ENGLISH

HABITUAL BEHAVIOUR

A. TEND TO + INF→ to make general statements about habitual actions and situations in the present (I tend to drink
a lot of water)
B. FREQUENCY ADVERBS
1. Before the verb (I always drink coffee)
2. After the verb BE (I am never late to school)
3. Between auxiliary and verb (I don’t usually get up early)
4. USUALLY/NORMALLY/FREQUENTLY/SOMETIMES/OFTEN/OCCASIONALLY can also go at the
beginning of the sentence (occasionally we go to the cinema)
5. ALWAYS/RARELY/SELDOM/HARDLY EVER/NEVER can’t
6. SOMETIMES/QUITE/VERY OFTEN can go at the end (I watch series very often)
7. Adverb phrases such as NOW AND AGAIN/FROM TIME TO TIME/TWICE A WEEK/EVERY DAY… can
go at the beginning or at the end of a sentence
8. WILL+INF to talk about habitual behaviour (she’ll sometimes spend the whole day reading)
9. IT’S NOT LIKE SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING to suggest that the way a person has behaved is not
typical of them (It’s not like Carlos to forget birthdays)
10. Present continuous for annoying habits (she’s always stealing my pens)
C. PAST HABITS
1. USED TO/DIDN’T USE TO+INF→ for past actions and states (past simple is also used this way) (when I
was a kid, I used to be a naughty)
2. WOULD/WOULDN’T+INF→ for past actions (NOT STATES) (as a kid, my mum would always take me to
the park)

BE/GET USED TO

A. (BE) USED TO+NOUN/GERUND→estar acostumbrado (she’s a nurse, so she’s used to seeing seek people
blood)
B. (GET) USED TO+NOUN/GERUND→acostumbrarse (I want to leave Barcelona because I can’t get used to the
heat sweating so much)

ARTICLES

A. A/AN
1. When we mention a singular for the 1rst time (a man walks into the bar)
2. 1 of several (shall I put a CD on?)
3. Jobs (I’m a teacher)
4. Numbers (a hundred)
5. When it means “per” (twice a day)
B. THE
1. Only 1 (the sun)
2. When we mention smt/sb again (the man orders a beer)
3. When we know which one (the film starts)
4. Talking about specifics (the people in my class)
5. To speak in general about groups but in singular (the whale)
6. With adj referring to general classes of people (the homeless)
7. Superlatives
8. Musical instruments
9. Transports with a fixed timetable (the bus)
10. Countries and islands (the USA, the UK)
11. Oceans, mountains, deserts and rivers (the pyrinees)
12. Some geographical areas (the coast, the countryside)
C. NO ARTICLE
1. Plural and uncountable nouns in general (computers, people, love, cheese…)
2. With most streets, towns, cities, countries and lakes (London, Lake Ontario…)
3. When a town’s name is used with a building (Luton airport)
SO/SUCH/TOO/ENOUGH

A. SO (detrás del nombre)

1. Before an adj and adv without noun (I’m so tired)
2. Before MUCH/MANY/LITTLE/FEW (you shouldn’t eat so much)
B. SUCH
1. Before singular nouns with A/AN (you’re such a polite boy)
2. Before uncountable and plural nouns (I have never eaten such a good food)

Both can be used with a THAT clause to talk about the results and consequences (It was such a boring film that
we decided to leave)

C. TOO (demasiado)
1. TOO+ADJ/ADV (this jumper is too big)
2. TOO MUCH/MANY+NOUN (there’s too much salt in this)
D. ENOUGH (suficiente)
1. ADJ/ADV+ENOUGH (you’re not driving carefully enough)
2. ENOUGH+NOUN (we haven’t got enough chairs)

Both can be used with FOR OBJECT+ INF with to (it’s too cold for the kids to play outside today)(it’s not warm
enough for the kids)

THE FUTURE

A. WILL+INF
1. Predictions
2. Instant decisions
3. Offers (shall)
4. Promises
B. BE GOING TO+INF
1. Evident predictions
2. Personal intentions
C. MODALS
1. Intentions→MAY/MIGHT (possibility)
2. Predictions→MAY/MIGHT/COULD/SHOULD (probability and possibility)
D. PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Future arrangements which have already been made
E. PRESENT SIMPLE
1. Timetable events
2. To refer to the future after WHEN/BEFORE/AFTER/UNTIL/BY THE TIME/AS SOON AS (present perfect
is also used)
F. FUTURE CONTINUOUS (WILL BE+-ING)
1. Actions and events which will be in progress at a specific time in the future
G. FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (WILL HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE)
1. Actions and events which will be completed by a specific time in the future
H. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (WILL HAVE BEEN+-ING)
1. Actions and events which continue to certain time in the future
I. OTHER STRUCTURES
1. BE ABOUT TO+INF or BE ON THE POINT OF+GERUND to talk about the immediate future
2. BE (UN)LIKELY TO+INF to express probability
3. HOPE/EXPECT/PLAN/THINK and other verbs can be used to talk about futures hopes, plans, intentions
and expectations

