University of Maryland, College Park

Pearl Diving Assignment 2

Sophia Averza

Communication for Project Managers: ENCE424

Dr. Shana Webster-Trotman

October 29, 2022

Introduction

Throughout this course, we have been taught the fundamentals of presentation, delivery,
and communication. Within the most recent weeks, we have been focusing on delivering
sensitive news, appealing to different personality types, and telling interesting stories. We have
done so within our group activities where we have written emails to specific personality types
and shared personal stories of adversity with the class. We even heard an emotional story from a
University of Maryland College Park alum as a precedent for us to follow. Throughout this
paper, I will show how appealing to people using ethos/pathos/logos I can cater to different
personality styles to be a more effective communicator. I aim to respond to situations with
appropriate courses of action and dialogue. So, in my essay, I will present a respectful email that
addresses bad performance to my team, discuss the importance of acknowledging personality
differences, demonstrate how I would handle a sensitive situation in a professional setting, show
the importance of impactful storytelling, and explain my personality and how it affects my
relationships with others.

Email to the Team

Hi Team,

Hope you all enjoyed your winter holidays! With the start of the new year, I want us to
develop some goals in our execution of this project to strengthen our team. I have noticed that we
are behind our building schedule by three months which can cause us more issues in the future
with dealing with more costs, paying for the delays to our owner, and causing misalignments in
the sequencing of our construction trades. This delay to the schedule is not on any one person but
is a reflection on our team and most especially my avoidance of managing the schedule delay as
soon as it began. I think that since we have been occupied with the holidays, dealing with family
affairs, miscommunicating, missing deadlines, and having to take days off for inclement weather,
we have lost some focus and interaction with each other which caused us to not be able to
communicate as properly as we have in the past. I have been a project engineer on many small-
scale commercial projects with small teams in the past like this ours. At some points there had
been disconnects in our line of communication, especially when Covid-19 had started. But, when
our team fell behind in schedule, we came up with the solution of communicating what we plan
to do, expect of each team member, and communicate on how it affected another team member's
process weekly. I know that not every team on every project operates by the same solutions, but I
thought that this would be a good starting point to try to get our project back on schedule. So, I
propose that we develop a weekly meeting to occur one to two times a week for two hours to
update each other on the work we are doing and what we need each other to complete urgently. I
think we should set a goal for ourselves to have the schedule back to its original proposed
completion date within the next month. We can only complete this goal of getting back on
schedule by collaborating through our meetings to organize new ideas to free up space in our
schedule. We can do so by sequencing multiple construction trades at the same time, having
them work faster, or completing our paperwork efficiently and ahead of time as a few examples.
We can discuss new solutions to get back on track with our targeted completion date first thing
this coming Monday morning. I am looking forward to seeing you all this week and jumping into
this better chapter of communication for our team, so we can develop even stronger
relationships. I want all of us to work collaboratively and communicate well enough that as a
result, we get back on track with our project schedule. I know how much you all care about the
success of the project and know that you are hardworking coworkers, so I have faith that we will
be able to successfully get back on track with our schedule.

I cannot wait to catch up on how everyone’s holidays were, and I am excited to brainstorm new
solutions collaboratively on Monday!

