CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
 Bonifacio – Leader
 August 23, 1896 – Katipuneros gathered
at the house of Melchora Aquino –
Mother of Katipunan.
 Katipuneros tore their cedula and
shouted “long live the Philippines!
Long live the Katipunan!” as a show of
defiance to the Spanish gov’t
FIGHTING BEGINS
 Dawn of August 30, 1896 – attacked the
polverin (powder depot) in San Juan
Del Monte
 Spaniards overpowered the
revolutioners with superior rifles.
 Sulsulin and arkonite – ammunitions
used by the katipuneros
 Around 150 katipuneros were killed in
the first battle
 Bonifacio and his men were forced to
retreat in Balara
MARTIAL LAW/REIGN OF TERROR
 Afternoon of August 30, 1896 –
declaration of 8 provinces in state war
by Gov General Ramon Blanco
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela and his companion
surrendered to the gov’t
 Mass arrest of suspected members and
series of execution of Katipuneros
 Thirteen Katipuneros were put to death
at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of San
Felipe in Cavite. (los trece martires)
 Twenty-two of prominent residents of
Manila was imprisoned in Fort Santiago
for alleged involvement in the
revolution.
 The following month, more than 150
Filipinos were sent as exiles in Africa for
their alleged participation in the
rebellion.
BONIFACIO AND AGUINALDO
 Katipunan Councils:
*Magdalo - headed by Baldomero
Aguinaldo
*Magdiwang - led by Mariano Alvarez
 The rivalry between the two factions
led to several defeats on the part of the
Katipuneros.
 On December 31, 1896, in a meeting
hosted by the Magdalo in Imus,
Bonifacio presided over issues on
the establishment of a revolutionary
government under newly elected
officials to replace the Katipunan and
the unification of the Magdiwang and
Magdalo forces under a single
command.
TEJEROS CONVENTION
 President: Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice President: Mariano Trias
 Captain-General: Artemio Ricarte
 Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios
 Director of the Interior: Andres
Bonifacio
ACTA DE TEJEROS
Proclaims that the convention held
at Tejeros the previous day had been so
disorderly, so tarnished by dishonesty,
that its decisions were illegitimate and
invalid. Patriots who remain true to the
ideals of the Katipunan, the signatories
in effect affirm, should not recognize
the government or republic instituted
at the convention, and should disregard
the election of its leaders.
EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO
 The Council of War was then created
and was headed by General Mariano
Noriel. Without strong evidences, the
military court found the Bonifacio
brothers guilty of treason, sedition,
and conspiracy to assassinate
Aguinaldo and were both sentenced to
death.
 On May 10, 1897 Gen Noriel ordered
Major Lazaro Macapagal thru a sealed
letter to release Bonifacio brothers
from prison. The letter , which was
opened as requested by Bonifacio after
reaching their destination in Mt
Nagpatong Maragondon , carried a
strict order for the execution.
BIYAK-NA-BATO
 A revolutionary government
established by Aguinaldo in July 1897
while in his hideout in Biak na Bato San
Miguel, Bulacan.
 Aguinaldo then issued a proclamation
with revolutionary demands, which
include:
1. representation in the Spanish Cortes
2. expulsion of the friars and the return to
the Filipinos the lands they appropriated for
themselves
3. freedom of press and tolerance of
religious sect
4. equality among the peninsular and
insular officials
5.abolition of banishment of citizens.
President: Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President: Mariano Trias
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: Antonio
Montenegro
Secretary of the Interior: Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of War: Riego de Dios
Secretary of the Treasury: Baldomero
Aguinaldo
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The explosion and sinking of the
battleship USS Maine in Cuba on Feb 15, 1898
an “act of treachery” added to the indignation
of the American and thereby justified its
demand for pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba.
BATTLE OF MANILA BAY
On the early morning of May 1, 1898,
Dewey and his fleet consisted of 4 armored
cruises ( Olympia, Baltimore, Boston, Raleigh)
and two gunboats(Concord and Petrel) then
sailed to the Phils, upon his receipt of the cable
message announcing the outbreak of the
Spanish American war. Dewey was instructed
to destroy the Spanish armada anchored in
Manila.
AGUINALDO DURING THE BATTLE
 From Hong Kong toSignature
 Interview withE. Spencer Pratt
 Aguinaldo and Wildman
 Aguinaldo and the Hong Kong Junta
AGUINALDO RETURNS
 On May 17, 1898, Aguinaldo returned
to the Philippines on board the
American revenue cutter McCullough
and arrived in Cavite two days later.
 The return of Aguinaldo demoralized
the Spanish authorities in Manila,
following their defeat from Dewey’s
 forces, because it meant renewed
struggle from the Filipino side.
 Governor General Basilio Agustin
tried to prevent the desertion of
Filipino soldiers from Spanish
forces by issuing a circular calling
for the unity of the Philippines
and its liberties with Spain.
 Aguinaldo demanded the
surrender of the Spanish forces
inside the city, but due to Spanish
honor, Gov Gen Agustin refused to
surrender.
SIEGE OF MANILA
AMERICAN BETRAYAL PF AGUINALDO
 Secret Agreement
 Mock Battle of Manila
 American Terms
FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE
DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
 Aguinaldo established a dictatorial form
of gov’t as advised by Rounseville
Wildman.
 Aguinaldo then conceived the idea of
declaration of the independence of the
country.
MABINI ENTERS THE SCENE
Suggested the reorganization of the
gov’t by making it popularly based and thus
more stable than a dictatorial gov’t the eyes of
the international community
DECLARATION OF INDEPEDENCE
REORGANIZATION OF LOCAL GOV’T
 Suffrage – right to vote
 Provincial council – elected by town
chiefs, in consultation with the popular
assembly
 Popular Assembly – the town chief
being the president assembly
 Election – election of delegates forms
each province constitute the
revolutionary congress
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
 June 23, 1898 – revolutionary
government
 Dictator to President
 Provided the creation of
revolutionary congress as an
advisory body only and four cabinet
departments
FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 Malolos Congress
 Malolos Constitution
 Malolos Republic
 Spain gave the Philippines to the
US, in return, the latter would give
the former sum 20,000,000,00 as
payment
 December 10, 1898 – Treaty of
Paris
CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
 Unjust death of 3 martyr priest
 Led to a new era: THE REFORM
MOVEMENT
 Began in 1882 to early months
of 1896
 Philippines as province of Spain
  Spanish Cortes
 Filipinos would become
Spanish citizens
FILIPINO REFORMISTS
 Comptroller - Andres Bonifacio
 Fiscal - Ladislao Diwa
 Secretary - Teodoro Plata
 Treasurer - Valentin Diaz

