The Self from Various

Disciplinal Perspective
Understanding the Self

● To shed light in the increasing complexity of the nature if human

experience as well as its existence is the solid foundation of this course
module.
● The various theories and concepts of the self laid in each and every
module encompass not only the attempt in understanding oneself,
likewise it underscores the importance of taking care of oneself and
how the same will be attained.
● Understanding the Self is designed to help the students across all
programs understand the nature of identity, the factors and forces that
affect personal development, and maintenance of personal identity.
Self
● The "self" has many aspects, These aspects make up the "self's"
integral parts, such as self-awareness, self esteem, self-knowledge,
and self perception. With these aspects that person is able to alter,
change, add/or modify or herself or himself of gaining social
acceptance.
● The "self" is an important study in psychology. It holds either the
cognitive and affective representation of individual. Knowing oneself is
critical to being an effective team member as well as being successful i
life, work, and relationships. Your personal identity influence everything
you do, and it changes and evolves over time.
Philosophy

● Philosophy is often called as philosophical discourses. Philosophy is

from the Greek words Philo (Loving) and Sophia (Knowledge,
Wisdom).
● At simplest, philosophy is means "loving knowledge" or "loving
wisdom." The term philosophy as originally used by the Greeks meant.
"The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake."
● Consequently, Philosophy a study of fundamental nature, knowledge,
reality, existence especially in an academic discipline. It also
investigates the legitimacy of concepts by rational arguments
concerning their implications, relationship as well as moral judgement.
The Philosophers
 Socrates

● Socrates was a scholar, teacher and philosopher born in ancient Greece.

His Socrates method laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and
philosophy.
● When the political climate of greece turned against him, Socrates was
sentenced to death by hemlock poisoning in 399 B.C. He accepted this
judgement rather than fleeting into exile.
● He was the first philosopher who ever engaged in methodical questioning
about the self.
● Socrates, every dualistic in a sense that man is compose of body and soul.
Dualistic

BODY - for Socrates, SOUL - While the soul is

every self gas an perfect and permanent.
imperfect and
impermanent aspect yo
him and that is the body.
 PLATO

● Plato was a Classical philosopher, mathematician

and a students of Socrates.
● As a followed idea that dualistic.
● Student, he his master and supported the every
man is because they are composed of body and
soul.
● Not only Plato agreed but he also added that
there are three (3) components of the souls.
● For Plato, when these three components of the
soul are balanced, ideal state is attained, and
then the human person's soul becomes just and
virtuous
THREE COMPONENTS OF THE SOUL

THE APPETITIVE
THE SOUL - in charges
RATIONAL in basic desires like
THE SPIRITED
SOUL - eating, drinking,
SOUL - in charge
governs our sleeping and having
of emotions.
intellect and sex controlled as
reasoning. well.
 AUGUSTINE

● Another study about the self can be seen in the works of St.
Augustine.
● St. Augustine's was an influential Christian theologian from
Numidia.
● Augustine’s view of the self reflects the entirely to one’s
spirituality.
● He followed Plato’s view and infused it with the doctrine of
Christianity.
● Augustine believed that all knowledge leads to God. Only the pure
in heart can see God.
● For him, Love of God, faith in Him, and understanding of His gospel
will ultimately leads to happiness.
● He believed that there are two aspects of man:
The Two Aspects of Man

BODY - the body

SOUL - the soul
is bound to die
desires to be with
on earth.
God.
 Rene Descartes

● Rene Descartes was the Father of Modern Philosophy.