Sincerely,
Sophie Averza

Important Technique Learned from Group Activity

During Class 6 of ENCE 424, our class learned about appealing to who we are speaking
to by their DISC Personality Type. We completed an exercise where we were required to write
an email to our boss about a problem that fits the personality type that we were assigned. Our
group was assigned to appeal to our ‘Dominant’ boss, so we brainstormed what their personality
was like. We determined we should appeal to their main characteristics of being direct, decisive,
wanting to be in control of situations, and being results-oriented. We also decided to look at what
this personality fears, to be able to ease them. With the knowledge that our boss is direct, results-
oriented, and fears being taken advantage of, we could write them accordingly. So, we concisely
wrote our boss leaving out "fluff" and getting to the point. We also relay how we specifically
will fix the problem quickly so that it will not affect them at all and make them feel like the team
is taking advantage of them and any kindness they may bestow on the situation. I found this
activity enlightening because it had not dawned on me to write to someone according to their
personality. Initially, I thought that it was manipulative because it felt as though I was writing
what my reader wants to hear since I am directly appealing to their personality style and easing
their heightened fears. However, I realized that I am not making up what they want to hear out of
thin air by lying to them, but I am speaking with them the way they want to be communicated to.
I think that by also writing to people in their communication style, it is easier to manage any
possibility of miscommunication occurring. For example, if I was ‘dominant’ and I wrote to an
‘intuitive’, and I was short with my email and did not include any introduction or congenial
opening, the ‘intuitive’ could interpret my message as rude or that I was in a bad mood.
‘Intuitive’ personalities like simple personal gestures, so by not appealing to their personality
style my message could be overshadowed by the tone/appeal being miscommunicated. In turn, if
I was an 'intuitive' messaging 'dominant' and I wrote a long paragraph asking about their
weekend leading to a single simple question, they could be irritated that I was wasting their time,
which is a big fear of theirs. So, in this instance, my purpose of the message could be lost
because I caused the recipient to feel opposition toward me as an unintended effect of adding
“fluff” to a message to a ‘dominant’. Appealing to my recipient through emails and other forms
of messaging through their DSIC Personality Style is critical in understanding who we are
talking to, how they want to be communicated with, and preventing miscommunication in our
tone and purpose.
 In the future, I will use this form of writing because I think that helps develop meaningful
relationships that go beyond professional life. I think Covid-19 preventing people from face-to-
face interaction in combination with the higher standards of performance expected with new
young professionals, has made bosses and employers care more about work than relationships.
Performance and completion of work the fastest and most thoroughly have taken precedence in
my experience in the workplace. For example, with my internship this past summer, my two
bosses never established a relationship with me and solely cared that I was doing lots of work
and had high expectations of my performance. Granted this could be due to their high ‘dominant’
personalities or lack of time to communicate much with me being an intern. Regardless, I have
felt like a workhorse to my higher-ups rather than a coworker who they desire a relationship
with. The people at my internship that I had developed relationships were the ones that would
talk about their personal life with me, took the time to teach me how to get the work done, and I
could go to them with any questions I had regarding construction. Since these high ‘dominant’
personalities did not take the time to know me or establish a relationship with me, I was rubbed
the wrong way that they were rude. I also have a high 'intuitive' personality and desire these
forms of connection. For example, when one of my longtime coworkers at my internship emailed
me asking me a question but first asked me about my dog this past summer, I felt seen that she
remembered that I had a dog because I had not spoken to her in a while. The fluff made all the
difference in my attitude toward her for the better. In the future, I do not want people of my
similar personality to feel the way I felt about being overlooked and only called upon to
complete tasks. Also, in turn, I will make sure to understand that in situations where people have
a more 'dominant' personality they are not being rude to me and are not acting to me in any way
in malice, but that is how they communicate with everyone. So, I will be sure to communicate to
people in their communication style for that my persona is not able to be misunderstood by them
or interpreted for the worse.

Response to Scenario

If my boss called me an “idiot” in front of the entire team before anything I would collect
my thoughts. I want to hesitate before talking because emotions kick in and may not have the
best outcome to what I may say in the heat of the moment (Grenny et al.). I know that I will act
on my emotions by masking or sarcasm after my boss says this, I would become driven by these
emotions and would not be in control of them and making matters worse (Grenny et al.). By
reserving my actions to allow thought and analysis, I can have a dialogue with my boss later
privately to become in control of my emotions and the matter at hand (Grenny et al.). In
reserving my emotions when I am called an “idiot”, I am not trying to suppress my emotions, but
I am controlling my emotions, feeling them later, and using them to act on choices that will yield
better outcomes for me and my boss (Grenny et al.). After removing myself from the situation to
collect my thoughts and not acting on emotions immediately, I would work on my thoughts to
make good space and condition to speak from. I must ask myself whether I am considering my
role in the problem of being called an “idiot” (Grenny et al.). At work, I may not be the innocent
victim that I may play myself to be. With my boss calling me a harsh name in front of everyone,
it is easy for me to assign them a villainous role. However, I may have had a few slip-ups on
missing deadlines, not filling out paperwork, or being a jokester in the past which made them
feel this way toward me. I am telling myself a story that they are mean and cruel for calling me
names when I am not in the wrong, but would a reasonable person realistically act like this in a
professional setting if I had not been somewhat in the wrong? My boss most likely has some
truth to their interjection because it stemmed from their emotions and heart that they just acted
rashly on. Nonetheless, I will not let my villain trope of my boss take over the situation and do
nothing to gain control over it. I am not some helpless victim stranded in this situation (Grenny
et al.). I must act to get what I really want out of it. So, I will initiate dialogue when I am
prepared. When speaking in private with my boss I must determine what I want to get out of the
experience and how I can I achieve it through communication (Grenny et al.). In this
circumstance, I would want to know what made them feel like I was acting ignorantly, whether
had this been a reoccurring feeling toward me, and why they had spoken to me brazenly and
publicly to taint any respectability coworkers had toward me. So, if my boss called me an
“idiot”, I will be sure to not speak at the moment with brash emotions, collect my thoughts,
determine the accuracy of my own recollection of the story, and instigate dialogue privately after
understanding what I want out of it.