 Graciano Lopez-Jaena “great orator” KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT

 Jose Rizal “great thinker and writer”
 Marcelo H. del Pilar “great political • Kataastaasang Sanggunian or
analyst and editor” Supreme Council
• Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial
LA SOLIDARIDAD Council
 Established in 1889 by Graciano Lopez- • Sangguniang Balangay or Popular
Jaena Council
 Aims to:
1. Fight reaction MEMBERSHIP
2. Stop all-steps tending to make
Philippines a backward country • Katipon (‘Anak ng Bayan’)
3. Extol liberal ideas • Kawal (‘Gom-Bur-Za’)
4. Defend progress • Bayani (‘Rizal’)

LA LIGA FILIPINA THE KALAYAAN

 Aims:
 Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian at Dimas-Ilaw
1. Unite the archipelago into strong
body  Andres Bonifacio - Agapito Bagumbayan
2. Mutual protection of all members  Valenzuela - Madlang-Away
3. Encouragement of agriculture,  Twin souls of Katipunan Emilion Jacinto
commerce and education and Andres Bonifacio
4. Defense against any kind of
violence
5. Study application of reform
 The reform movement failed due to;
internal problems in spain, financial
means, internal problem inside reform
movement
 Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang na
Katipunan nang mga anak ng bayan
(civic, political, moral)