● In his famous piece, The Meditations of First Philosophy, he
claims that there is so much that we should doubt.
● But in the end, Descartes thought that the only thing that one
cannot doubt is the existence of the self.
● He also said that if one doubts the existence of the self, for
even if one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a
doubting self. Thus, his famous line, Cogito Ergo Sum, “I think
therefore, I am”.
● In Descartes's view, the body is nothing else but a machine
that is attached to the mind.
● He viewed the human person as having a body
and a mind
● Body – he called the body as the “Extenza”
● Mind – and he called the mind as the “Cogito”.
 Gilbert Ryle

● Through this work, Ryle is thought to have

accomplished major tasks. Gilbert Ryle solves the
mind-body dichotomy that has been running for a long
time in the history of Philosophy
● He rejected the idea of an internal and non-physical
self.
● For him, what really matter is the behaviour that a
person shows in his everyday living.
● Ryle suggest that the “self” is not an object one can
discover and analyse but simply the convenient name
that people use to refer to all the behaviours that people
make.
 Sociology
● is the scientific study of society, including patterns of social
relationships, social interaction, and culture.
● all things human, from the interactions between two people to the
complex relationships between nations or multinational corporations.
● assumes that human actions are patterned, individuals still have
room for choices.
● a synthetic science uniting all knowledge about human activity.
George Herbert Mead

● a sociologist from the late 1800s, is

well known for his theory of the social
self, which includes the concepts of
'self,' 'me,' and 'I.
● Mead's work focuses on the way in which the self is developed
● Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social

interaction.

● such as: • observing and interacting with others • responding to others' opinions about oneself •

and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself

● “A multiple personality is in a certain sense normal” - George Herbert Mead

 Developing the Self
PLAY - develops self by
LANGUAGE - develops self allowing individuals to take
by allowing individuals to on different roles, pretend,
respond to each other and expressexpectation of
through symbols,gestures, others. Play develops one's
words, and sounds. self-consciousness through
role-playing.
GAMES - develop self by
allowing individuals to
understand and adhere to
the rules of the activity. Self
is developed by
understanding that there
are rules in which one must
abide by in order to win the
game or be successful at
an activity..
Two sides of self: “I” and “Me”

● According to Mead's theory, the self has two sides or phases: Me

and I
● The 'me' is considered the socialized aspect of the individual.
The 'me' represents learned behaviors, attitudes, and
expectations of others and of society.
● The 'I', therefore, can be considered the present and future
phase of the self. The 'I' represents the individual's identity
based on response to the 'me.' The 'me' and the 'I' have a
didactic relationship.
Anthropology

● Anthropology is the study of human

differences, cultural and biological, in the
context of human nature.
● Anthropology is from the Greek word Antropos
"human" and Logos "study".
Physical Anthropology

● is a scientific discipline concerned with the

biological and behavioral aspects of human beings,
their extinct hominin ancestors, and related
non-human primates, particularly from an
evolutionary perspective.
Applied Anthropology

● a method and theory of anthropology

to the analysis and solution of practical
problems.
Archeology

● Study of past human culture and

behavior , from the origins of
humans to the presents.
ARCHEOLOGIST - a person who
studies ancient history.
Cultural Anthropology

● Culture has been “the way of life

for an entire societies”.
● As such, it include code of
manners, dress, language,
religion, rituals and art.
Linguistic Anthropology

● Mutually constitutive relationship

among language, culture, and society
or human society or human sociality.
● Constitutive because language doesn’t
reflect society/ culture but constitutes
it and is constituted by its as well.
Claude Levi - Strauss

● as a French anthropologist and one of the most

prominent social scientists of the twentieth
century.
● He is best known as the founder of structural
anthropology and for his theory of structuralism.
● Lévi-Strauss was a key figure in the
development of modern social and cultural
anthropology and was widely influential outside
of his discipline.
● Anthropologist -is a person engaged in the
practice of anthropology.
Culture

● is a collection of behaviors and beliefs associated with a

particular group
● is also the quality of a person or group of people that comes
from appreciating excellence in the arts, fashion, manners,
and other characteristics of a society
● the total of the inherited ideas, beliefs, values, and
knowledge, which constitute the shared bases of social
action.
Culture Material

● The studies that examines the relationship between

people and things. Includes objects made by the
group and objects obtained by the group in other
ways, such as trading, stealing, or extracting
something from the natural environment to serve as
an object for human use.
Non - Material Culture

● Includes ideas, beliefs, social roles, rules, ethics,

and attitudes of a society. Non-material culture
does not include any physical objects or artifacts.
Nevertheless, non-material culture plays a major
role in shaping how members of a society
behave, interact with each other.
Culture is Learned

