The Petroleum and its Classification

Avegail Marie F. Alagao

Department of Engineering, Cebu Technological University, Argao, Cebu
Email: avegailalagao3@gmail.com

Abstract: The term petroleum comes from the Medieval Latin word “petra” means rock and
“oleum” means oil. It is also known as a burning water in Japan in 7 th century. Petroleum
necessary for a great number of human needs because it is useful in this modern life.
1. INTRODUCTION
Petroleum originated from organic matter or
due to chemical reactions in the sky, thousands
of million years. It is mainly of a mixture of
gaseous, liquid and solid. The term is
frequently restricted to the liquid form and it is
commonly called crude oil. Yet, as a technical
term, petroleum also involves natural gas and
the solid form known as bitumen and which
found in tar sands. The biodegration of crude
oil in subsurface petroleum reservoirs has
adversely affected the majority of the world’s
oil and it is making recovery and clarifying of
that oil costly. It has been attributed the
prevalent incident biodegration in empty
subsurface petroleum reservoirs to the aerobic
bacterial hydrocarbon degradation stimulated
by surface recharge oxygen.
The global application of petroleum
hydrocarbons for energy and raw materials in
numerous usage has expanded with substantial
issued of a great variety of contaminants into
the environment, affecting soil, surface water
and groundwater. The outcomes to variety
health, ecological and environmental issues.
Nevertheless, treatment of contamination and
pollution developing next to petroleum
hydrocarbons is extensive and strenuous work.
The health hazardous by petroleum
hydrocarbon contamination had driven
scientists to research, develop and implement
risk-based reformation plan for action for
renovating of affected environments. To select
the best analysis choices for remediation, it is
important to understand the nature,
composition, properties, sources of pollution,
type of environment, fate, transport and
distribution of the pollutants, mechanism of
degradation,
interaction and relationships with
microorganisms, the intrinsic and extrinsic
factors affecting rehabilitation. This assists to
forecast the
behavior of the pollutants with the short and
long-term effects and reduce the effects of
pollution and lessen exposure to the pollutants.
Regardless the accessible reclamation options
for petroleum hydrocarbon management and
removal, sufficient and complete remediation
can be implemented by adoption of proper
approach derived from risk-based management
procedure that can be practical, scientifically
defensible, widely adapted, sustainable, non-
invasive, eco-friendly and cost-efficient.
2. CLASSIFICATION
There are 3 genetic classification of petroleum
systems. It is established on a simple working
terminology that consists of combining
qualifiers from each of the following three
categories: (1) charge factor (supercharged,
normally charged, or undercharged), (2)
migration drainage style (vertically drained or
laterally drained), and (3) entrapment style
(high impedance or low impedance).
The charge factor is approximated on the basis
of the abundance and volumetric of mature
source rocks. The source potential index (SPI),
which combines source-rock richness and
thickness toward a single parameter, is a
suitable time saver for comparing the
petroleum potential of diverse source rocks
containing dissimilar kerogen types and for
rapidly estimating regional charging capacity.
In substantial basins, a useful connection exists
between the magnitude of SPI and basin-wide
petroleum reserves.
The migration drainage style is determined
from the structural and stratigraphic
framework of a basin. Vertical-migration
drainage, which occurs mainly through faults
and fracture systems breaching a seal, is
characteristic of petroleum systems contained
within rift basins, deltaic sequences, salt-dome
provinces, wrench basins, and fold-and-thrust
belts. In contrast, lateral-migration drainage is
dominant wherever strati graphically
continuous seal-reservoir “doublets” extend
over a very large area in a tectonically stable
province. Recognition of the dominant
migration style helps to predict the location of
zones of petroleum occurrence in relation to
the “hydrocarbon kitchens.”
The entrapment style, which is also dependent
on the structural framework and the presence
and effectiveness of seals, describes the degree
of resistance (i.e., impedance) working against
dispersion of the petroleum charge.
3. RAW MATERIALS
UP UNTIL VERY RECENTLY, petroleum
was only thought of as a source of liquid fuel,
cooking oils, lubricants, wax, and pitch. It was
in a similar situation to coal before the
discovery of benzene and its lucrative
derivatives, which sparked the modern coal-tar
business. In fact, it's probable that history may
repeat itself, and the petroleum byproducts
sector could overtake the coal-tar industry in
prominence before long. Chemical
intermediate production, on the other hand,
cannot be claimed to play a significant part in
the growth of petroleum and its products at the
moment, but it is of major importance and is
steadily rising in scale. Nonetheless, in terms
of scale and economic viability, the enormous
volume of petroleum and its compounds