I have determined what I will do as soon as my boss calls me an “idiot”. Next, I will
determine what I will say to my boss when I decide to engage in dialogue with them. To begin
the dialogue in a crucial conversation, I must create a safe space for my boss for them to be open
to listening, synthesizing, and communicating with me. However, setting a safe space is not
enough to just engage in dialogue I must determine if my boss feels safe while communicating.
When addressing concerns to people making them feel unsafe, they can either become silent or
violent. When speaking with my boss I do not want to express my concerns about being called an
"idiot” which causes them to mask, avoid, or withdraw from me (Grenny et al.). These are acts of
silence where they might attempt to deliberately avoid the problem that I am presenting (Grenny
et al.). I don’t want them to feel unsafe and try to control the situation to justify themself, label
me as a stereotype, or attack me in any personal or professional way (Grenny et al.). These
responses to the unsafe situation are not suitable to address my boss because it creates an unsafe
space where dialogue leads nowhere successful for either party since it could lead to my boss
beating around the bush, playing games, threatening, or manipulating me. These are how I would
not want my boss to react to my approach to communicating, so I must create a safe space to
have a dialogue with my boss. To begin our conversation, I will share the facts of the scenario
because they are the least controversial and insulting in combination with being persuasive. This
does not make me jump to some conclusion about the situation and my boss before I
communicate with them. The real, concrete details of this scenario are that I was called a
derogatory name in front of all our other coworkers. I would not begin the dialogue by being too
blunt, beginning the conversation with “well someone has to be honest”, or engaging in silence
(Grenny et al.). I will then begin to tell my story of the situation in a respectful but frank manner
without understating my message (Grenny et al.). I will relay how this made me feel bad about
my performance as a worker, embarrassed in front of the team and made me lose a sense of trust
in my boss to communicate critical conversations with me in a respectful manner. When sharing
these aspects of my story I will gauge my boss’s safety in the situation and try to make the space
feel safe. Even though I am speaking this confidently, I will assure my boss that my word is not
necessarily the truth and the final word and ask them to share their story. I will create a safe
space with my boss during our dialogue by establishing mutual purpose and respect, apologizing
when I feel I have violated them, opening myself up to what they have to say, asking them for
their views, and then contrasting arguments I may have said to explain my intentions to fix any
misunderstandings (Grenny et al.). By asking about their views and contrasting some of my
arguments, I sound less threatening and take on the role of devil's advocate and genuinely open
myself up to what they are saying so that I do not become defensive as well. I want to be able to
lead the conversation to get to what I want out of the conversation as I thought to myself before
beginning dialogue. So, when I begin communicating with my boss, I will be direct and mention
the objective facts of the situation, how the situation made me feel, invite them to their thoughts
on the scenario, and create dialogue to reach the outcome or possible source of the outburst.

Story of Overcoming Adversity

I am a soon-to-be graduating senior at the University of Maryland College Park. I am

attaining my degree in a Bachelor of Arts in Architecture and earning two minors. Throughout
my life, I had always been a straight-A student which carried me from middle school through
college. I enjoy learning and being challenged through it. I grew up as an only child, hence why I
had so much time to focus on school. I did not have any siblings bothering me or occupying my
time in any form. It was typically just me, my studies, and my dog spending the long nights
together for many years staying up doing work past my mom and dad’s bedtime. From this
depiction of my childhood, it may sound like I was lonely, but I really was not the loner I make
myself out to be. From lower school to high school, I would hang with friends in aftercare or the
library, where I would pass time while waiting for my parents to pick me up after their work
until I was finally able to drive myself. I had gone to the same small catholic school from
kindergarten to eighth grade and had the same 30 people in my class with each passing year.
Entering the eighth grade, I was excited to finally go to a high school where I could meet
completely new people and have a class that has over 100 people that I had not known for nine
years. Over the summer, I had to get my yearly shots and physicals to be able to enter the new
school year. I had gotten a new doctor this year since my old one, who was a longtime family
friend of my grandma, had retired. At my physical, the doctor mentioned that I should get
checked for scoliosis, a sideways curve of the spine, as a precaution. So, I was sent across the
street to an office that does X-ray scanning of the body where I was tested. I would be called
later that week with the results as a formality of the procedure. Later that week, I was notified
that I had a severe curvature of the spine of around 40 degrees. Also, if I did not have
correctional surgery within the next few months my spine could collapse my heart and possibly
kill me.

