SUBMITTED

TO:
Dr Farhan
Ahmad

SUBMITTED
BY:
Anusha Noor
2020-CH-67
Sec-A
Assignment#2
Engineering Material

TUNGSTEN
Stress-Strain Analysis
Table of Contents
 Selection of Material:..........................................................................................................................2
Tungsten Metal:...........................................................................................................................................2
Occurrence:.............................................................................................................................................2
Discussion of Material:................................................................................................................................2
Physical Properties:.................................................................................................................................2
Chemical Properties:................................................................................................................................2
Chemical Compounds:......................................................................................................................2
Stress Strain Behavior:................................................................................................................................3
Tensile Strength:......................................................................................................................................3
Brittleness:...............................................................................................................................................3
Toughness:..............................................................................................................................................3
Elastic Deformation Stage:......................................................................................................................3
Fracture Stress:........................................................................................................................................3
Analysis:......................................................................................................................................................3
Rigidity(stiffness):...................................................................................................................................3
Strength:..................................................................................................................................................3
Fatigue:....................................................................................................................................................4
Creep:......................................................................................................................................................4
Plasticity:.................................................................................................................................................4
Modulus of Elasticity of Tungsten...........................................................................................................4
Tungsten Advantages..................................................................................................................................4
Applications of Tungsten:...........................................................................................................................4
Electronic Field.......................................................................................................................................4
Chemical Industry:..................................................................................................................................5
Medical Field:..........................................................................................................................................5
Military Field...........................................................................................................................................5
 Stress-Strain Behavior of Material

 Selection of Material:
In this report, the selected material for the analysis of stress and strain behavior is Tungsten. Tungsten is
also known as Wolfram. The discussion is about mechanical behavior, elasticity, ductility, strength,
stiffness and these properties applications in surroundings.

Tungsten Metal:
The word tungsten means “heavy stone” in Swedish. Tungsten, or wolfram is a chemical element with
the symbol W and atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost
exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first
isolated as a metal in 1783.
Occurrence:
Tungsten has thus far not been found in nature in its pure form.[52] Instead,
tungsten is found mainly in the minerals wolframite and scheelite.[52]
Wolframite is iron–manganese tungstate WO4, a solid solution of the two
minerals ferberite (FeWO4) and hübnerite (MnWO4), while scheelite is
calcium tungstate (CaWO4). Other tungsten minerals range in their level of
abundance from moderate to very rare, and have almost no economic value.

Discussion of Material:
Physical Properties:
In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work. Purified,
monocrystalline tungsten retains its hardness (which exceeds that of many steels), and becomes malleable
enough that it can be worked easily.[17] It is worked by forging, drawing, or extruding but it is more
commonly formed by sintering.
Chemical Properties:
The most common formal oxidation state of tungsten is +6, but it exhibits all oxidation states from −2 to
+6.[33][34] Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide, WO3, which
dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions, WO2−4 Tungsten is a mostly non-reactive element:
it does not react with water, is immune to attack by most acids and bases, and does not react with oxygen or air
at room temperature. At elevated temperatures (i.e., when red-hot) it reacts with oxygen to form
the trioxide compound tungsten (VI), WO3.
Chemical Compounds:
The broad range of oxidation states of tungsten is reflected in its various chlorides:

Tungsten (II) chloride, which exists as the hexamer W6Cl12

Tungsten (III) chloride, which exists as the hexamer W6Cl18
Tungsten (IV) chloride, WCl4, a black solid, which adopts a polymeric structure.
Tungsten(V) chloride WCl5, a black solid which adopts a dimeric structure.
Tungsten (VI) chloride WCl6, which contrasts with the instability of MoCl6.

