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CAE Truss Formulation
CAE Truss Formulation
'
'
2
1
q
q
q (6.6)
and
]
]
]
1 1
1 1
L
AE
k (6.7)
With this we can rewrite equation (6.5) as:
q k q u
T
2
1
(6.8)
We can do the indicated operations in (6.8) to see how the vector notation works.
We do this by first expanding the terms then doing the multiplication.
{
'
'
'
'
2
1
2 1
1 1
1 1
2 q
q
q q
L
AE
u (6.9)
{
'
'
+
2
1
2 1 2 1
2 q
q
q q q q
L
AE
u (6.10)
( ) ) ( ) (
2
1 2 2 2 1 1
q q q q q q
L
AE
u + (6.11)
( )
2 1
2
2 2 1
2
1
2
q q q q q q
L
AE
u + (6.12)
) 2 (
2
2
2 2 1
2
1
q q q q
L
AE
u + (6.13)
Which is the same as equation (6.5).
Equation (6.7) is the stiffness matrix for a one dimensional problem. It bears very
close resemblance to equation (5.7) used in our one dimensional spring development.
[ ]
]
]
]
k k
k k
K (5.7)
]
]
]
1 1
1 1
L
AE
k (6.7)
6.2 Two Dimensional Stiffness Matrix
We know for local coordinates that
'
'
2
1
q
q
q (6.6)
and for global coordinates (See Figure 2)
'
'
4
3
2
1
q
q
q
q
q (6.14)
We can transform the global coordinates to local coordinates with the equations
sin cos
2 1 1
q q q + (6.15)
and
sin cos
4 3 2
q q q + (6.16)
This can be rewritten in vector notation as:
q M q (6.17)
where
]
]
]
s c
s c
M
0 0
0 0
, (6.18)
cos c , and sin s .
Using
q k q u
T
2
1
(6.8)
we can substitute in equation (6.17)
[ ]q M k M q u
T T
2
1
(6.19)
Now we will let
M k M k
T
(6.20)
and doing the multiplication, k our stiffness matrix for global two dimensional
coordinates becomes
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
s cs s cs
cs c cs c
s cs s cs
cs c cs c
L
AE
k (6.21)
where:
E = Youngs modulus for the element material
A = the cross sectional area of the element
L = the length of the element
cos c
sin s
6.3 Stress Computations
The stress can be written as
E (6.22)
where is the strain, the change in length per unit of length. We can rewrite this as:
L
q q
E
1 2
(6.23)
In vector form we can write the equation as
{
'
'
2
1
1 1
q
q
L
E
(6.24)
From our previous discussion, we know that in local coordinates
'
'
2
1
q
q
q (6.25)
and in global coordinates
'
'
4
3
2
1
q
q
q
q
q (6.26)
From equation (6.17) we know that
q M q (6.17)
where
]
]
]
s c
s c
M
0 0
0 0
(6.18)
Substituting this in to the equation (6.24) yields
{ q M
L
E
1 1 (6.27)
Now we multiply M by the vector
{ q s c s c
L
E
(6.28)
total deformation
length of element