Philosophy Definition

1. Etymological Definition - "philosophy" is said to be invented by Pythagoras. The term "philo" and
"sophia" were formulated which literally mean "love" and "wisdom"

2. Formal Definition - is defined as "certa scentia per ultima causas"

3. Popular Definition - Can be regarded as a private wisdom giving the person the ability to look things
in a positive view

4. Technical Definition - Is the science of sciences

Doing Philosophy

• Is a way of understanding the things that we experience everyday of our life. It is a practical knowledge
that we can use everyday

PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW/THINKING

• Looks of only limited number of aspects of the given problem or a situation

• Conclusions are made based on considering some, but not all sides.

HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE/THINKING

• Looks of all aspects of the given problem or situation

• All aspects are given importance when making conclusions

• All aspects are tied in together to form a general overview of the problem or situation

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

1. EPISTEMOLOGY - THE KIND, SOURCES, AND CONDITIONS OF KNOWLEDGE

2. METAPHYSICS - Whether reality consists of physical objects only, of non-physical objects only or of
both physical and non-physical objects.

3. ETHICS - The appropriate moral principles, meaning or moral judgements

4. AESTHETICS - Criteria for judgments about beauty

5. LOGIC - The distinction between correct and incorrect forms of reasoning

FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE - A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner
whatsoever.

1. Principle of IDENTITY -

Whatever is is; whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is its own being, and not being
is not being

2. Principle of NON-CONTRADICTION

It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect

3. Principle of EXCLUDED IN THE MIDDLE

A thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not being, there
is no middle ground possible

4. Principle of SUFFICIENT REASON

Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

FALLACY

The mistaken arguments rely on premises that may seem to be relevant to the conclusion but in fact are
not.

-comes from the Latin term "fallere" which means to decieve

-Illogical way or incorrect way of thinking

FALLACIES OF LANGUAGES

1. Equivocation

A. Univocal - My fountain pen is expensive. My pen is red.

B. Equivocal- A star is a heavenly body. KR is a star. Therefore, KR is a heavenly body

A ruler is 12' long. GMA is a ruler. Therefore, GMA is 12' long

C. Relative - Macho, Beautiful, Sexy

2. Amphiboly - sentence construction is erroneous.

3. Accent Emphasis - the meaning is change by altering which parts of a statement are emphasized.
4. Composition - characteristics of part are Also characteristics of the whole.

5. Division - characteristics of the whole are characteristics of the parts

1. Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to force)

Meaning: threat of force or use of force as a means to irrelevantly sway a person's Opinion.

2. Argumentum ad Populum (appeal to people)

Meaning: where an idea or proposal is given merit or dismissed based purely on its popularity or
widespread belief.

3. Argumentum ad Misericordiam (appeal to pity)

Meaning: appeal to our emotions, especially sympathy or pity, to convince without argument

4. Argumentum ad Verecundiam (appeal to authority)

Meaning: assumes that someone is an expert in one field that s/he is an expert in another

5. Argumentum ad Hominem (attack against the man)

Meaning: Attacking person instead of their argument.

6. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam (appeal to ignorance)

Meaning: something must be true, simply because it hasn't been proved false. or, equivalently, when it
is argued that something must be false because it hasn't been proved true.

7. Irrelevant Conclusion (ignoratio elenchi)

Meaning: If silent movies are black and white and pandas are black and white, then pandas must be
silent movies!

8. Hasty Generalization (converse accident)

Meaning: occurs when someone draws conclusion based on just small sample size. The conclusion is
supported By insufficient evidence.

9. False Cause (post hoc)

Meaning: assuming that an event must have been the cause of a later event because it happened
earlier.
10. Begging the question (petitio principii)

Meaning: form of circular reasoning since the claim does not provide logical or new conclusion based on
the information within it.

11. Complex Question (Loaded Question)

Meaning: in one sentence, 2 question being asked.

12. Accident

Meaning: applying a general rule to a case that it does not apply to.

TWO KINDS OF REASONING

1. Deductive Reasoning

• Based from observations in order to make generalization

• Directly taken from premises

2. Inductive Reasoning

• Draws conclusion from usually one broad judgment or definition and one more specific assertion,
often aninference

• Indirectly taken words in conclusion

KINDS OF TRUTH

1. EMPIRICAL TRUTH • Sense of experience

2. RATIONAL TRUTH • Means of reason

3. Synthetic Truth • Extends our knowledge

4. Analytic Truth • does not extend our knowledge

5. CONTINGENT TRUTH • Is not always true

6. NECESSARY TRUTH • Is always true

7. PRIVATE TRUTH• Can only be known by the person

8. PUBLIC TRUTH • be known by everyone

9. SUBJECTIVE TRUTH • Dependent on the attitudes, preferences or interest of a person or group

10. OBJECTIVE TRUTH • Is not dependent on the attitudes

11. UNIVERSAL TRUTH • Acknowledge by everyone

12. RELATIVE TRUTH • Acknowledge only by same people

13. CERTAIN TRUTH • Deductive reasoning

14. PROBABLE TRUTH • inductive reasoning

15. Different kinds of truth

• Religious truth

•Scientific truth

• Psychological truth

•Biological truth

• Economic truth

Pavlov - classical conditioning - environment

Skinnov - operant conditioning - rewards ( positive + , negative - )

Bandura - social learning

A - ATTENTION

R - RETENTION

R - REPRODUCTIVE

M - MOTIVATION

Thorndike - connectionism

Law of Exercise

Law of Readiness

Law of Effect
Law of Primacy

Law of Recency

Law of Requirement

Essentialism - "essence precedes existence" back to basic approach in education.

Existentialism - "existence precedes essence" unique individual.

Realism - concerned with the actualities of life.

Reconstructivism - social issues, concern and problems.

Pragmatism - functionally and practically, experimentalism

Progressivism - type of classroom management (interplay of each other)

Perrenialism - learning-by-doing word book

Behaviorism - giving rewards and reinforcement

Impiricism - source of knowledge in sense-based experience

Epicurianism - it identifies pleasure with tranquility

Idealism - ideas or thoughts

Utilitarianism - happiness

Constructivism - new experience