Exercise 1

1. Analyze the porosity from Neutron-Density crossplot when fresh mud is used, given
ρb = 2.38 g/cm3 and ØSNP = 0.13. Identify the lithology of formation.
Answer :

The lithology formation is quartz sandstone.

 2. Analyze the porosity from Neutron-Density crossplot when salt mud is used, given ρb
= 2.40 g/cm3 and ØSNP = 0.195. Identify the lithology of formation.
Answer :

The lithology formation is calcite (limestone).

 3. Analyze the porosity from Neutron-Density crossplot, given ρb = 2.38 g/cm3 and ØSNP
= 0.20 and identify the lithology of formation for the following mud used:
i) fresh mud
ii) salt mud
Answer :
i)

The lithology formation is calcite (limestone).

 ii)

The lithology formation is calcite (limestone).

 Exercise 2
Identify mineral mixtures from M-N plot if given the following data: Δt = 70 μsec/ft, ρb =
2.50 g/cm3, ρma = 2.67 g/cm3, ØN = 0.20

(assume salt mud is used)

Answer :
0.01 (𝑡𝑓 −𝑡) (1.00−0.20)
M= N = (2.50−1.10) = 0.57
𝑝𝑏 −𝑝𝑓

0.01 (185−70)
= (2.50−1.1)

= 0.82

The mineral mixture from the M – N plot above is calcite (limestone).

 Exercise 3
• Determine shale volume for the following data:

GRmax = 140 API (from log)

GRmin = 35 API (from log)

GRlog = 65 API (from the zone of interest)

1) Using simple equation

2) Assuming for Older Rocks
3) Assuming for Tertiary Rocks

Answer :

𝐺𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
1) 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝐺𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
65−35
= 140−35
= 0.29

(
Vshale = 0.33 2(2IGR ) − 1 )
GRlog − GRclean
IGR =
2)
GRshale − GRclean
IGR = 0.29
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 0.33 (2(2𝑥0.29) − 1)
= 0.16

3)
(
Vshale = 0.083 2(3.7IGR ) − 1)
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 0.083 (2(3.7𝑥0.29) − 1)
= 0.092
 Exercise 4

1. In a logging operation using acoustic tool, the following data are provided:

Vma = 18000 ft/s

Δtf = 189 μs/ft

a) Identify the matrix and fluid

b) Determine porosity at Δtlog = 68 μs/ft using acoustic log

c) Correct the porosity in oil bearing zone

Answer :

a) The matrix is sandstone, and the fluid is freshwater mud.

tlog − tma
A =
t f − tma
b)
68−55.5
= 189−55.5

= 0.0936 x 100 %
= 9.36 %

c)
corr = A  0.9
= 0.0936 x 0.9
= 0.0842 x 100 %
= 8.42 %

2. Given the following log data:

Vf = 5400 ft/sec

Vma = 23000 ft/sec

Δtlog = 84 μsec/ft

a) Identify the matrix and drilling fluid used

b) Determine porosity

c) Calculated the corrected porosity if the zone is gas bearing zone

Answer :

a) Find △𝑡𝑓 to determine the fluid used.

1
△𝑡𝑓 = 𝑉
𝑓

1
= 5400 ft/sec
𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1.8519𝑥10−4 x 1.0 𝑥 106 μ
𝑓𝑡
𝜇𝑠
= 185.19
𝑓𝑡

Thus, the matrix used is limestone and the fluid used is saltwater mud.

tlog − tma
A =
t f − tma
b)
84−47.6
=
185.19−47.6

= 0.2646 x 100 %
= 26.46 %

c)
corr = A  0.7
= 0.2646 x 0.7
= 0.1852 x 100 %
= 18.52 %
 Exercise 5

• In a logging operation using density tool, the following data are provided:

ρma = 2.71 g/cm3

ρf = 1.1 g/cm3

a) Identify the matrix and drilling fluid used

b) Determine porosity when ρlog = 2.16 g/cm3 (from zone of interest) using
density log

c) Calculate the corrected porosity if the zone is:

i) Oil bearing zone

ii) Gas bearing zone

Answer :

a) The matrix used is limestones and the fluid used is saltwater mud.
 ma − b
D =
 ma −  f
b)
2.71−2.16
=
2.71−1.1

= 0.3416 x 100 %
= 34.16 %
c)
i) Oil bearing zone
corr = D  0.9
= 0.3416 x 0.9
= 0.3074 x 100 %
= 30.74 %
ii) Gas bearing zone

corr = D  0.7
= 0.3416 x 0.7
= 0.2391 x 100 %
= 23.91 %
 Exercise 6

ρb = 2.37 g/cm3 Vf = 5400 ft/sec

ρma = 2.65 g/cm3 GRclean = 54 API

Δt = 78 μsec/ft (in the zone of interest) GRshale = 112 API

1. Identify the matrix and the drilling mud used

Answer:

1
△𝑡𝑓 = 𝑉
𝑓

1
=
5400 ft/sec

𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 1.8519𝑥10 −4 x 1.0 𝑥 106
𝑓𝑡

𝜇𝑠
= 185.19 (saltwater mud)
𝑓𝑡

Thus, the matrix used is sandstones and the drilling mud used is saltwater mud.