My first thought was, man how did my Lola not catch this? Am I going to die? I am too
young. How can this be happening? My spine was curving inside my whole life, and no one had
mentioned the possibility of it before now, this is blasphemous! I remember that my childhood
doctor would check my spine every time I went to her, this could not have developed in the one
school year between checkups, had it? Impossible, no way my spine could angle 40 degrees in
one year. I felt so naïve, blindsided, and stupid for not having known about it sooner. It took
literally only one physical with a new doctor to discover this problem and it was found when it
already reached its severity. My life was flipped upside down. I went from spending time with
my friends in aftercare at the end of the school day to spending after-school and school hours at
Johns Hopkins Hospital in inner Baltimore City to get my blood drawn, back scanned, and tested
for medicines very quickly. I started to be in school less and less to attend doctor visits. This
portion of my life became a blur because I could not recall everything that happened or any
signifying moments that made it enjoyable. Then soon my mother had to quit her job to be able
to drive me to the doctor during the day and take care of me when I will recover from the
surgery. The surgery date was set early on in my doctor’s visits to ensure that I could fit into the
schedule of one of the best back surgeons in spinal surgery at the hospital. I will always
remember my surgery date, January 16th from the number of times I had to repeat it to doctors,
friends, family, or myself to remind me of when I can be a normal kid until. This was because
my recovery time was estimated to take about a month to heal before I would be able to go back
to school. Realistically the doctors should have accounted for more time for recovery because the
surgery required physical therapy post-operation to gain the full feeling in my neck to torso area
back, restore the basic movements to my arms and legs, and recover my digestive and bowel
system to normal function. Post-operation I could barely move my body because of the new steel
rods and bolts in my back. I could barely walk by myself and go to the bathroom myself. I could
not even walk up the stairs by myself or even bathe myself. I was a fifteen-year-old at the height
of puberty being taken care of by my mother like I was a baby. My mother was around at my
beckoning call if I wanted food, water, medicine, or the bathroom because I was unable to do so
myself. Since I could not walk up the stairs, I could not sleep in my bed, not that I would be able
to lie fully straight anyway. So, I lived in an old dark brown leather reclining chair in my living
room fright in front of the tv for one whole month. I survived on the Price is Right, Flappy Bird,
and 3000-piece puzzles for entertainment. Friends would visit me here and there, but it felt like
an act of pity from them to me when they would graciously bring over some large casserole dish
that I did not have the appetite for following with silent distraught stares at my appearance. What
are they expecting me to look like, a barbie doll? I was a 15-year-old girl who could not bathe by
myself and move because of the excruciating pain. The pain was so excruciating that the
medication prescribed for me was oxycontin, a narcotic, that is avoided as a prescription by most
doctors because of its addictive properties. I knew that people visiting were trying to be
supportive, but I could not help but feel jealous that they continued their lives as normal, and I
was the one who had to go through this. Why me? I just felt like I was the victim, of peoples’
savior complexes, that needed saving.

