PRELIM REVIEWER FOR CHEMISTRY

Lesson 1

Engineering- Application of science and mathematics

Chemistry- The study of matter

Connections of Engineering to Chemistry

Civil Engineering- is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and
maintenance of the physical and naturally built environments.

• Ex. Roads, Bridges, house, canals, etc.

Structural Engineering- it depends on the knowledge of materials and their properties.

• Ex. Composite materials, clay, alloys, fiber reinforced plastic etc.

Mechanical Engineering- involves the design, production, analysis and maintenance of mechanical
systems.

• Ex. Nano technology, tribology etc.

Energy and Science Engineering- It deals with the study of energy, the conversion of energy between
different forms, and the ability of energy to o work.

• Ex. Thermodynamics

Domains

Macroscopic- human sight or touch and Macro means in Greek word is ‘’large’’.

Microscopic- Uses technology to see and Micro means in Greek work is ‘’small’’.

Symbolic-Specialized language to represent macro and micro

The Macroscopic Perspective

State/phases of Matter

Solid- Do not change shape easily; do not change shape when placed in a container.

Liquid- Adapt to the shape of contains; may not fill the entire volume of the container.

Gas- Adapt to the shape of the container and expands to occupy the whole volume of the container.

Plasma- a gas like substance consisting of particles such as positive and negative.

Properties of Matter

Physical Properties- do not change the identity.

 • Ex. Density, color, hardness, conductivity and solubility

Mass- comparing an object

Density- ration of mass to volume

Chemical Properties- changes its identity in chemical reactions.

• Ex. Flammability, toxicity, acidity, reactivity and heat of combustion.

Corrosion- the degradation of metals in the presence of air and moisture.

Combustion- burning in oxygen

Extensive Properties- affected by the amount of substance

• Ex. Length, weight, volume, mass, and size

Intensive Properties- not affected by the amount of substance

• Ex. Boiling Point, Freezing point, temperature, and density

Changes in Matter

Physical Change- Occurs when a substance alters its physical form, not its composition(reversible).

• Ex. Boiling Water, Shredding Paper, Breaking a Glass, Chopping woods, and Melting Ice.

Chemical Change- Occurs when a substance undergoes chemical reaction and is converted into a
different substance(irreversible).

• Ex. Burning of Wood, Boiling an Egg, Souring Milk, and Exploding Fireworks.

Malleability- is a measure of a material’s ability to be rolled or hammered.

Microscopic Perspective

II

Components of Matter

Atoms- Extremely small indivisible particles

Element- the simplest type of substance

-Consist of only 1 type of atom

-Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means

Molecule- consist of 2 or more atoms ‘’chemical bonds’’

Compound- composed of 2 or more elements

Mixture- a group of 2 or more elements

Fundamental Particles of the Atom

Electron-negatively charged particle

• Discovered by Joseph John Thompson

Proton-positively charged particle

• Discovered by Ernest Rutherford

Neutron-no charge; neutral particle

• Discovered by James Chadwick

Element Representation

X= element

A=mass number (Upper left corner)

Z= atomic number or #proton (Lower left corner)

N= number of neutrons

A=Z+N

A=p++n0

N=A-Z

Isotopes- atoms of the same element but with a different number of neutrons

• Ex. H1, H3, H2

Ions

Ions- species with a net charge

Atoms- considered electrically neutral (proton and electron are equal)

Monoatomic Ion- an ion derived from a single atom

• Ex. Sodium ion Na+, Chloride ion Cl—

Polyatomic Ion- group of atoms that carry a charge

• Ex. Ammonium NH4+, Carbonate CO32

Cation-loses electrons; they become positive

Anion-gain electron; the become negative

Chemical Bonding

Ionic bond (transferring)- transfer of an electron from one species to another

• ‘’anion and cation reference’’

Covalent bond (sharing)- when 2 atoms of the same kind bond, neither one of them wants to lose or
gain electron

• 2 H(hydrogen) 1 Cl(chlorine)

Metallic bond (Arranged)- atoms are also arranged in a lattice but positively and negatively charged
species do not alternate (positive and negative core, presence)

• +- +- +-

Created by: LUMANLAN, GLEMVER B.