Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions
used in mathematics;
2. Explain the nature of mathematics as a language;
3. Perform operations on mathematical expression
correctly;
4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language.
Introduction
•Comprehending a message is better
understood once a person understand how
things are said and may know why it is said.
•The use of language in mathematics is far
from ordinary speech.
Introduction
•It can be learned but needs a lot of efforts
like learning a new dialect or language.
•The following are the characteristics of the
language of mathematics: precise, concise,
and powerful.
Motivation: KWL Chart
•In your own word, describe the
characteristics of the language of
mathematics and give an example to
supplement your explanation.
• Precise
• Concise
• Powerful
Motivation: KWL Chart
•You will divided into small groups to
share your answer to your groupmates.
•The members of each group will finalize
their answers and write it in the KWL
Chart.
•Each group will share their answers in 3
to 5 minutes.
 The Language, Symbols, Syntax, and Rules of
Mathematics
•Mathematical Language – is the system
used to communicate mathematical ideas.
•This language consists of a substrate of some
natural language, for example English, using
technical terms and grammatical conventions
that are peculiar to mathematical discourse,
supplemented by a highly symbolic notation
for mathematical formulas.
 The Language, Symbols, Syntax, and Rules of
Mathematics
•Mathematics as language has symbols to
express a formula or to represent a
constant.
•It has syntax to make the expression well-
formed to make the characters and
symbols clear and valid that do not violate
the rules.
 The Language, Symbols, Syntax, and Rules of
Mathematics
•Mathematics symbols can designate
numbers (constants), variables,
operations, functions, brackets,
punctuation, and grouping to help
determine order of operations, and other
aspects of logical syntax.
 The Language, Symbols, Syntax, and Rules of
Mathematics
•A mathematical concept is independent of
the symbol chosen to represent it. In short,
convention dictates the meaning.
 Characteristics of Mathematical Language

1. Precise
2. Concise
3. Powerful
1. Precision means able to make very find
distinction.
Example: The use of mathematical symbol is only
done based on its meaning and purpose. Like “+”
means add, “-” means subtract, × means multiply,
and ÷ means divide
2. Concise means able to say things briefly.
Example: The long English sentence can be
shortened using mathematical symbols. Eight plus
two equals ten which means 8 + 2 = 10.
3. Powerful means able to express complex
thoughts with relative ease.
Example: The application of critical thinking and
problem solving skill requires the comprehension,
analysis, and reasoning to obtain the correct
solution.
 Expression versus Sentences
•In mathematics, an expression or
mathematical expression is a finite
combination of symbols that is well-defined
according to rules that depend on the
context.
 Expression versus Sentences
•It is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols used to represent the object of
interest, it does not contain a complete
thought and it cannot determined if it is true
or false.
10
•For example, 5, 2 + 3, , 6 − 2 + 1,
2
and 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1.
 Expression versus Sentences
Verbal Phrase Variable Expression
The sum of a number and 19 n + 19
The difference of a number and 11 n – 11
The product of 5 and a number 5n
The quotient of 49 and a number 49
𝑛
1
One third of a number n
3
 Expression versus Sentences
•The most common type involving an
expression is SIMPLIFY.
•To simplify an expression means to get a
different name for the expression, that in
some way is simpler.
 Expression versus Sentences
The notion of simpler can have different
meanings:
•Simpler means using fewer symbols.
• For example, 3 + 1 + 5 and 9 are both names for
the same number, but 9 uses fewer symbol.
•Simpler means using fewer operations.
• For example, 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 and 5 × 3 are both
names for the same number, but 5 × 3 uses fewer
operation.
 Expression versus Sentences
•Simpler means using better suited for the
current use.
1 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
• For example, is a great name for the
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
number “1”.
•Simpler means in a preferred style or format.
2 1
• For example, and are both names for the same
4 2 1
number, but people usually prefer is said to be in
2
reduced or simplest form.
 Expression versus Sentences
•In simplifying mathematical expressions, the
following order of operations is one critical
point to observe.
•Order of operations is the hierarchy of
mathematical operations. It is the set of rules
that determines which operations should be
done before or after others.
 Expression versus Sentences
•Today, we follow GEMDAS, that is
Groupings, Exponents, Multiplication, or
Division, Addition, or Subtraction.
•The order of operations is merely set of rules
that prioritize the sequence of operations
starting from the most important to the lest
important.
 Expression versus Sentences
•Follow these steps:
• Step 1: Do as much as you can to simplify
everything inside the parenthesis first.
• Step 2: Simplify every exponential number in the
numerical expression.
• Step 3: Multiply or divide whichever comes first,
from left to right.
• Step 4: Add or subtract whichever comes first, from
left to right.
 Expression versus Sentences
• Example: Simplify the following expression.