For a few weeks, it was hard for me to move without my body enduring pain. However,
after a few weeks, I started to be able to walk myself in small increments alone. After one month,
with help of my parents, I was able to walk upstairs to sleep in my bed. After another week, I
was taken on my pain medication. Shortly after I was able to shower with little to no help. I felt
that I had regained my mobility to a moderate extent. Moderate enough that I could work up the
strength to move if it meant I would not have to watch another game show or complete another
puzzle. So, after a month and a half, I decided that I was ready to go back to school for the first
time since surgery. Walking through the halls, all eyes were on me. I went to a small middle
school so everyone, even those who I had not even known, knew about the surgery I went
through. It was like I was a celebrity, if instead of wanting my autograph, people offered to carry
my backpack, and instead of wanting my life people felt bad for me. So, pretty much, not like
being a celebrity at all other than the attention. I had trouble focusing in school when I went back
since I had missed over a month’s worth of class and felt insecure about how people looked at
me. I carried around a rolling backpack with my books, since I could not use a regular one,
which was seen as lame at the time with another backpack on my back holding nothing but a
thick pillow that was meant to cushion my back to the hard metal school chairs. As weeks went
on, I felt like I had started to assimilate back into my normal character with my friends and
caught up on my schoolwork. I came to realize that the way my friends were looking at me, was
not in pity but in concern for my well-being because they simply did not want me to die. With
more time came more mobility, so I gradually began doing things beyond school hours to regain
the social life that I had been stripped of. I noticed myself taking every opportunity I could to get
out of the house, whether it was for errands, going to the drugstore, or even grocery shopping
which I once dreaded. I did not want to take my mobility and youth for granted because I knew
how fast they could be stripped away. I was not held to a reclining chair anymore where I
wallow in sadness and jealousy of my peers living a life I could not have because now I could. I
truly began to live every day like it was my last because I never knew when I might get a call
that could change my life once again. What if the surgery had not corrected my back completely?
What if I had another medical issue that doctors had not noticed until now? But I had gone
through too much to worry about these questions, so I had taken the choice to use them as an
excuse to live every day to the fullest. Death had become a reason for living in my childhood at a
time when I could not comprehend its complexity. My life today is still driven by this lingering
thought of never knowing what might happen to me. Since my surgery, sometimes I ask myself
internally whether I would be content with my life if I died at this moment, to which, I have
never answered "no".
Big Five Personality Assessment

The Big Five Personality Assessment is a test that measures you regarding the five main
personality traits of ‘openness’, ‘conscientiousness’, ‘extraversion’, ‘agreeability’, and
‘neuroticism’. It shows one’s percentile out of 100% of how much you identify with that trait.
This test analyzed that I am 87.5% ‘open’, 71% ‘extrovert’, 67% ‘agreeable’, 50%
‘conscientious’, and 40% ‘neurotic’. I agree with these results of the test regarding their
percentiles and the order of what is the greatest percent personality trait to the least. I think that I
am 87.5% of the ‘openness’ trait because a high score means that one likes to think abstractly,
creatively, and intellectually. It also means that one likes to explore new untraditional ways of
doing things and playing with different ideas. I think that I resonate most with this personality
trait because I am an artist and architect major. My favorite part of every project in my
ARCH400 studio classes was coming up with multiple reiterations of schematic and conceptual
designs to experiment with what fits best. I enjoy being in the design world, thinking about new
ways of doing things, and developing meanings to abstractions. I do not think that I am a
traditional character who makes choices on practicality, otherwise I would have chosen a career
choice with a more stable high-paying income. I thought this was an interesting personality trait
to analyze in this test because the other ones I had taken did not categorize creativity, so I
thought it was insightful that this test did. Next, I believe that I am 71% ‘extraversion’ because I
enjoy seeing things in the world, stimulating my mind with other people, and putting energy into
creating friendships and romantic relationships. These were the main components that the test
claims are the reasons for exhibiting ‘extraversion’. Introverts are mentioned to not focus on the
social benefits of doing these things and do not need to when I think this is a necessity in my life
that would depress me if I had lived without them. When Covid-19 hit, staying inside made my
mental health deteriorate because I lacked social stimulation causing me to develop anxiety and
depression. Next, I agree that I am 67% ‘agreeable’ because this coincides with the other tests
that I have taken for the JUNG and DISC Tests which show that I strongly value my
relationships with others and want to maintain them. As the test says, I do tend to put others'
needs ahead of my own because I like to keep the peace rather than instigate tension. I have a
strong sense of empathy for those around me which makes me cater to others' needs before mine.
I also do trust people as mentioned and will give people many chances to redeem themselves,
which can be a double-edged sword, so it takes a large collection of wrongdoings for me to lose
trust in others. Additionally, I agree but also disagree with my 50% level of ‘conscientiousness’.
‘Conscientiousness’ is when a person can control their life and discipline themselves to reach
what they desire out of life. I have been struggling with my discipline recently because I am a
senior that needs to start organizing plans for graduation and employment to achieve professional
success. So, I keep getting sidetracked with excuses or schoolwork that I have been failing to do
what is best to pursue my goals. However, everything I do for school, like taking the time to get
the best grades and putting effort into producing the best work is disciplining myself in school to
do well which is in turn providing me better options for my future goals. So, sometimes I feel
that my ‘conscientiousness’ is at a very low level when other times it is not. Lastly, I do think
that I exhibit 40% ‘neuroticism’. High ‘neuroticism’ means that someone is more likely to dwell
on negative situations as low scorers tend to brush off the emotion and let things go. I think that I
am a lower scorer because as the high ‘agreeability’ trait mentioned I am forgiving and do not
like to compete with others. I tend to experience the emotions applicable in the moment but will
soon forget about the negative feeling in an hour. I remember very distinctly when I was younger
my friend said, “wait why aren’t you still mad at me” to which I responded with “about what?” I
had literally forgotten what I was upset about throughout the class period. Every now and then,
there will be a negative emotion that can stick with me for some time, whether it be if someone
had said something hurtful about me or spoke about me behind my back. This is because I can be
a sensitive person who is concerned for others, so when people do not do the same to me, I can
get upset. I had not considered the role that working through emotions or dwelling on negative
experiences could have on my personality. Nonetheless that I would score less than half for its
role. I agree with the results of my Big Five Personality Test because I demonstrate high
‘openness’, ‘extraversion’, and ‘agreeableness’ with low ‘conscientiousness’ and ‘neuroticism’.

