1st moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟏 =
𝟏𝟏
𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 2nd moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟏 = 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝑎 𝑎 𝒃𝒂
𝑨𝟏 𝒃𝒂 𝑨𝟏 = 𝟑𝒆𝟐 + 𝟒𝒆𝒂 + 𝟑𝒂𝟐 /𝟐
= 𝟑𝒆 + 𝟐𝒂 𝟔
𝟔
𝟏𝟏
1st moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟐 = 𝒃𝒂𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 𝟏𝟏
2nd moment o𝐟 𝐀𝟐 = 𝒃𝒂 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 𝟐 + 𝒆 𝟐 + 𝒆 + 𝒂/𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝟐
𝟑𝟐
𝒃𝒂 𝒃𝒂
= 𝟑𝒆 + 𝒂 = 𝟑𝒆𝟐 + 𝟐𝒆𝒂 + 𝒂𝟐 /𝟐
𝟔 𝟔
𝑏𝑎 𝑏𝑎
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝑒 + 𝑎 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 3𝑒 2 + 3𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎 2
2 3

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Example 2: Method 2 Example 2: Pressure prism method

𝑝=0
𝑏𝑎
𝑏 𝑒 1st moment o𝐟 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 2𝑒 + 𝑎
2 𝑝=0
𝑨𝟐
𝑏𝑎 𝑒
2nd moment o𝐟 𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 = 3𝑒 2 + 3𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝑏
𝑨𝟏 𝑎 3 Resultant force= Volume of the pressure prism
𝑏𝑎 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔𝑒𝑎 + .5𝜌𝑔𝑎𝑎 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝑒 + 0.5𝑎
3𝑒 2 + 3𝑒𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝐹

𝑦𝑝 = 3
𝑎
𝑏𝑎
2 2𝑒 + 𝑎
𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 +
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎

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3
 Example 2: Method of superposition Example 2: Method of superposition
𝑝=0 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0 𝑝=0 𝑏 𝑝=0 𝑏
−
𝑏 𝑒 𝑒 𝑏 𝑒 𝑒
𝑎+𝑒 𝑎+𝑒
= − =
𝑎 𝑎

𝑎 𝒂+𝒆 𝒆
𝐹 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑒 + 𝑏𝑎 𝑭𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒃(𝒂 + 𝒆) 𝑭𝟐 = 𝝆𝒈 𝒃𝒆 𝐹𝑦𝑝 = 𝐹1 𝑦𝑝1 − 𝐹2 𝑦𝑝2
2 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝑎 𝑎+𝑒 2 𝑒 2
𝟐 𝒚𝒑𝟐 = 𝒆
𝜌𝑔𝑏𝑎 𝑒 + 𝑦 = 𝜌𝑔
2 𝑝 2
𝑏 𝑎+𝑒
3
𝑎 + 𝑒 − 𝜌𝑔
2
𝑏𝑒 𝑒
3
𝒚𝒑𝟏 = 𝒂+𝒆 𝟑
𝟑
𝑎 3𝑒 + 2𝑎
𝐹𝑦𝑝 = 𝐹1 𝑦𝑝1 − 𝐹2 𝑦𝑝2 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑒 +
3 2𝑒 + 𝑎

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Example 3 Homework

𝑝=0 𝑝=0 Vertical gate HJ hinged at H to water tank is just

Vertical gate HJ hinged at H to the water
kept closed by a horizontal force P at the lower
0.2 𝑚 tank is just kept closed by a horizontal
𝑯 𝑯 edge J. Find P when water surface is
force P at the lower edge J.
1𝑚 (a)at H
Find P when the water surface is
2𝑚 1𝑚 1𝑚 (b)0.5 m above H
1.2 𝑚 (a) at H
0.2 𝑚 1𝑚
0.6 𝑚 (b) 0.4 m above H 𝑱 𝑷
𝑱 𝑷
0.3 𝑚
𝐹 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑃 𝐻𝐽

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4
 Homework
A trapezoidal opening in the vertical
wall of a tank is closed by a flat plate
hinged at upper edge. Calculate the
moment about the hinge line
required to keep the plate closed.
Example 4
Rectangular gate AB (0.8 m wide,
negligible weight) smoothly hinged
at A. It is kept closed by a vertical
force P applied at B.
a) Draw pressure diagram on AB

b)Find force P and horizontal and

vertical reactions at the hinge A.

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Example 4 Hydrostatic force on curved surfaces

Consider the equilibrium of the element

𝑃𝐴 = 750 × 𝑔 × 1.2
ACB
= 900𝑔
→ 𝑃 = 𝑅ℎ
And should act on the same line, center of
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 + 750 × 𝑔 × 1.2
pressure of CA
= 1800𝑔
AC is the vertical projection of AB
𝐹1 = 900𝑔 × 1.5 × 0.8
= 1080 𝑔
1
𝐹2 = × 900𝑔 × 1.5 × 0.8
2 Rv = Weight of the fluid above AB act
= 540 𝑔 vertically through the center of gravity
G of ABDE

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5
 Example 1 Example 2
𝑝=0 𝑶
A sluice gate is in the form of a
Find force per meter width circular arc of radius 6 m. Calculate
1.5 𝑚 on HJO the magnitude and direction of the
5𝜌𝑔 3
𝑱
𝐻𝐽 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 resultant force on the gate, and the
𝑭𝑽 8 location with respect to O
JO vertical
𝑭𝑯 ?𝑚
4.5𝜌𝑔
𝛼
𝑯 𝑹
2𝑚

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Buoyancy Equilibrium of floating bodies

Consider an immersed object
Forces
Horizontal forces are equal and
opposite=> no horizontal force on • Upthrust R acting on the centre of the
the body buoyancy

Upthrust (buoyancy force)= • Weight W on the centre of gravity

Weight of fluid over ACB- Weight of
fluid over ADB For equilibrium;
R and W should be equal and act in
= Weight of fluid displaced by the the same line
body
= 𝜌𝑔𝑉

V- volume of the object

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6
 Example 1 Example 2
Solid triangular prism HJK of uniform thickness b and density 𝜎floats in a liquid A rectangular prism of thickness 0.2 m and density 𝜎 has cross section shown
of density 𝜌 as shown unsupported with edge H at free surface p=0. and floats supported by a vertical force P as shown. HM= 0.3 m, HN= 0.4 m.
34
JH=JK=a, HJK=𝜃 Prove that JK is vertical and 𝜎 = 𝜌𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃 Show that 𝜎 = 𝜌
75
K

M P

𝑝=0
N 0.3 𝑚

H G 𝑝=0
L K
B G 𝜃 J
M H B
𝜃
0.4 𝑚
J
N

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Example 3
A rectangular pontoon has a width B of 6 m, a length 𝑙 of 12 m, and a draught D
of 1.5 m in fresh water. Calculate
a) Weight of the pontoon
b) Its draught in sea water
c) The load that can be supported by the pontoon in freshwater if the maximum
draught permissible is 2 m.

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