AMERICAN COLONIAL RULE

KATIPUNAN ELECTION

 President or Supremo - Deodato

Arellano  FILIPINO AMERICAN WAR to
  AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD – 1898-
1946
 Establishment of American Gov’t
AMERICANS FOOL AGUINALDO
 Americans wanted Aguinaldo to
withdraw his forces around the City of
Manila
 The American behavior showed they
meant to stay and be the masters, the
successors of the Spaniards
BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION
 President William McKinley
1. Dollar
2. Defense
3. Democracy
4. Deity
5. Direct Market
WAR TIMELINE
 American Private Willie W. Grayson
shot a Filipino soldier on the corner of
Sociego and Silencio Streets in Santa
Mesa, Manila
 The Filipinos answered with rifle fire
and the Filipino-American was on.
 That night, Captain Fernando Grey sent
a telegram to Malolos saying that the
Americans had commence hostilities.
 Aguinaldo ordered an investigation to
determine the truth. investigation
showed that the Americans had been
preparing to attack the Filipinos.
 American troops captured town after
town in what is now Rizal Province and
other nearby towns in the north
 Upon the arrival of American
reinforcements in February and March,
Otis took the offensive in the North and
General Henry W. Lawton in the South
FALL OF THE MABINI CABINET
 Mabini was removed from office as
Prime Minister and Secretary of Foreign
Affairs because some Filipino who pro-
Autonomy persuaded Aguinaldo. Thus,
he spent his last years iin his arm chair
writing articles against the Americans
ASSASSINATION OF LUNA
 When he was summoned in
Kabanatuan, he immediately went
there. He did not find Aguinaldo in the
headquarter and got angry then he
heard a rifle shot. He rushed downstairs
and cursed the soldiers there...... He
died with more than forty wounds in his
body and head
THE RETREAT OF AGUINALDO TO PALANAN
 With the death of General Luna, many
Filipino field commanders were
demoralized.
 Aguinaldo conduct a guerilla warfare
against the enemy
THE BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD
 Fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo
reached the Mountain Province.
 Del Pilar was to intersect the
Americans who were tracking them.
 Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that
passed through his neck.
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO
 On March 23, 1901, General Emilio
Aguinaldo was captured by the
American forces led by General
Frederick Funston with the help of
Macabebe Scouts, in Palanan,
Isabela.
PACIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
 1ST PHILIPPINE COMMISSION - also
known as Schurman Commission,
headed by Jacob Schurman which
recommended the establishment
of the civil government.
 2ND PHILIPPINE COMMISSION - also
known as Taft Commission, led by
William Howard Taft. The
commission had the executive and
legislative functions to put up a
civil government.
THE TAFT COMMISSION
 01 The Philippines for the
Filipinos – a policy under Taft
administration which aimed at
preparing the Filipinos for self-
government by allowing them
to participate in a popular,
democratic form of
government.
 02 Sale of huge tracts of friar
lands (410,000 has) to Filipinos
on easy installment terms. In
1904, the US govt paid $ 7.2 M
to Vatican in the acquisition of
the lands held by the religious
order.
 03 The Philippine Organic Act
of 1902- known as Cooper Act,
it was the first congressional
law about the government in
the Phils. It provided for the
extension of the United States
Bill of Rights to the Filipinos
and guaranteed the
establishment of an elective
Philippine Assembly.
PACIFICATION MEASURES
 THE SEDITION LAW (1902)
- imposed death penalty or
long imprisonment on
anyone who advocated
separation from the United
States even at peaceful
means. Within this context,
display of the Philippine
flag, singing of the national
anthem, or plays
advocating Philippine
independence were
prohibited.
 BRIGANDAGE ACT (1902)
- also known as Ley de
Bandolerismo; it classified
guerrilla fighters or
brigands, or ladrones, or
membership to an armed
group punishable by death
or long imprisonment not
less than 20 years.
 RECONCENTRATION ACT
(1903) - it forced the
residents of towns infested
with bandits to live in
designated military zones.
Its purpose was to
facilitate the arrest of
guerrillas who received
support and protection
from the people. The
Philippine Constabulary,
Phils Scouts and Members
of the United States Army
combined.
 FLAG LAW (1907) - it
prohibited the display of all
flags, banners, symbols,
and other paraphernalia to
suppress nationalist
feelings. It was only
repealed on 1919
BRUTALITIES OF THE AMERICAN MILITARY
CAMPAIGN
 BALANGIGA MASSACRE, SAMAR (1901-
1902) - it was ordered by General Jacob
 Smith to kill all men and women above
10 years of age in retaliation to the
attack of the American soldiers by the
townsfolk led by Gen Vicente Lukban on
the morning of Sept 28, 1901.
 BUD DAJO MASSACRE, SULU (1906) -
after four days of fierce fighting, the
Americans suffered 20 casualties and 70
men wounded. About a thousand of the
Tausug men, women and children were
all killed as a result.
 General MacarioSakay – established
the tagalog republic excuted on
September 13, 1907
 General Miguel Malvar – surrendered
on April 16, 1902
 General Luciano San Miguel – leader of
a resistance group in rizal and Bulacan
on March 23, 1903
 General Simeon Ola – last revolutionary
general to surrender on September 25,
1903

TOWARDS SELF RULE

 Census of 1903 – March 2, 1903 was

declared as census day
 Creation of Political Parties – formed for
the preparation for the general election
of the phil assembly
 1907 Election
 Jones Law – Philippine independence
for 8 years
 OS-Rox Mission and Hare-Hawes Cutting
– a campaign for self-government
 Quezon and Tydings-Mcduffie

ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

 Hare Hawes Cutting Act – independence

for 10 years
 Tydings Mcduffie Act – Approved on
May 1
 1935 Constitution