I think that my Big Five Personality Test correlated with my results from the Yung and
DISC Personality assessments. My Yung Personality Assessment indicated that I am an
Extrovert-Intuitive-Feeler-Perceiver. Big Five test results were like the Yung results because
they both indicate that I am an extrovert who desires to be around people. The 'feeler' personality
trait of Yung results in the 'agreeability' aspect of the Big Five results because they both show
my empathy and care for those around me. Next, my DISC assessment results indicated that I am
35% ‘influence’, 30% ‘steadiness’, 23% ‘compliance’, and 12% ‘dominance’ personality. My
Big Five Personality Test Assessment was like my DISC Test results because both indicated that
I was highly understanding and outgoing. My DISC personality has my 'influence' in the highest
percentile which relates to the Big Five results of being high in ‘extroversion’ and ‘openness’.
‘Influence’ refers to approachability, relationship desiring, and understanding of people which
means that I am extroverted and an open person as in the Big Five results. However, I feel like
the DISC Personality results and Big Five ones differ regarding my temperament and emotions.
The DISC test mentions that my ‘steadiness’, level-headedness, is my second largest personality
trait when the Big Five assessment gave me a 40% neuroticism score. I feel like if controlling my
emotions and not dwelling on negative experiences were a large part of my personality as DISC
says it is, then my Big Five percentage should be an even lower number around 20%. By taking
many different types of assessments and looking at my personality, communication styles, and
conflict management styles I can learn more about myself and how I respond to different
situations. Through taking more and more tests, I can also average out the most common traits to
be able to decipher my strongest traits. By understanding my own personality, I can be more
aware of how I communicate and interact with people to better understand their personalities.

Conclusion

Understanding our personalities and others is important in engaging in conversations and

communication. Through the class, we have been able to work on group activities where we
were forced to write to specific personality styles to be able to understand others and
communicate to them the way that they want to be communicated to. These group activities
made it easier for me to write an email to my team as a team leader to address a tough issue and
appeal to their ethos, logos, and pathos. Through the readings in Crucial Conversations, I was
also able to learn how to deal with touchy scenarios to develop a safe course of action. Knowing
how to handle critical and sensitive conversations is necessary for professional and personal life
to be able to get what you want out of dialogue with others. I have learned to address the
scenario of my boss calling me an “idiot” in front of all our coworkers. Testing my personality
through another assessment such as the Big Five Personality Assessment allowed me to better
understand my personality regarding others and how it compares to other tests I have taken in the
past. This personality assessment allows me to categorize myself and others to be a more
effective communicators. So, in the future, I will be prepared to deliver information appealing to
ethos, pathos, and logos, handle different personality styles, navigate crucial conversations with
my coworkers, and tell stories with intention.
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Gallo, Carmine. Five Stars the Communication Secrets to Get from Good to Great. St. Martin’s

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Grenny, Joseph, Kerry Patterson, Ron McMillan, Al Switzler, and Emily Gregory. Crucial

Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill, 2011.

Print.

O’Hair, Dan, and Hannah Rubenstein and Rob Stewart. A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking.

Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019. Print.