−81 ÷ 3 −3
= −81 ÷ −9
=9
 Expression versus Sentences
• Example: Simplify the following expression.

52 ∙ 9 − 3 ÷ 7 + 8 ÷ 4
= 25 ∙ 3 − 3 ÷ 7 + 8 ÷ 4
= 75 − 3 ÷ 7 + 2
= 72 ÷ 9
=8
 Expression versus Sentences
• Example: Simplify the following expression.
− −4 2 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ −3 2
= − 16 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
= −16 ÷ 8 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
= −2 ∙ 5 − 18 ÷ 9
= −10 − 18 ÷ 9
= −10 − 2
= −12
 Expression versus Sentences
• Mathematical sentence makes a statement about
two expressions, either using numbers,
variables, or a combination of both. A
mathematical sentence can also use symbols or
words like equals, greater than, or less than.
 Expression versus Sentences
• It is a correct arrangement of mathematical
symbols that states a complete thought and can
be determined whether it’s true, false, sometimes
true/sometimes false.
 Expression versus Sentences
Verbal Sentence Mathematical Sentence
The sum of a number and 19 is 25 n + 19 = 25
The difference of a number and 11 is 5 n – 11 = 5
The product of 5 and a number equals 35 5n = 35
The quotient of 49 and a number is equal 49
=7
𝑛
to 7.
One third of a number is 81 1
n = 81
3
 Expression versus Sentences
• Closed sentence – a sentence with a truth
value of true (or false).
• Examples:
1.8 is an even number
2.9 is an even number
 Expression versus Sentences
• Open sentence – a sentence when it is not
known if it is true or false.
• Examples:
• N is an even number
 Conventions in the Mathematical Language
• A mathematical convention is a fact,
name, notation, or usage which is generally
agreed upon by mathematicians.
• For instance, the fact that one evaluates
multiplication before addition in the
expression 2 + 3 × 4 is merely
conventional.
 Conventions in the Mathematical Language
• Mathematicians abide by conventions in
order to allow other mathematicians to
understand what they write without
constantly having to redefine basic terms.
 Conventions in the Mathematical Language
• For example, it is conventional to write the
number first before the letters such as
8 ∙ 𝑦 = 8𝑦.
• If in case the letters are more than one, you
have to arrange the letters alphabetically
such as 𝑡 ∙ 𝑠 ∙ 9 = 9𝑠𝑡.
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
Conventions in the Mathematical Language
Problem Set #2:
•Do Analysis (Communication) and
Abstraction (Critical Thinking) I and
II pages 21-22 of the textbook.
Conventions in the Mathematical Language

“ Mathematics is the language in which

God has written the universe”.
-Galileo Galilei
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Define set and set theory.
2. Give and differentiate two ways to represent sets.
3. Define, identify and illustrate finite set, infinite set,
null set, universal set, union of sets, intersection of
sets, and subsets.
 Set theory – is the branch of
mathematics that studies sets or the
mathematical science of the infinite.
The study of sets has become a
fundamental theory in mathematics
in 1870s which was introduced by
Georg Cantor, a German
GEORG FERDINAND LUDWIG mathematician.
PHILIPP CANTOR
 The Language of Sets
•Set – is well-defined collection of objects; the
objects are called the elements or
members.
•To describe a set, we use braces { }, and
use capital letters to represent it.
J = {5, 11, 19,…}
elements
 The Language of Sets
•The following are examples of sets:
• The books in the shelves in EAC library.
• The bank accounts in a bank.
• The set of natural numbers.
• The set of integer numbers.
• The set of rational numbers.
 The Language of Sets
The symbol ϵ is used to denote that an object
is an element of a set.

Example: In a set A = {1, 2, 3 }.

