Scaffolding

Safety
 Session Objectives
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At the end of the session, the participants 
would be able to:
would be able to:
1. Identify the  hazards associated in the use of 
scaffoldings and other temporary structures
scaffoldings and other temporary structures.
2. Discuss the different types of temporary 
structures.
structures
3. Enumerate the safety requirements for the 
safe use of scaffoldings and other temporary
safe use of scaffoldings and other temporary 
structure
 Definition
“Scaffold”
Scaffold refers to a temporary or 
refers to a temporary or
movable platform supported on the 
ground or suspended, used for access 
d d d df
and/or working at considerable heights 
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above ground.

Department Order No. 128 ‐13: Amending Rule 
Department Order No. 128 ‐
1414 of the 1989 Occupational Safety and Health 
Standards, As Amended  
 Scaffoldings
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A scaffold is a valuable aid to construction work 
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as it enables us to perform many jobs which 
would otherwise not be possible.
Scaffolding was intended to be a safety aid
Scaffolding was intended to be a safety aid 
however, it remains one of the more serious 
problem areas in construction due to a high 
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frequency and severity of incidents. 
More than 50% of these injuries are due to falls.
 Hazards in the Use of Scaffoldingg
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– Fall of person from height
– Fall of materials and objects from height
– Collapse of scaffold
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– Overloading of the scaffold
– Safe access not provided
– Electrocution
10
 Classification of Scaffolds
13

Supported Scaffolds are platforms 
supported by legs, outrigger beams, 
,p , p g ,p , ,
brackets, poles, uprights, posts, frames, 
or similar rigid support.
Suspended Scaffolds
 d d ff ld contains one or 
i
more platforms suspended by ropes or 
other non‐rigid means from an overhead 
structure.
 Supported Scaffolds
pp
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Mobile or Rolling Scaffold

 Supported Scaffolds
pp
15

Tube and Coupler Frame Scaffold

 Supported Scaffolds
pp
16

Outrigger Scaffold
 Scaffolding Parts
Scaffolding Parts
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Main Frame

Ladder Joint Pin

Cross Brace
 Scaffolding Parts
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Cat-walk Panel Cantilever Support

Adjustable
Adj t bl BBase Base Plate Castor Wheels
Plate
Suspended Scaffolds

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 Suspended Scaffolds 
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 Gondola

LEGEND:
• Suspension/out‐rigging 
mechanism
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• Counter weight
• Front beam overhang
F b h
• Working wire rope
• Safety wire rope
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• Suspension platform
• Tie back

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22

S f t
Safety 
Requirements
Amended Rule 1414: Scaffoldings
Amended Rule 1414: Scaffoldings

Department Order No. 128‐13 series of 2013

Amending Rule 1414 on Scaffoldings of the 
A di R l 1414 S ff ldi f th
1989 Occupational Safety and Health 
Standards, As Amended
(May 3, 2013)
 Specific Requirements:
Specific Requirements:
Timber/bamboo scaffolds ‐ limited to a height of 6 
meters from the ground or base.  Over 6 meters 
height, steel scaffolds shall be used.

Manufactured scaffolds more than 6 meters in height ‐
s a be des g ed by s uc u a e g ee a d
shall be designed by structural engineer and 
approved by appropriate authority
 Specific Requirements:
Specific Requirements:
Site fabricated supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters  
in height or a working load of 150 kg/sqm‐ designed 
and inspected by the structural engineer and 
approved by the appropriate authority.

Suspended scaffolds shall be designed and inspected 
Suspe ded sca o ds s a be des g ed a d spec ed
by a structural engineer if site fabricated.
 Specific Requirements:
Specific Requirements:
Fall protection equipment  ‐ required when working in 
a height of 2 meters.  

Over 10 meters, workers are required to use fall arrest 
Over 10 meters, workers are required to use fall arrest
equipment.

All personnel involved in scaffolding activities shall have 
appropriate training and certification
appropriate training and certification.
 Design and Stability
Design and Stability
• Supported scaffolds and their components 
p pp g ( )
shall be capable of supporting at least four (4) 
times the maximum intended load
• Suspended scaffolds –
Suspended scaffolds six (6) times the factor 
six (6) times the factor
of safety  
• All scaffolds designed by structural engineer 
shall be approved by appropriate authority
shall be approved by appropriate authority
 Scaffold Erection
Scaffold Erection
• No scaffold work shall be undertaken without 
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the direct supervision of a competent/ 
qualified person
• No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the 
No scaffold activity shall be undertaken if the
wind velocity exceeds 48 kph
 Inspection and Tagging
Inspection and Tagging
Inspection and tagging shall be performed by qualified 
or competent person;

Green Tag – Inspected and safe for use

Green Tag  Inspected and safe for use

Yellow Tag – Special requirements for safe use are             
required

Red – “Danger
Red – Danger –– Unsafe for Use
Unsafe for Use”
Frame Scaffolds

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 Frame Scaffolds
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
Assure Stability
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Base Plates, nailed to mud sill
,
Mud Sills

