FARADAY’S LAW LENZ LAW

I. Whenever magnetic flux linked with EMF is induced in a close coil in such a way
closed ckt changes, an emf is induced in that it opposes the cause of change in flux.
the ckt. It lasts as long as the change in 𝑑
EMF = –
magnetic flux continues. 𝑑𝑡
II. The magnitude of EMF induced in closed  It is based on conservation of energy
ckt is directly prop to rate of change of  Mechanical to Electrical.
𝑑
magnetic flux linked with ckt EMF &
𝑑𝑡

Important Points: (c) Induce

–(slope) N dur  South
 N pass  North
(a) = EMF
S dur  North
t S pass  South
න 𝐸 𝑑𝑡 = − න 𝑑
(b)  = B.A = f(t)   
EMF = d/dt   
𝑑 (d) Area under   
EMFinst = − ฬ EMF vs time
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=𝑡   
1 Switch close   Switch open  
𝑓 −𝑖 = – (Change
Emfevg = −  ind clockwise  ind Anticlock
𝑡1 −𝑡1 in flux)
 e) 𝝂 𝒊Ƹ ⊙↓ ⊙ Ind ACW f) x  N far Induce (clock)
Left def.
𝝂 – 𝒊Ƹ ⊙ ↑ ⊗ Ind CW
x  N close Induce (Anti)
𝝂 ±𝒋Ƹ ⊙ 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 I=O Right def.

 = const i) Released approach

g) h) x  R  I  N close
 E=0 N close depart
Induce ACW
 I=0 S  far (ACW)
Right def.
x  R  I  N far Lower
Induce (clock) Left def. Upper CW
j)   Induce ⊙ ACW k) R
Induce ⊙ ACW Loop I   Indus ACW
R Loop II  cond E=0, I=0
  Induce  CW
Loop III   Indus  CW
Induce  CW

 Induced EMF does not depend on nature of coil or resist.  Induced current depends on resistance.
 EMF can be developed in open ckt, current always in close loop.
Imp Ques Analysis

Induced Parameters Motional EMF

𝑑ϕ
Inst EMF = − 𝑑𝑡 ቚ 1
EMF =
𝑑ϕ
− 𝑑𝑡 𝑡=𝑡1 1 (e) 𝑣 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 sin θ
𝑣 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝑇
− ϕ2 −ϕ1 𝑇 
Avg EMF = 𝑡2 −𝑡1
𝑡 +ve Term dir by 𝑣Ԧ × 𝐵.
Change in flux = ‫ 𝑡׬‬2 −𝐸𝑑𝑡
1
EMF Calculation (f)

Concept = E = Bleff v
B E=0
(a) v l || v or v || B
l
1 𝑑ϕ (b) × 𝐵 v E=0 (g)
Induced Current = 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 l
ϕ𝑓 −ϕ𝑖 1
Charge flown = (c) l 𝑣⇒ 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑅 𝑇

(d) 1 (h)
Concept 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣1 or 𝐵𝑙1 𝑣 𝑣= 𝐸𝑙 sin θ 𝑣
 𝑇
Rotational EMF  Net EMF between Centre & circum f = E= Bl2 w
1
2
 Use open loop KVL for VA – VB or VB - VA
 Enet between Centre & Circum is independent of no of spokes.
1
 Enet between two points of circum is zero.
E = B𝑙 2 𝑤
2
Imp Analysis

1 1 2 𝐵𝑙 2 𝑤
𝐵 5𝑙 2 𝑤 𝐸 = 𝐵𝑙 𝑤 𝐸 =
2 2 2
𝟏
E = 𝟐 𝐁𝒘 [ 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝟐
− 𝒂𝟐 ] with ext batt

Induced Parameters a) For terminal velocity 𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗

−𝒎𝒂 =
Fext = Fint 𝑎2 𝑑𝐵 𝑹
𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑅 𝐸𝑆 =
V𝑇 = 2𝑙2 𝑑𝑡 𝒗𝒅𝒗
𝐵 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡 ± 𝐸𝑖 𝒂=
2
𝑏 𝑑𝐵 𝐼 = 𝒎𝒓𝑽𝟎 𝒅𝒙
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑅 𝒙= 𝟐 𝟐
𝑑𝑡 ± depends wheter 𝑩 𝒍
𝑩 𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗
E = Blv F= 𝐸𝑏 − 𝐸𝑆 Ind EMF support or
𝑹 𝐼= oppose current.
𝑩𝒍𝒗 𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝑅
I= 𝑷=
𝑭 𝑹
at t𝒗𝑻 = 𝑩𝟐𝑶𝒍𝟐
𝑹
𝑹
(𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒗) 𝒓+𝒍
𝑬= ln
𝟐𝝅 𝒓
Time Varying 𝑩 Self Inductance: Prop by which it opposes itself for changes in flux.
× ×  Induced EF S  IS  S = LIS
× × ×  Non conser.
× × ×  Close loop 0 𝑁2 𝜋𝑅3
× ×  Lsolenoid = 0 n2V =
𝐿
𝐿𝑑𝑖
 Concept of back EMF E = −
(A) Inside TVMF 𝑑𝑡
I I
E.2r =r2
𝑑𝐵  E=0
𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝐵 I = const
𝐸= 𝑟 t t 𝐿𝑑𝑖
2 𝑑𝑡   𝐸=
Er  Energy = ½ LI2 𝑑𝑡
Spacing   Energy density = B2/20 I = incr
 Active inductor (stored energy) 𝐿𝑑𝑖
(B) Outside TVMF  
𝑑𝐵  LS = L1 + L2 𝑑𝑡
E.2r = r2
2
𝑑𝑡 L1 L2 I = dec
𝑅 𝑑𝐵 1
𝐸= 𝐸 𝐿 𝐿  𝐼𝑟
2𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝑟  𝐿 𝑇 = 1 2 Ex: Bi = 0 2 Variable
E 𝐿1 +𝐿2 2𝜋𝑅
B  Vary
 LT = L/3 dE = B2/20 . (2x dx)
 For finding magnetic energy Then integrate 0  R
r  dE = 0.dV = B2/20 . dV, put B & Solve
 Mutual Inductance
(d) r1 N1
1 = MI2 & 2 = MI1 1  I2
r2N2
Writing flux:- 2  I1 𝑀 = 𝐾 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝑇1 = 𝐿1 𝐼1 + 𝑀𝐼2 0<k<1 0 𝑁1 𝐼1 𝑁1
B= s = 0 𝐼1 . 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑁2
𝑇2 = 𝐿2 𝐼2 + 𝑀𝐼1 No flux Max flux 𝐿 𝐿

𝑇1 = 𝐿1 𝐼1 − 𝑀𝐼2 0 𝑁1𝑁2 𝜋𝑟22

s = 𝐼1
𝑇2 = 𝐿2 𝐼2 − 𝑀𝐼1 𝐿

Calculation of M 𝟎 𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟐 𝑵𝟐𝟏

𝑴= L1 = 𝟎 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟏
𝑳 𝑳
Since M does not depends on current, always 𝑵𝟐𝟐
take current in loop from which you can 𝑴 = 𝑲 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 L2 = 𝟎 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟐
𝑳
calculate flux in other. 2 = MI1. Find M then. 𝒓𝟐
𝑲=
0 𝐼 2 0 𝜋𝑎2 𝒓𝟏
= . 𝜋𝑎 =𝑀
2𝑅 2𝑅 𝑑𝑖2
(e) Back emf due to mutual Ind = −𝑚 = 𝐸1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖1
2 20 𝑎2 𝐼 2 20 𝑎2 −𝑚 = 𝐸2
s = ,𝑀 = 𝑑𝑡
𝜋𝐿 𝜋𝐿 (f) Ideal inductor R = 0, L  0
0 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑅2 (g) Real inductor R  0, L  0
= 𝐼 (h) We can have a Resistance without Ind. But
2 𝑅2 +𝑥 2 3/2
𝑀 inductor without R is not possible.
 Inductor with Battery Real Inductor At t = 0 I = 0
𝐿𝑑𝑖
Pure Inductor 𝐿𝑑𝑖 𝐸 − 𝑖𝑅 − =0
𝐸− =0 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐸 𝑅𝑇
−𝐿 At t   E/R
𝐸𝑡 𝐼 = 1−𝑅
𝐼= 𝑅  Discharging
𝐿 𝐸
Slope = E/L 𝐼max = 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 𝒆−𝒕/
𝑅
 = L/R (63% charge)

Question Analysis (B) Multiple R & single L ckt Finding equivalent ckt
(A) t = 0

t 

Cap  Leechad RAB VAB

Ind  Ghamandi Short battery Open ind 𝑳 𝑳
Open Ind Distribute Current = =
Steady State t   𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝑹𝑨𝑩
t  5 Find PAB Find VA – VB