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CHAPTER 9 Endocrine System 1
CHAPTER 9 Endocrine System 1
The Endocrine
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
DNA
mRNA
5
New
protein
Plasma
membrane
of target
cell 6
Second-messenger system
1. Hormone (first messenger) binds to a membrane
receptor
2. Activated receptor sets off a series of reactions that
activates an enzyme
3. Enzyme catalyzes a reaction that produces a
second-messenger molecule (such as cyclic AMP,
known as cAMP)
4. Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote
a specific response in the target cell
Cytoplasm
Hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
ATP
1 2 3
Second
cAMP messenger
4
Receptor
protein
Effect on cellular function,
such as glycogen
Plasma breakdown
membrane
of target cell
Cytoplasm
Hormone (first
messenger)
Enzyme
ATP
1 2 3
Second
cAMP messenger
4
Receptor
protein
Effect on cellular function,
such as glycogen
Plasma breakdown
membrane
of target cell
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Pituitary gland
Pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the
hypothalamus in the brain
Protected by the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Has two functional lobes
Anterior pituitary—glandular tissue
Posterior pituitary—nervous tissue
Often called the ―master endocrine gland‖
Hypothalamic
neurosecretory
Optic cells
chiasma Hypothalamus
Axon
Arterial blood supply
terminals
Posterior lobe
Capillary bed
Venous drainage
Anterior lobe
of the pituitary
ADH Oxytocin
Testes or ovaries
Axon
Arterial blood supply
terminals
Posterior lobe
Capillary bed
Venous drainage
Anterior lobe
of the pituitary
ADH Oxytocin
•Goiters
•Thyroid gland enlarges due
to lack of iodine
•Salt is iodized to prevent
goiters
•Cretinism
•Caused by hyposecretion of
thyroxine
•Results in dwarfism during
childhood
•Myxedema
•Caused by hypothyroidism in adults
•Results in physical and mental
sluggishness
•Graves’ disease
•Caused by hyperthyroidism
•Results in increased metabolism, heat
intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss,
and exophthalmos
Calcitonin
Calcitonin
stimulates
calcium salt
deposit in bone.
Thyroid gland
releases calcitonin.
Stimulus
Rising blood
Ca2+ levels
Thyroid
gland
Osteoclasts
degrade bone Parathyroid
matrix and release glands Parathyroid
Ca2+ into blood. glands release
parathyroid
PTH hormone (PTH).
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thymus
Adrenal
Capsule
gland
Mineralocorticoid-
Kidney secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Cortex
Adrenal gland Adrenal
•Medulla cortex
•Cortex
Sex hormone-
Kidney secreting area
Medulla
Adrenal
medulla
Decreased Na+ or
increased K+ in Stress
blood
Hypothalamus
Decreased Corticotropin-
blood volume releasing
and/or blood hormone
pressure Anterior pituitary
Increased
blood pressure
ACTH or blood volume
Kidney
Renin
Heart
Indirect
stimulating
effect via
angiotensin Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)
Angiotensin II
Direct
stimulating Inhibitory
effect effect
Mineralocorticoid-
producing part of
adrenal cortex
Enhanced secretion
of aldosterone targets
kidney tubules
Adrenal medulla
Produces two similar hormones (catecholamines)
1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-
term stress (―fight or flight‖) by:
Increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose
levels
Dilating small passageways of lungs
Adrenal
Capsule
gland
Mineralocorticoid-
Kidney secreting area
Glucocorticoid-
secreting area
Cortex
Adrenal gland Adrenal
•Medulla cortex
•Cortex
Sex hormone-
Kidney secreting area
Medulla
Adrenal
medulla
ACTH Adrenal
Preganglionic cortex
Adrenal sympathetic
medulla fibers
Mineralocorticoids Glucocorticoids
Insulin
Released when blood glucose levels are high
Increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism
by body cells
Effects are hypoglycemic
Glucagon
Released when blood glucose levels are low
Stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus
increasing blood glucose levels
Stimulus
Blood glucose
BALANCE: Normal blood glucose level
level (e.g., after
eating four jelly (about 90 mg/100 ml)
doughnuts) Stimulus
Blood glucose
level (e.g., after
Blood glucose rises skipping a meal)
to homeostatic Low blood sugar level
set point; stimulus
for glucagon
release diminishes.
Glucagon-releasing
Glucose Glycogen cells of pancreas
Liver breaks
down glycogen activated; release
stores and Liver glucagon into blood.
releases glucose Glucagon
to the blood.
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonads
Produce sex cells
Produce sex hormones
Ovaries
Female gonads located in the pelvic cavity
Produce eggs
Produce two groups of steroid hormones
1. Estrogens
2. Progesterone
Testes
Male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity
Produce sperm
Produce androgens, such as testosterone
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gonads
Estrogens
Stimulate the development of secondary female
characteristics
Mature the female reproductive organs
Progesterone
Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle
Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus
Helps prepare breasts for lactation
Testes
Produce several androgens
Testosterone is the most important androgen
Responsible for adult male secondary sex
characteristics
Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive
system
Required for sperm cell production