Firm Foundation
d
Plumbed and braced to 
prevent swaying and 
displacement
 Frame Scaffolds
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 Unstable Objects should  
not be used to support 
scaffolds
 Frame Scaffolds
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Capacity
Capacity 
four (4) times the maximum 
intended load
Braces
Frames and panels must be 
connected by cross, horizontal or 
diagonal braces
Plumb and  level 
Secured to prevent dislodging 
 Mobile Scaffolds
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Mobile or Rolling 
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Scaffolds 
‐ should be 
equipped with 
castors or wheels.
Shall not be moved 
horizontally while 
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employees are on 
them.
35
 Tube and Coupler Scaffold
• Tube and coupler scaffolds over 6 meters 
36
p
height must be;
 Designed by a Structural Engineer
Designed by a Structural Engineer
 Constructed and loaded in accordance with the 
desi n
design
• Couplers must be made of structural metal 
such as;
 Malleable iron
 Structural Grade Aluminum
 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
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• Transverse
Transverse bracing forming an 
bracing forming an “X”
X  
must be installed at scaffold ends
 Every 3rdd set of post
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 Every 4th runner

• Longitudinal bracing must be 
installed diagonally at
installed diagonally at 
– 45 degree angle
– Every 5th post repeatedly 
• Building ties must be installed
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 Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
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Transverse bracing

Longitudinal
Bracing

Wall Ties

Runner

Bearer Post
 Scaffold Height
Scaffold Height
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20’
20 The height of the 
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scaffold should not 
be more than four (4) 
times its minimum 
base dimension 
unless guys, ties, or 
braces are used
5’
 Wall Ties and Anchorage
Wall Ties and Anchorage
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Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be 
restrained from tipping by ties and
restrained from tipping by ties and 
braces.
– 4:1 height  from bottom and top most
– Vertically:
Vertically: 
• every 20 feet for scaffolds  3 feet wide
• every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3 feet 
every 26 feet for scaffolds more than 3 feet
wide
– Horizontally every 30 feet from one end
Horizontally every 30 feet from one end
42
43
 Safety Consideration Common to 
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Scaffolds

Fittings and Accessories
– To install all the parts, fittings and accessories 
• Base Plates and Screw Jacks
Base Plates and Screw Jacks
Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the outside 
( i ibl ) l th f
(visible) length of exposed screw to inside screw 
d t i id
length. 
Erection and Dismantling
– By trained personnel only 
B t i d l l
 Poor attempt at securing cross
When scaffold frames are interconnected, failure of
bracing with wire
one frame can cause the whole system to collapse.

45
 Safety Consideration Common to 
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Scaffolds

Platform
 Fully planked and decked
 No more than 1” gap
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 Platform overlap at support 
only 
only
 Overlap Length > 30 cm (12 in.)
 Deflection <
Deflection < 1/60 of span, L
1/60 of span L
 Safety Consideration Common to 
49
Scaffolds

Working Distance
No gaps greater than 25 cm (10 inches)
b t
between the structure and the scaffold 
th t t d th ff ld
platform.
 Safety Consideration Common to 
S ff ld
Scaffolds
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Safe Access:
Ladders, such as portable, hook‐on,   
attachable, stairway type, and built‐ns;
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Stair towers
Ramps and walkways
Ramps and walkways

May use building stairs and come out window
Improper Access

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Improper Access
Improper Access
Safe Access
54
L dd S
Ladder Safety
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 Ladders
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Used as work platform only when in

use of small hand tools and handling
of light materials
materials.
Shall be of sufficient length and be
placed such that worker will not
stretch
Damaged ladders shall be removed
and tagged “unsafe” or “destroyed”
Positioned at 1 horizontal to 4
vertical
With handhold of at least one (1)
meter
 FIVE (5) RULES OF LADDER SAFETY

1. Select the right ladder for the job.
2. Inspect ladder before you use it.
3. Setup the ladder with care.
Setup the ladder with care.
4. Climb and descend ladders cautiously.
• Face ladder and hold on with both hands.
Face ladder and hold on with both hands
• Carry tools on belt or raise and lower with hand 
line.
• Check shoes and rungs for slippery surfaces.

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 FIVE (5) RULES OF LADDER SAFETY

5. Use safe practices when working 
on a ladder.
• Always hold on with one hand and 
never reach too far to either side or 
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rear to maintain balance.
• Never climb higher than second
Never climb higher than second 
step from top on a stepladder or 
third from the top on a straight 
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ladder.
• Never attempt to move, shift, or 
extend ladder while in use.
d l dd hil i

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 Guardrail System/Fall Protection
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Fall protection is required where the working 
height is 2 meters and above
Guardrails must be able to withstand a load of 
100 kgs
‐ Top rails at least 1 meter in height. 
‐ Mid rails and toe boards
‐ Toe boards  (a least 15 cm) 
‐ Upright supports not more than 2 meters apart
60
FALLING OBJECT PROTECTION
• Hardhats
• Barricades to exclude working below
Barricades to exclude working below
• Toe boards at edges of platforms
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• Provision of panels and screens
• Canopies 
 Example of scaffold being built
Example of scaffold being built
dangerously close to power lines.
dangerously close to power
lines.
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 Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds
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 Suspended Scaffolds:
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Supporting outrigger beam must 
S i i b
be able to support at least four 
times the intended load;
times the intended load;
Must be attached to the roof, tied 
to secured anchorage, or secured 
d h d
with counterweights;
Direct connection evaluated by 
competent person
 Suspended Scaffolds