generated annually is more than enough to
make all of the common chemicals and
pharmaceuticals.
The price of coal will eventually meet the
upper limits
of petroleum’s worth. The value the main raw
material for the synthesis of chemical solvents,
cracking gas is now determined by its fuel
value at the refinery. The same is true to a
considerable extent for stripped natural gas,
the amount available is far in excess of
requirements, resulting in it being burned or
allowed toe escape into the atmosphere unless
it can be sold for town gas enrichment or to
nearby industrial enterprises. The petroleum
sector appear has been sluggish to recognize
the opportunities. Petroleum as a raw resource
for chemical synthesis, because any progress
has only been made in the last ten to fifteen
years.
4.
PROCESSING/PRODUCTION/MANUFA
CTURING
Petroleum is formed when natural gas is
deposited in rocks called oil wells, from which
it is extracted by drilling. The separation of
distinct crude oil constituents is accomplished
through refining. Fractional distillation is a
method for separating its constituents. Crude
oil is a mixture of several liquids obtained
from an oil well. A distinct liquid evaporates at
various temperatures. This temperature is the
liquid’s boiling point. The crude oil heated to
400 degrees Celsius before being put into the
bottom of the column and heated even more.
The liquid with the lowest boiling point
condenses first after converting to vapor. The
next volatile liquid transform into a vapor and
rises as the temperature rises.
Figure 1.
The petroleum refining process yields a variety
goods. Liquefied petroleum gas is generally
used as a home fuel. This portion is used to
make gasoline. Next, Kerosene is a household
and jet engine fuel. Its used in the motor
industry as diesel oil or light oil. Lubricating
oils are made with heavy oil or lubricating oil.
Ships, central heating and manufacturing all
rely on fuel oil. Last, Residue from this it can
obtain items such as paraffin wax and bitumen.
It is utilized in the construction of roads and
roofs.
5. Waste Management/ Disposal
Various solid wastes are generated by
petroleum industry’s activities and processes,
and their release can have negative
environmental and human health
consequences. As a result, waste types and
sources, oily sludge properties, solid waste
toxicity and impact, and solid waste
management in the petroleum industry must all
be considered. Oily sludge’s should be given
special attention among the solid wastes
generated by the petroleum industry.
Although, all solid wastes must be controlled.
This chapter provides and overview of solid
waste management in the oil and gas industry.
It starts with an overview of solid wastes in the
petroleum industry, then moves on to solid
waste management practice, treatment and
disposal methods and oil recovery.
Because of the ever-increasing global energy
demands, the petroleum sector is one of the
largest and fastest-growing industries. Because
of its large capacity and continuous operation
of many units, a petroleum refinery generates
massive amounts of waste such as oily sludge,
wastewater, volatile organic compounds, waste
catalyst, heavy metals, and so on. Due to the
complexity of trash and increasingly rigorous
environmental rules, a major problem for this
industry is managing the massive amounts of
garbage generated from various activities. To
prevent energy loss during treatment while
simultaneously preserving the energy held in
the chemical bonds of these waste organics, a
bio-electrochemical system (BES) could be an
effective tool for lowering waste disposal costs
by converting trash into an energy pool. The
viability of adopting BES as a potential
solution for harvesting energy from various
waste generated by petroleum refineries is [6] S. Jafarinejad, 2017, Petroleum Waste
discussed in the preview. Treatment and Pollution Control, Pages 269-345
[7] S. Srikanth and M. Kumar, 2018, Bio-
resource Technology Volume 265, Pages 506-
518
6. Conclusion
Petroleum will, without a doubt, continue to
play a significant role in our lives in the near
to medium term. While solutions to minimize
our reliance on fossil fuels are being
developed, it will be decades before they
become mainstream and affordable. Electric
vehicles will not be cost and performance
competitive with gasoline-powered vehicles
until at least 2025, according to some major
car manufacturers around the world.
Even if the world moved away from petroleum
as a source of energy, it is important to
remember that petroleum is still a vital element
of modern life in terms of the products it
produces in addition to gasoline and other
fuels.
Petroleum is used as a basis in chemical
processes in a wide range of products,
including polymers, medicines, and cosmetics.
Indeed, our heavy reliance on petroleum for
manufacturing rather than transportation is all
the more reason to be cautious about just
burning it to get around town.
7. REFERENCES
[1] O.C. Eneh, 2011, Journal of Applied
Sciences 11 (12),2084-2091
[2] S. Varjani, 2017, Bio-resource technology
[3] S. Abdus and G. Iqbal, 2016, In Reservoir
Engineering
[4] G. Demaison and B. Huizinga, 1991, AADG
Bulletin
[5] J. F. Thorpe and S. F. Birch, 1993, WPC-265