TEMPERATURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer

The liquid-in-glass thermometer is one of the most common instruments used today to
measure temperature. As the name suggests, the instrument consists of a glass bulb
containing a special liquid. Atop the bulb is a stem that has a scale marked for
measuring the temperature. The liquids chosen for thermometers expand and contract
significantly in response to temperature changes, so they indicate temperature as a
position on the stem's scale. For many years, mercury was a commonly-used liquid for
measuring temperature, though for safety reasons thermometer makers have phased it
out in favor of alcohol and other substances with lower toxicity. Daniel Gabriel
Fahrenheit invented the mercury-in-glass thermometer, which covers the temperature
range of minus 38 to 356 degrees Celsius (minus 36.4 to 672.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
Resistance Thermometer

As electric currents flow through wires, they scatter off each other and the wire
boundaries. This is a phenomenon known as electrical resistance, and its value is
related to temperature. Resistance thermometers typically use platinum wire since it
doesn't corrode or otherwise react with air over a wide range of temperatures. The wire
is normally wound into a coil and placed inside a ceramic tube. Resistance
thermometers have a much greater resolution than the liquid-in-glass type and can
potentially measure changes down to one-thousandth of a degree.
Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer

The constant-volume gas thermometer consists of a container with a fixed amount of

gas inside. The thermometer works upon the principle that changes in gas pressure are
proportional to changes in gas temperature. A pressure sensor inside the container
detects the pressure, and calibration electronics convert this value to a temperature
measurement. Constant-volume thermometers typically use air as the gas for
measurements taken close to room temperature. If measurements call for very low
temperatures, helium is used instead, since it has a boiling point close to absolute zero.
Radiation Thermometry

All objects emit infrared radiation with an intensity approximately proportional to their
temperature. Radiation thermometers consist of a series of optics that focus infrared
light onto a special electronic detector. The detector is normally a semiconductor such
as silicon, which produces an electric current proportional to the intensity of the infrared
radiation. The device calculates the temperature electronically. A key advantage of
radiation thermometers is the potential to measure an object's temperature at a
distance. They can also measure temperatures faster than by other methods. Some
infrared thermometers have a laser sight, to aim the device accurately at specific
objects.

REFERENCE

https://sciencing.com/thermometer-used-weather-stations-19389.html