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Stress Strain Behavior:

Tensile Strength:
Tungsten is a very high-density refractory metal that is very resistant to corrosion. Tungsten has the
highest melting point and highest tensile strength of any element, with extremely low vapor pressure even
at high temperatures.
Brittleness:
In terms of tensile strength, tungsten is the strongest out of any natural metal (142,000 psi). But in terms
of impact strength, tungsten is weak — it's a brittle metal that's known to shatter on impact.
Toughness:
Alloying small quantities of tungsten with steel greatly increases its toughness.
Yield strength of Tungsten Carbide is 330 MPa.
Elastic Deformation Stage:
During this stage the strain hardening curve drops to zero. The hardening tendency of this gradually
decrease. The minimum value is 1350ksi.
Fracture Stress:
The measured fracture toughness is around 8 MPam1/2 at RT and 30 MPam1/2 at 400 ◦C, respectively.

Analysis:
In this section we will discuss about mechanical properties as follow:
Rigidity(stiffness):
Tungsten carbide has very high strength for a material so hard and rigid. Compressive strength is higher
than virtually all melted and cast or forged metals and alloys; and is two to three times as rigid as steel
and four to six times as rigid as cast iron and brass.
Strength:
To compare, steel has three times less rigidity than tungsten. This rigidity makes tungsten stronger than
both steel and titanium. Tungsten is extremely durable and can stand up to a lot of punishment in
whatever job it is used.

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Fatigue:
As tungsten is very brittle, fatigue testing was done primarily under stress-control, using the staircase
method and a near zero stress ratio. For the rolled and Hipped materials, fatigue limits (no specimen
failure up to 2⋅106 load cycles) were determined to be 350 MPa and 180 MPa, respectively

Creep:
Creep deformation generally occurs when a material is stressed at a temperature near its melting point.
While tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur,
lead may creep at room temperature, and ice will creep at temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).
Plasticity:
The plastic deformation of both strain-anneal grown and melt-grown tungsten single crystals of various
orientations and high purity was investigated in the temperature range of 77°K–450°K. It is concluded
that:
(a) the temperature sensitive yield strength is due to a lattice friction stress, li
(b) The very high rates of strain hardening in all orientations can neither be due to the building up of an
internal stress, nor due to the accumulation of defects on screw dislocations; it must be due to an
insufficiently understood process of exhaustion of mobile dislocations,
(c) An anisotropy of the lattice friction stress exists on the planes which produces slip on unexpected slip
systems and gives rise to different flow stresses in tension and compression in and oriented crystals.

Modulus of Elasticity of Tungsten

The Young’s modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 750 MPa.
The shear modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 161 GPa.
The bulk modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 310 GPa.

Tungsten Advantages
 One of the densest metals, with a density of 19.3 g/cc
 Highest melting point of all metals at 3410°C
 Lowest vapor pressure of all metals with 4.27Pa at 3410°C
 Highest tensile strength of all metals over 1650°C

Applications of Tungsten:
Electronic Field
Tungsten has strong plasticity, low evaporation rate, high melting point, and strong electron emission
ability, so it is widely used in electronics and power supply industries.

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For example, tungsten wires have high luminous efficiency and long service life and are commonly used
to manufacture various bulb filaments, such as incandescent lamps and iodine tungsten lamps.
Chemical Industry:
Tungsten compounds are commonly used to produce certain types of paints, pigments, inks, lubricants,
and catalysts.

For example, sodium tungstate is commonly used in the manufacture of metal tungsten, tungstic acid, and
tungstate, as well as dyes, pigments, inks, electroplating, etc.; tungstic acid is
often used as a mordant and dye in the textile industry, and as a catalyst for
the production of high-octane gasoline in the chemical industry.

Medical Field:
Because of their high hardness and density, tungsten alloys are very suitable
for medical applications such as X-ray and radiation protection. Common tungsten alloy medical products
include X-ray anodes, anti-scatter plates, radioactive containers, and syringe shielding containers.

Military Field
Because of its non-toxic and environmentally friendly properties, tungsten has been used to replace the
previous lead and depleted uranium materials to make bullets to reduce the environmental pollution of
military materials. In addition, due to its strong hardness and high-temperature resistance, tungsten can
make the prepared military products more superior in combat performance.

Tungsten products used in the military mainly include tungsten alloy bullets, kinetic energy armor-
piercing bullets, etc.

In addition to the above fields, tungsten can also be used in aerospace, navigation, atomic energy,
shipbuilding, automobile industry, and other fields.

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