4th Secondary Asst.

Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Chapter 3: Static Fluids

Fluid: is the material that have weak cohesive force and can’t keep a certain shape for the
material thus the particles move and take the shape of the container that its placed in. And
this definition fits liquids and gases .and its easy in response to the external forces that tries
to change its shape.
Pressure:

Fluid Pressure
 to measure the amount of pressure at any point inside the liquid, we assume the area
(A) on a depth (h) from the liquid surface. Then the force that acts perpendicular on
area (A) is the weight of the liquid column that’s height is (h) and cross section area is
(A), and if we consider the liquid is incompressible then its density (ρ) stay constant.
 That’s the weight of the column of liquid represents the perpendicular force that acts
on the area.

Where (g) is the gravity and the pressure of the liquid on a height (h) is:

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Q/ How can be measure Atmospheric Pressure?

Ans/ We already know the atmospheric has pressure, and
it’s the weight of the air column that is applied
perpendicular on a unit area of the surface, and it’s
measured by barometer which is a device designed by the
scientist Torricelli, which is a graduated glass tube of one
meter long opened from one end is filled totally with
mercury and its opened end is placed in a container filled
with mercury, you note the mercury in the tube stable on a
certain height
higher than its level in the container leaving an empty
space in the top tube.

Q/Define barometer?
Ans/ It is a device designed by the scientist Torricelli, using to measure atmospheric
pressure, which is a graduated glass tube of one meter long opened from one end is filled
totally with mercury and its opened end is placed in a container filled with mercury, you note
the mercury in the tube stable on a certain height higher than its level in the container leaving
an empty space in the top tube.
Q/Why Torricelli used mercury in barometer?
Ans/ Because mercury is the metal that found in liquid state under the room temperature and
considered as fluid.
 The height of the mercury column is equal to (76 cm) at sea level and in zero Celsius.

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Pascal’s principle :when the enclosed fluid is exposed to external pressure that pressure
moves equally to all the fluid particles and the containers wall ,so it is important principles
in fluid mechanics.
Q/What important role in the work Pascal’s principle?
Ans/ the important role in the work Pascal’s principle of many devices that work by
hydraulic pressure such as car brakes, press machines, hammers and hydraulic lifts.

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Q/How the hydraulic lift works?

Ans/ By (oil is used since it has very low compressibility),
its composed of two presses and two cylinders with
different section areas and connected to each other by an
oil filled tube, when a force of magnitude (F1) affects the
small press that have an area of (A1) then the pressure of
the small press is and this pressure is transferred equally
to all the parts of the enclosed liquid means (P1) = (P2) and
from that:

Q /What is properties the liquid which is used in the presses, hammers and hydraulic lifts?
Ans/1-Shouldn’t freezes and get very viscid in low temperatures.
2-Shouldn’t evaporate
3-Shouldn’t be poisons or inflammable.

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Archimedes Principle:
If an object is partially or totally immersed in a fluid it loses from weight equal to weight of
the displaced fluid.
 To know buoyant force and how does that force form? Lets assume that
a solid cubic object is fully immersed in a fluid having density (ρ) and attached to a
spring balance. Since the object is fully immersed in the fluid. Then the weight of the
displaced liquid (that represents the buoyant force) is equal to the volume of the
immersed object (hA) multiplied by the weight density of the liquid (ρ g).

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

From that it’s clear that Archimedes’ principle for fully or partially immersed objects can be
derived as:
a. For fully immersed objects:

b . for partially immersed objects (floating objects)

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Surface Tension: The internal molecules that form the liquid are affected by equal attraction
forces in all directions. The molecules on the surface of the liquid are subjected to resultant
force that draw them downwards (inside the fluid). This makes the
liquid surface behave like a thin flexible membrane in a continuous
state of tension and reduces the surface area to as less as possible.
Surface tension causes some physical phenomena, for example floating
of the needle over the surface of the water and the moving of insects on
the surface of the liquid, and the spherical shape that the water droplets
form.
Capillary Property: One of the common things that is related to the surface tension is the
phenomenon of the dropping and the rising of the liquid in the narrow (capillary) glass tubes
which is called capillary property. Hence when a two-ends opened capillary glass tube is
perpendicular immersed in water, the water inside the tube arise to a level that’s higher than
its level outside the tube. But in mercury the opposite happens its level drops inside the tubes
compared to its level outside the tube.

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Mechanical Properties for Dynamic Fluids

Continuity Equation in Fluids

An ideal fluid of density (ρ) flows through a horizontal pipe of
irregular cross sectional area.
Where its big cross section area is (A1) and its small cross
section area is (A2) and in the smooth flow situation the
continuity equation s established, which states that:

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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

Bernoulli’s Equation
The scientist Bernoulli’s discovered in 1738 that the fluid pressure changes by
changing its speed, and when he derived the equation that known by his name, he assumed
that the fluid is non viscose and incompressible and flows in smoothly flowing and to get the
mathematical relation that connect between the pressure (P), the height (h) from a certain
horizontal level and the fluid’s ideal speed (y ). assume that a fluid is in a tube with irregular
sectional area, and its parts height differs from a certain level. So if the fluid pressure in point
(a) was (P1) and the sectional area was (A1) and the fluid speed was (y 1) And the fluid pressure in
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4th Secondary Asst. Lecturer: Mayada Mutter

point (b) is (P2) and the sectional area is (A2) and the fluid speed is (y 2). And the height of the
center of section (A1) from a certain horizontal level is (h1), and the height of the center of section
(A2) from the same level is (h2) .
So Bernoulli’s equation can be written as following:

Venturi scale
Venturi pipe is one of the most famous practical applications for Bernoulli’s equation which
can be used to measurethe speed of a fluid having density (ρ),
flowing through a
horizontal pipe changing in cross sectional area. And the
pressure difference between the two points (a,b) is measured
using mercury manometer, see figure (3.17). And the fluid
speed can be measures by measuring the pressure difference
(P1-P2) between the two sections of the pipe that’s due to
the height difference (h) in the liquid level that’s used in the
manometer, then it will be:

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