● Every individual learns through his/her

family, school and other institutions.
Enculture

● Reinforcing the basic values, norms of a

culture.
Acculture

● The values and norms outside culture

acquired.
Decculturation

● when the old generation comes into conflict in

new generations.
Culture affects Biology

● Can affect biological processes

● Concepts of beauty affect body modifications
● Among in Mursi tribe of Ethiopia in Africa,
wearing lip plates is a sign of beauty! Women
are expected to wear them to appear
desirable to men.
● most popular traditions in China is that FOOT
BINDING Among women that ensures their
potential for Good marriage. Other name for
Foot binding is name for Foot binding is with
the ideal 7.5 length centimeter(3 inches).
 CULTURE ADAPTIVE
● Humans have adapted by
manipulating environments
through cultural means.
● Humans are depend more and more on
cultural adaption.
● Help humans societies survive in
changing natural environment .
Culture Maladaptive

● Culture behaviour is motivated by cultural factors and

not by environmental constraints , cultural behaviour
can be maladaptive.
Culture Changes

● The mechanisms of culture change include innovation, diffusion, cultural loss and
acculturation.
● Innovation The ultimate source of change: some new practice, tool, or principle.Other

individuals adopt the innovation, and it becomes socially shared

● Diffusion The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another.

● Cultural Loss Abandonment of an existing practice or trait

Psychology

● is the scientific study of the mind and behavior, according to

the American Psychological Association.
● Psychology is a multifaceted discipline and includes many
sub-fields of study such areas as human development, sports,
health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes
● online dictionaries define the term cognitive as relating to,
being, or involving conscious intellectual activity(such as
thinking,reasoning, or remembering)
Jean Piaget

● Psychologist Jean Piaget was a Swiss clinical

psychologist known for his pioneering work in child
development
● a comprehensive theory about the development of
human intelligence.
● Piaget wanted to know how children learned through
their development in the study of knowledge.
● He believes that the child's cognitive structure
increases with the development.
● Piaget's Theory of infant development were based on
his observations of his own three children
 Three basic components of Piaget's cognitive
Theory

Schema - is an internal
representation of the world. It
helps an individual understand Stages of Cognitive of
the world they inhabit. They Adaption - It involves the child Development - They reflect
are cognitive structures that learning to meet situational the Development
represent a certain aspect of demands. sophistication of the child’s
the world, and can be seen as thought process.
categories which have certain
preconceived ideas in them.
 Carl Rogers Theory

● Self Theory: Real and Ideal Self. Another aspect

of self-understanding that is important in
adolescent years focuses on self-concept refers to
the image of oneself.
● was an American Psychologist and among the
founders of the humanistic approach to
psychology.
● This approach highlighted the individual’s innate
drive toward self-actualization and the process of
realizing and expressing one’s own capabilities
and creativity psychology
INCONGRUENCE

IDEAL SELF

SELF IMAGE TRUE SELF

CONGRUENCE

IDEAL SELF
SELF IMAGE
TRUE SELF
● According to Rogers, human beings are always striving
for self-actualization. When the needs of the self are
denied, severe anxiety may arise. Central to achieving to
self-actualization is the development of self-concept. In
Roger’s view, the close (congruence) the ideal self to the
real self, the more fulfilled and happier the individual
becomes. When the ideal self is far (incongruence) from
the Ideal self, the person becomes unhappy and
dissatisfied
Sigmund Freud
 Freud's Theory of Personality

EGO
SUPER EGO
ID ● Part of unconscious
● Part of unconscious
● Part of unconscious mind (in touch of reality)
mind (in touch of reality)
mind. ● Strives to balances/
● Source of conscience
● contains our needs, meet the needs of ID
● Counteracts the socially
drives instincts, and and the SUPER EGO in
undesirable impluses of
repressed material. socially acceptable
the ID
● Pleasure Principle ways.
● Moral Principle
● Reality Principle
THANK
YOU!
Submitted by: Javie B. Granada