Method for Solving First Order

Differential Equations
Lecture 5

Dr. lory liza d. bulay-og, PECE

Associate Prof 1
TypesOf LinearDE:

1. Separable Variable
2. Homogeneous Equation
3. Exact Equation
4. Linear Equation
In this lecture we discuss various methods of
solving first order differential equations.
These include:
• Variables separable
• Homogeneous equations
• Exact equations
• Equations that can be made exact by
multiplying by an integrating factor
Recall:

A first order DE
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy =0
is called an exact DE if
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
=
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

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IF:
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
≠ then DE is NOT Exact!
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

How do we make it Exact?

- we will do it the methods of INTEGRATING
FACTORS

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If on multiplying by (x, y), the DE
M dx  N dy  0
becomes an exact DE, we say that (x, y) is an
Integrating Factor of the above DE

1 1 1
, 2, 2 are all integrating factors of
xy x y
the non-exact DE y dx  xdy  0
We give some methods of finding
integrating factors of an non-exact DE
Rule 1:
INTEGRATING FACTOR is a function of ‘x’ alone

𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
− = 𝒈(𝒙) is a function of “x” alone,
𝑵 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
then:
𝝁 = 𝑮(𝒙) = 𝒆‫ 𝒙𝒅 )𝒙(𝒈 ׬‬is an Integrating Factor of
the given DE
𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

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Rule 2:
INTEGRATING FACTOR is a function of ‘y’ alone

𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
− = 𝒉(𝒚) is a function of “y” alone,
−𝑴 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝟏 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
or 𝑴 𝝏𝒙
−
𝝏𝒚
= 𝒉(𝒚)
then:
𝝁 = 𝑯(𝒚) = 𝒆‫ 𝒚𝒅 )𝒚(𝒉 ׬‬is an Integrating Factor of
the given DE
𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

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Rule3 :
Given DE is homogeneous

𝟏
𝑴𝒙 + 𝑵𝒚
=μ

is an Integrating Factor of the given DE

𝑴𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

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Example:
1. Solve the DE 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
solution:
i. test if
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑦 𝜕 3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 = 0+3−0
𝟏 ≠ 𝟑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡

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 𝟏 𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
• try − = 𝒈(𝒙) is a function of “x” alone,
𝑵 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
1
1 − 3 = 𝑔(𝑥)
3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦
−2
= 𝑔(𝑥) not an IF
3+3𝑥−𝑦

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 𝟏 𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
• try − = 𝒉(𝒚) is a function of “y” alone,
𝑴 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
1
3 − 1 = ℎ(𝑦)
𝑦
2
= ℎ(𝑦) is an IF
𝑦
𝜇 = 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝑒 ‫ ׬‬ℎ(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦׬‬
𝜇 = 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝑒

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 2
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦׬‬
𝜇 = 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝑒
integrate:
2 𝑑𝑦
‫ = 𝑦𝑑 𝑦 ׬‬2 ‫׬‬ 𝑦
= 2 𝑙𝑛𝑦
thus:
2
‫𝑦𝑑 𝑦׬‬
𝜇 = 𝐻(𝑦) = 𝑒 = 𝑒 2 𝑙𝑛𝑦
𝑙𝑛𝑦 2
=𝑒 = 𝒚𝟐 is the IF

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Now, we multiply the given equation with IF and
determone if the equation is EXACT:
𝑦 2 [𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 3 + 3𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦] = 0
𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
thus:
𝜕 𝑦3 𝜕 3𝑦 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑦 3
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
3𝑦 2 = 0 + 3𝑦 2 − 0
3𝑦 2 = 3𝑦 2 is EXACT! (then continue solving using
EXACT solution
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Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
+ lory.bulay-og@ustp.edu.ph

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