• Counterweights made of non‐
flowable material, sand, gravel, 
etc.
etc
• Counterweights secured, and 
not removed until scaffold
not removed until scaffold 
disassembled
• Tiebacks secured to sound 
anchorage on the building or 
structure
• Single tiebacks installed at angle 
prohibited
 Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds
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Suspension Ropes:
Suspension Ropes:
• Support at least 6 times maximum load
• Drum hoists must contain at least 4 wraps of rope at 
the lowest point
• Wire rope must be replaced under the following 
conditions:
 6 randomly broken wires in one rope lay or three broken 
wires in one strand in one lay
 1/3 of the original diameter of the outside wires is lost
 Heat damage
 Physical damage such as kinks, flattening
 Inspection
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Inspect Scaffolds
 before use and attach a tag stating the
time and date of inspection.
 before each work-shift
g g weather conditions and
 after changing
after prolonged interruptions of work.
 Inspection
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Check for
 solid foundations
foundations, stable conditions
 complete working and rest platforms
 suitable anchorage points
 required guardrails
 loose connections
 tie-off points/ anchorage
 damaged components
 proper access
 use of fall protection equipment
 Inspection
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76
84
 Dismantlingg
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 Proceed in reverse order to its erection
 Prior to removal or loosening any 
component, consider its effect on the scaffolds;
component, consider its effect on the scaffolds;
 Check if some parts are altered;
 Use
Use only proper access;
only proper access;
 Do not remove ties until scaffolds has been 
removed;;
 Do not accumulate dismantled parts of scaffolds;
 Lower components in a safe manner;
o e co po e ts a sa e a e ;
 Stockpile dismantled components orderly;
 Remove components immediately after loosening 
Remove components immediately after loosening
clamps.
Other Types 
yp
of 
of
Scaffolds
 Pump Jack 

• B
Brackets, braces must be fabricated 
k t b tb f b i t d
from metal plates and angles
• Each bracket must have two positive 
p
gripping mechanisms 
• Workbench may be used as a top‐rail 
when guardrails used for fall
when guardrails used for fall 
protection
• Work benches must not be used as 
scaffold platforms
scaffold platforms
• Poles must be secured to structure 
by rigid triangular bracing, or 
equivalent
 Ladder Jack
• Must
Must meet requirements of 
meet requirements of
subpart “X”, stairways and ladders
– Exception: Job‐made ladders must 
not be used to support ladder jack 
b d l dd j k
scaffolds
• Ladder
Ladder jacks must be designed 
jacks must be designed
and constructed to bear on:
– Side rails and ladder rungs, or
– Ladder rungs alone
• Ladders used to support ladder 
jack scaffolds m st be
jack scaffolds must be:
– Placed and fastened to prevent 
slipping
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 Aerial Lifts
• SSecured to lower traveling 
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position by a locking device 
before moving
before moving
• Ensure proper fall protection 
prior to using
prior to using 
– Includes use of guardrails
• Lifts
Lifts must allow you to access 
must allow you to access
heights and work from a 
protected area
protected area
 Aerial Lifts (cont’d)

• R
Requires use of body belt or 
i fb d b l
harness and lanyard
• Worker must stand on floor of 
W k d fl f
basket
• Never exceed load capacity
N dl d i
• Do not move lift truck with 
workers in basket unless 
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adequately designed (upper 
controls personnel carriers)
controls – personnel carriers)
• Brakes set for outrigger use 
(wheels chocked)
(wheels chocked)
 Aerial lifts ((cont’d))
• V
Vehicle‐mounted or self‐propelled elevating work 
hi l d lf ll d l i k
platforms – training is required!
 Training Areas
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Nature of Electrical, Fall & Falling Object 
H
Hazards
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Correct Procedure for protection
Correct Procedure for protection
Proper use of scaffolds
Load capacities of scaffolds
Inspection

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 Training and Competency 
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Requirements
Competent Person
1. Construction Safety Training (40 hours)
2. Scaffold Erection Certificate ‐ TESDA
3 Two years experience in scaffold erection
3. T i i ff ld i

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 Training and Competency 
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Requirements
Scaffold Erector
1. One day Workers Safety Orientation 
(OSHC / STO)
(OSHC / STO) 
2. Scaffold Erection NC II 
Scaffold Erection NC II ‐ TESDA

94
95

Group 1: Erection of Mobile Scaffolds

G
Group 2 Inspection
2: I ti and
d Dismantling
Di tli off Mobile
M bil Scaffolds
S ff ld
96

G
Group 3 Erection
3: E i off Frame
F S ff ld
Scaffolds

Group 4: Inspection and Dismantling of Frame Scaffolds

 Dios
Mabalos

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