PAST TENSES

A. PAST SIMPLE
1. Completed actions in the past
2. Habits in the past
3. Consecutive past events
B. PAST CONTINUOUS
1. Temporary situations or activities
2. Actions happening at a specific past moment
 3. Background info in a story
C. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE (HAD+3RD C)
1. Action or situation that occurred before another past actions (focus result)
D. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Action or situation that occurred before another past action (focus duration)
E. TYPICAL TIME LINKERS
1. UNTIL (hasta)
2. BEFORE (antes)
3. WHEN (cuando)
4. AFTER/AFTERWARDS (después)
5. AT LAST (finalmente)
6. IN THE END (finalmente)
7. AT THE END OF
8. AS/WHILE
9. DURING
10. IN
11. FOR

RELATIVE CLAUSES

DEFINING NON DEFINING

Give essential info Give extra info

NO commas COMMAS

Pronouns:who/which/whose/where/when/what/why Pronouns:who/which/whose/where/when

Can use that instead of who NO that

Who/which/that can be omitted if there is a change subject Pronoun NO omitted

THE CAUSATIVE

A. When sb does smt for us: HAVE/GET+SMT+PAST PARTICIPLE (I’m having my house painted at the moment)
B. When we make/persuade sb to do smt
1. HAVE+SB+INF (I’ll have my assistant sent you a copy)
2. GET+SB+TO-INF (I’ll get my assistant to send you a copy)
C. GET+PAST PARTICIPLE to mean BECOME (She got dressed quickly)

PRESENT PERFECT

A. SIMPLE (HAVE/HAS+-ed/3RD C) →focus on the result

1. To give news of past events with relevance to the present
2. To describe smt that started in the past and continuous now
3. To describe events that occurred at some time between the past and the present but we don’t know when
4. To talk about smt which occurred in the past but in a time period which includes present
5. After the expression IT/THIS/THAT IS/WAS THE FIRST-LAST TIME
B. CONTINUOUS (HAVE/HAS+BEEN+-ing) →focus on the time
1. To emphasize the duration of a situation or activity
2. To suggest that a situation or activity is incomplete
3. To suggest that a situation or activity is temporary
4. To focus on the repetition of a situation or activity

Typical time expressions:EVER/NEVER/JUST/ALREADY/YET/REALITY/OVER/SO FAR/FOR/SINCE

WISH/IF ONLY and OTHER HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS

A. WISH/IF ONLY
1. Present wish about yourself:PAST SIMPLE (I wish I were taller)
2. Present wish about sb else:WOULD+INF (If only you wouldn’t make so much noise)
3. Past wish about anyone:PAST PERFECT (She wishes she’d gone)
 B. WOULD RATHER+OBJECT+PAST SIMPLE→when we want sb else to do smt in the present or future (I’d rather
you come to the party with me)
C. IT’S (HIGH/ABOUT) TIME+PAST SIMPLE→when we want smt to happen or be done as soon as possible
because the action should have been done already (It’s about time you arrived)

PREPOSITIONS AND GERUNDS

A. Verbs which came after preposition→GERUND (He was fined for parking on a yellow line and he’s not happy
about having to pay for it)
B. So common nouns which have preposition and are followed by gerund: (BE NO-LITTLE) POINT IN/HAVE
DIFFICULTY IN/(BE/HAVE A GOOD/NOT MUCH) CHANCE OF/(BE IN) FAVOURS OF (there’s no point in
inviting her because there’s no chance of her coming)
C. Gerunds after phrasal verbs (I’m looking forward to seeing you)
D. Linking words and expressions that can also be used as prepositions and are followed by gerund:AFTER/APART
FROM/AS RESULT OF/IN ADDITION TO/INSTEAD OF (As well as being better for your health, vegetables last
longer)

