Alternative Waste System; On-Site Sewage
Treatment (OSST)
Waste Management- A waste management system
is the strategy an
organization uses to dispose, reduce, reuse, and
prevent waste.
OSST (On-Site Sewage Treatment)- Traditionally
called septic systems, usually consist of the
building sewer, which leads from the building into a
septic tank and then into a distribution box that
feeds the fluid into a drainage field.
Septic system design and size can vary widely,
from within your neighborhood to across the
country, due to a combination of factors.
Types of Septic Systems
Septic Tank- A buried, watertight tank designated
and constructed to receive and partially treat raw
domestic sanitary wastewater.
Conventional Septic System- A decentralized
wastewater treatment system consisting of a septic
tank and a trench or bed subsurface wastewater
infiltration system (drainfield).
Chamber System- The chamber system serves as
an alternative design to the gravel/stone system.
Drip Distribution System- The drip distribution
system is a type of effluent dispersal that can be
used in many types of drainfields.
Aerobic Treatment Unit- Aerobic Treatment Units
(ATUs) use many of the same processes as a
municipal sewage plant, but on a smaller scale. An
aerobic system injects oxygen into the treatment
tank.
Mound Systems- A mound system is an engineered
drain field for treating wastewater in places with
limited access to multi-stage wastewater treatment
systems.
Recirculating Sand Filter System- Sand filtration is
one of the oldest wastewater treatment
technologies known. If properly designed,
constructed, operated, and maintained, a sand filter
produces a very high-quality effluent
Evapotranspiration System- This type of system is
used less in this day and age, as the effluent
produced is too contaminated for above ground or
near surface application.
Constructed Wetland System- Constructed
wetlands are engineered systems that use natural
functions vegetation, soil, and organisms to treat
wastewater.
Cluster / Community System- Clustered systems
can be as simple as a conventional subsurface
disposal field shared by two lots and served by
individual septic tanks.
LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION- Active Fire
Protection includes fire protection elements that
need an action to function. The action may be
manual like an extinguisher or automatic like with a
sprinkler system.
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION- Passive Fire
Protection is often not noticed, but is a crucial
element in fire protection. Passive Fire Protection
consists of elements utilized to keep a building safe
so that fire doesn’t spread, and no action is
needed to it to work. Passive Fire Protection
systems are built inside the building.
A fire-resistance rating typically means the
duration for which a passive fire protection
system can withstand a standard fire
resistance test.
SPREAD FIRE RATING- When evaluating building
materials for fire safety, many factors including
ignition temperature, smoke toxicity and
flame-spread are considered.
DIFFERENT TYPES AND KEY COMPONENTS
OF BUILDING:
● FIRE EXTINGUISHING
● SPRINKLE
● STANDPIPE SYSTEM
● FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
● FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Five Steps to Fire Protection System Design
Success
Step 1: Achieving Compliance with Codes
Step 2: A Detection Solution
Step 3: Notifications and Alarms
Step 4: Fire Suppression
Step 5: System Maintenance
Basic Principles in Building Conveying System
Building conveying systems mechanically move
occupants and goods. In most buildings, these
systems include passenger and freight elevators,
dumbwaiters, escalators, moving ramps and
walkways, and lifts for people and wheelchairs.
An elevator is a conveying device
used to move people or freight vertically, usually
between floors of a building.
The“HOISTWAY DOOR” is the exterior door that
leads from the hallway to the elevator car.
Hydraulic elevators use a fluid-driven hydraulic jack
to lift the elevator car.
Traction elevators have a drive machine with an
electric motor and pulley-like (grooved) drive
sheave that holds cables that move the elevator car
up or down.
Passenger elevators are designed to carry people
and small packages.
Freight elevators are used to carry material, goods,
equipment, and vehicles, rather than people
A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator used to
transport lightweight freight such as food, laundry,
books,records, and other small items.
A manlift is an elevator installed in a variety of
structures and locations to provide vertical
transportation of authorized personnel and their
tools and equipment only
a moving staircase consisting of an endlessly
circulating belt of steps driven by a motor,
conveying people between the floors of a public
building.
A moving walkway is a power-driven,
continuous,slow-moving conveyor belt that
transports people horizontally. They are also called
moving sidewalk, moving pavement, walkalator,
and travelator.
An inclined moving walkway, also called a moving
rampor power ramp, is a moving walkway that
transports people on an incline, up to a 12° angle of
inclination.
Moving walkways are more accessible to those in
wheelchairs, as they are usually thought easier to
use than getting in and out of small elevators.
A wheelchair lift is a powered device designed to
raise a wheelchair or scooter and its occupant to
overcome a step or similar vertical barrier, usually 6
ft (1.8 m) or less.
Platform lifts supply access to decks, porches,
stages, and elevated surfaces.
A stair lift will carry a user safely up stairs. To use a
stair lift, the user sits on the lift’s seat; the seat will
then transfer the user up or downstairs via a
staircasemounted track.
A car lift is installed in small parking garages where
ramps are not feasible. The platforms are raised
and lowered hydraulically and are connected to
steel chain gears.
An automated people mover (APM) is a fully
automated, grade-separated mass transit system.
An APM system typically serves relatively small
facilities such as airports, downtown districts, or
theme parks, but is sometimes applied to
considerably more complex automated systems.
Material-handling equipment is a mechanical
device used to move and store materials and
goods. This equipment consists of trolleys,
conveyors, forklifts, automated storage/retrieval
systems, cargo and baggage handlers, carousels,
rail-guided vehicles, automated guided vehicles,
intelligent flexible modular conveyors,
pick-and-place units, and overhead hoists and
cranes.
A paternoster is a special type of elevator
consisting of a constantly moving chain of boxes. A
similar concept moves only a small platform, which
the rider mounts while using a handhold and was
once seen in multistory industrial plants.