2. Determine porosity using acoustic and density methods. Compare the results and justify for
any difference.

Acoustic Method Density Method

tlog − tma  ma − b
A = D =
t f − tma  ma −  f
78−55.5 2.65−2.37
= 185.19−55.5 = 2.65−1.1

= 0.1735 x 100 % = 0.1806 x 100 %

= 17.35 % = 18.06 %

As we can see, porosity for density method is a bit higher than the acoustic method. This
shows that density method is way better than the acoustic method use.
3. Determine the fluid content in the zone if the corrected porosity for both acoustic and
density methods are 15.7% and 16.3%, respectively.

Answer:

corr = D  0.9 corr = D  0.9

= 0.1735 x 0.9 = 0.1806 x 0.9
= 0.1562 x 100 % =0.1625 x 100 %
= 15.62 % (oil bearing zone) = 16.25 % (oil bearing zone)

4. Using the data given with ØN=0.17, analyze the porosity and lithology from Neutron-
Density crossplot.

Answer:

5. If ØN increase to 0.25 and Δt change to 82 μsec/ft , repeat Q4

Answer:

Question 4: Question 5:
Quartz Sandstone Calcite (limestone)
6. Analyze the lithology from M-N plot for Q4 and Q5.

Question 4: Question 5:
M = 0.01( t f − t ) ( b − f ) M = 0.01( t f − t ) ( b − f )
0.01(185−78) 0.01(185−82)
= =
2.37−1.1 2.37−1.1
= 0.8425 = 0.8110

N = (Nf − N ) ( b − f ) N = (Nf − N ) ( b − f )
1−0.17 1−0.25
= 2.37−1.1 = 2.37−1.1
= 0.6535 = 0.5906

Lithology Formation: Quartz Sandstone Lithology Formation: Calcite (limestone)

7. At a particular depth in a shaly formation, the GR log gives the reading of 80 API.
Determine whether the zone is producible if Vshale cut-off is 55%.

𝐺𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
𝐺𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛

80−54
=
112−54

= 0.4482 x 100%

= 44.82%

The 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 obtained is lower than the 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 , thus the zone is producible zone.

8. For other formation, the logging operation gives an acoustic velocity of 5300 ft/sec in the
fluid and 21000 ft/sec in the matrix.

1) Identify the matrix and drilling fluid used.

2) Determine porosity (density method) using the same data above.

3) Analyze porosity and lithology from N-D crossplot if ØCNL is 0.23.

Answer:

𝑓𝑡
1) 𝑉𝑚𝑎 = 21000 𝑠𝑒𝑐

1
𝑉𝑓 =
5300 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 1.8868𝑥10−4 𝑥 1.0 𝑥 106

= 188.68 μs/ft

Thus, the matrix is limestones and the fluid is freshwater mud.

 ma − b
D =
 ma −  f
2)

2.71−2.37
= 2.71−1.0

= 0.1988 x 100%
=19.88%

3)

Density Porosity : 20% = 0.20

Lithology Formation = Calcite (limestone)

 Pop Quiz

Given:

GRclean = 54 API

GRshale = 120 API

a) At a particular depth in a shaly formation, the GR log gives the reading of 95 API.
Assuming for tertiary rocks, determine whether the zone is producible if Vshale cut-
off is 55%.

(
Vshale = 0.083 2(3.7IGR ) − 1 )
Answer:

𝐺𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑔 −𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛 Tertiary Rock,

IGR =
𝐺𝑅𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 − 𝐺𝑅𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
(95−54)𝐴𝑃𝐼
𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 0.083(2(3.7𝑥0.6212) − 1)
=(
120−54)𝐴𝑃𝐼 = 0.3253 x 100%
= 0.6212 x 100% = 32.53%
= 62.12%

The 𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑒 obtained is lower than the 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑡−𝑜𝑓𝑓 , thus the zone is producible zone.
b) A logging operation gives acoustic velocity of 5300 ft/sec in the fluid and 21000 ft/sec in
the matrix. ρb At that particular depth was found at 2.36 g/cm3 with neutron porosity, ØCNL is
0.24.

1) Identify the matrix and drilling fluid used.

2) Determine porosity from density method.

3) Anlayze porosity and lithology from N-D crossplot.

Answer:

𝑓𝑡
1) 𝑉𝑚𝑎 = 21000 𝑠𝑒𝑐

1
𝑉𝑓 =
5300 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐

= 1.8868𝑥10−4 𝑥 1.0 𝑥 106

= 188.68 μs/ft

Thus, the matrix is limestones and the fluid is freshwater mud.

 ma − b
D =
 ma −  f
2)

2.71−2.36
= 2.71−1.0

= 0.2047 x 100%

= 20.47%
3)

Density Porosity = 0.22 = 22%

Lithology = Calcite (limestone)