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

A. INFINITIVE WITH TO
1. After some verbs
2. After adjectives (nice to meet you)
3. After question words (I don’t know what to do today)
4. To say why you do smt (I come here to learn English)
B. INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO
1. After some verbs
2. After modal verbs CAN/MUST/COULD/WOULD/WILL…
3. After auxiliary verbs DO/DOES/DID…
C. GERUNDS (-ing)
1. After some verbs
2. After preposition except TO (I come here for learning English)
3. After a phrasal verb (I look forward to seeing you)
4. As the subject or object of the sentence (OB→My idea of happiness is getting up late/SUB→Eating in
restaurants is smt I really enjoy)

Si se puede cambiar el verbo por cocacola es gerund

AT/ON/IN

AT→hours, partes del dia sin THE

IN→partes del dia con THE,periodo de dias,

ON→specific days

COMPARISONS

A. Regular 1 syllable adj: CHEAP-CHEAPER-THE CHEAPES

B. Regular adj with more than 1 syllable: MORE+ADJ/THE MOST+ADJ EASY-EASIER-EASIEST
C. Adv: QUIETLY-MORE QUIETLY-THE MOST QUIETLY or some irregular verbs which use -er and
-est:FAST-FASTER-THE FASTEST
D. Irregulars:GOOD-WELL/BETTER-THE BEST/BAD-BADLY/WORSE-THE WORST/FAR-FURTHER-THE
FARTHEST
E. LESS and THE LEAST opposites of MORE and THE MOST
F. FEWER and THE FEWEST for plural countable nouns (I’m eating less chocolate and fewer sweets)
G. AS/SO+ADJ/ADV+AS for people or things which are the same way (I’m as tall as you)
H. AS MUCH with uncountable nouns and AS MANY for countable
I. THE SAME+NOUN+AS
J. THE+COMPARATIVE, THE+COMPARATIVE
K. LITTLE/NO/(NOT) MUCH DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AS AND LIKE

A. AS
1. To say that smt or sb is that thing or has that function (he works as a nurse)
2. To mean THE SAME AS before SUBJ+VERB or PAST PARTICIPLE (things happened exactly as I had
planned)
3. To mean BECAUSE (as tomorrow is a public holiday, I won’t give you homework)
4. After certain verbs including DESCRIBE, SEE and REGARD (teachers describe you as a very good
student)
5. With adj and adv to make comparisons (Mike isn’t as clever as I)
6. To mean FOR EXAMPLE in the phrase SUCH AS (this summer I visited places such as Barcelona)
7. With THE SAME…AS (you’re wearing the same dress as me)
8. In the phrases AS FAR AS I KNOW, AS FAR AS I’M CONCERNED and AS FAR AS I CAN SEE/TELL
B. LIKE
1. To mean SIMILAR TO, especially after verbs BE/SEEM/FEEL/LOOK/SOUND/SMELL/TASTE (he’s eating
what looks like chocolate)
2. To mean FOR EXAMPLE (I like all sorts of pink animals like flamingos, pigs…)

MODALS: OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY

A. MUST/MUSN’T+INF (formal use of have to)

1. Strong personal obligation (for myself)
2. Strong advise
3. To tell onself what’s necessary
4. In signs and notices indicating rules and laws
5. To talk about smt which is not permitted

HAD TO is the past form

B. HAVE TO
1. Strong obligation imposed by sb
C. DON’T HAVE TO+INF
1. Lack of obligation or necessity
D. NEED TO/DON’T NEED TO/NEEDN’T+INF(solo con presente, negativo y sin to)
1. Necessity
2. Lack of necessity
E. SHOULD/SHOULDN’T/OUGHT TO/OUGHT NOT TO+INF (advise)
1. Advice
2. Weak obligation
F. BE SUPPOSED TO+INF
1. To talk about what should be done because of a rule or because it is expected (She’s supposed to arrive
at 6 o’clock)
G. HAD BETTER+INF (advertencia sin to)
1. Implies a warning of possible negative consequences if the advice or precaution is not taken (You’d
better go now or you’ll miss the train)

MAKE SB DO SMT is also used for obligation

ACTIVE: My mum makes me tidy my room

PASSIVE: Be made to do smt→ At school I was made to wear uniform

MODALS: PERMISSION

A. CAN/MAY (+formal) and BE ALLOWED TO+INF

1. In the negative, this express lack of permission or prohibition
2. COULD or WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO+INF for general permission in the past
3. For permission on one specific occasion, COULD is not possible, only WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO

LET SB DO SMT is also used for permission (BE ALLOWED TO in passive)