We can say that 1 ∈ 𝐴, but 5 ∉ of A.
 The Language of Sets
•Ways to represents a set
• Roster method or Tabulation method
• It is the method where the set are enumerated or
listed and each elements are separated by
comma.
• For example: A = { a, e, i, o, u}
 The Language of Sets
• Rule method or Set Builder Notation
• It is a method that is used to describe the
elements or members of the set.
• For example:
• A={x|x is a collection of vowel letters}
 The Language of Sets
•Finite Set is a set whose elements are
limited or countable, and the last element
can be identified.
•For example, let
•A = { x | x is a positive integer less than 10}
•Or A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
 The Language of Sets
-Infinite Set is a set whose elements are
unlimited or uncountable, and the last
element cannot be specified.
For example, let
A = { x|x is a set of whole numbers}
Or A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,…}
 The Language of Sets
•The three dots in enumerating the elements
of the set are called ellipsis.
•It indicate a continuing pattern.
 The Language of Sets
•Unit Set
• It is a set with only one element
• For example, A = { 1 }.
•Empty Set/Null set
• It is a unique set with no element
• For example, A = { } or ∅
 The Language of Sets
•The Cardinality Number of a Set
• It is the number of elements or members in the
set.
• It is denoted by 𝑛(𝐴).
• For finite sets A, 𝑛(𝐴) is the number of
elements of A.
• For infinite sets A, write 𝑛(𝐴) = ∞.
 The Language of Sets
•Equal sets
• Two sets are equal if they have the same elements.
• For example, let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}.
• Explanation: Since both sets has exactly the same
elements, hence, set A is equal to set B or it is denoted
by A = B.
 The Language of Sets
• Universal set
- It is a set that contains everything.
- It is denoted by U.
- A set U that includes all of the elements under
consideration in a particular discussion.
• Subset
• When we define a set and we take pieces of that set, we
can form what is called a subset.
 The Language of Sets
• For example, set B has an
elements of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 while
set A has an elements of 1, 2, and
3.
• Hence, we can say that set A is a
subset of set B, denoted by 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵.
It is because for every element of
set A are elements in set B.
 The Language of Sets
•Note:
• For each set A, 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐴
• For each set B, ∅ ⊆ 𝐵
• A is proper subset of B if A is a subset of B, 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵
and A is not equal to B, 𝐴 ≠ 𝐵.
 The Language of Sets
•Operations of Sets
•Union of sets
• The union of A and B is the set of all elements
in 𝑥 in 𝒰 such that 𝑥 is in 𝐴 or 𝑥 is in 𝐵.
• It is denoted by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵.
• The union of two sets A and B in symbol is
defined by 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .
 The Language of Sets
• The word “or” is inclusive.
• Example: Let A = {1, 2} and B = {2, 3},
then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3}.
 The Language of Sets
•Intersection of Sets
• The intersection of A and B is the set of all
elements 𝑥 in 𝒰 such that 𝑥 is in 𝐴 and 𝑥 is in
𝐵.
• It is denoted as 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵.
• The intersection of A and B in symbol is
defined by A ∩ 𝐵 = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 .
 The Language of Sets
• The word “and” is inclusive.
• Example: Let A = {1, 2} .and B = {2, 3},
then A ∩ B = { 2 }.
 The Language of Sets
•Complement of a Set
• The complement of A is the set of all elements
𝑥 in 𝒰 such that 𝑥 is not in 𝐴.
• It is denoted as 𝐴′.
• The complement of A in symbol is defined as
′
𝐴 = 𝑥 ∈𝒰|𝑥 ∉𝐴 .
 The Language of Sets
• For example, we let 𝒰 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔 and
′
𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 then 𝐴 = 𝑓, 𝑔 .
 The Language of Sets
•Difference of Sets
• The difference between A and B is the set of
elements 𝑥 in 𝒰 such that 𝑥 is in 𝐴 and 𝑥 is not
in 𝐵.
• It is denoted as 𝐴 − 𝐵.
• The difference between A and B in symbol is
defined as A − B = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩
𝐵′.
 The Language of Sets
•Difference of Sets
• The difference between A and B is the set of
elements 𝑥 in 𝒰 such that 𝑥 is in 𝐴 and 𝑥 is not
in 𝐵.
• It is denoted as 𝐴 − 𝐵.
• The difference between A and B in symbol is
defined as
A − B = 𝑥 | 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
 The Language of Sets
• For example, we let 𝐴 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and
𝐵 = 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒 then 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑎, 𝑏 while
𝐵 − 𝐴 = 𝑑, 𝑒 .
 The Language of Sets
•Venn Diagram U
• It is a diagram with A B
any circles, or
overlapping circles
to express logical
relationships
between sets.
Figure 1. Illustration of Venn Diagram
 The Language of Sets
•In Figure 1, set U U
represents the A B
universal set.
•It is the set of all
objects or
elements of all
other sets in
consideration. Figure 1. Illustration of Venn Diagram
 The Language of Sets
•While A and B are U
two different sets. A B

•The overlapping
circles indicates
the intersection of
set A and set B.
Figure 1. Illustration of Venn Diagram
 The Language of Sets

Figure 2. Illustration of Venn Diagram set A.

 The Language of Sets

Figure 3. Illustration of union of set A and set B.

 The Language of Sets

Figure 3. Illustration of intersection of set A and set B.

 The Language of Sets

Figure 4. Illustration of difference of set A and set B.

The Language of Sets

Figure 5. Illustration of Venn Diagram of

complement of set A.
 The Language of Sets

Figure 5. Illustration of union of set A, B, and C.

 The Language of Sets

Figure 5. Illustration of union of set A, B, and C.

Seatwork #3
•Do Seatwork #3 in the Brightspace.