,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Nkiy ehl;ltu;fSs; gpupj;jhdpau;fs;

Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jw;F Kd;du; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j

Nghu;j;Jf;NfauhYk; xy;yhe;juhYk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; xU
gFjpia kl;LNk jkJ Ml;rpf;Fs; nfhz;L tu Kbe;jJ. vdpDk; 1796
,y; xy; y he; j uplkpUe; J fiuNahug; gpuNjrq; f isf; ifg; g w; w pa
gpupj;jhdpauhy; 1815,y; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpajd; %yk;
KOehl;ilANk jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.
,t;thW ehL KOtijAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpa gpd;du;
murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhrhuj; Jiwfspy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa
tz;zk; 1948 ngg;utup 4Me; jpfjptiu xd;wiu E}w;whz;Lfshf vkJ
ehl;il Ml;rp nra;jdu;. ,t;tj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ,yq;if
kPJ ngUQ; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa gpupj;jhdpaupd; ,yq;if tUif
njhlu;ghfTk;> ,yq;ifapy; mtu;fs; jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpaik
njhlu;ghfTk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

gp u p j ; j hdp a u; ,yq; i fiaf; ifg; g w; W tjp y ; nry; t hf; F r; nrYj; j p a

gpd; d zp
fPioj;Njr tu;jj ; fj;jpd; %yk; xy;yhe;ju; mjpf ,yhgk; <l;Ltijf;
fz;l gpupjj; hdpau;> mt;tpahghuj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; vz;zj;Jld;
1600 Mk; Mz;by; gpupj;jhdpa fpof;fpe;jpa tu;jj ; ff; fk;gdpia epWtpdu;.
Kjd;Kiwahf 1664,y; gpuhd;]pau; gpnuQ;R fpof;F ,e;jpa tu;j;jf
fk;gdp; xd;iwAk; cUthf;fpdu;. ntF tpiutpy;; fPioj;Njr tu;j;jf
cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; ,t;tpU rhuhUf;Fk; ,ilNa Nghl;b
cUthdJ. ,e;jtifapy; ,e;JrKj;jpu Mjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;
nfhs; t jpy; ,yq; i fapd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j czu; e ; J nfhz; l
gpupj;jhdpaUk;> gpuhd;]paUk; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpd; kPJ jkJ
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;j Muk;gpj;jdu;.

1 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 ,yq; i fkP J gp u p j ; j hdp a u; ftdk; nrYj; j p a ikf; f hd
fhuzq; f s;
« Nfe; j p u ep i ya Kf; f p a j; J tk;

v ,e;J rKj;jpuf; flw;ghijapd;

kj;jpapy; ,yq;if mike;jpUe;
jik.

v ,e;jpahtpd; fpof;Ff;
fiuapdJk; (kyghu;)> Nkw;Ff;
fiuapdJk; (nfhunkz; l y; )
flw;gil> tpahghu ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; tu;j;jfg;
e l t b f ; i f f i s ghij
,y
i
qJ
U
f
y
;a
e
p;
Nkw;nfhs;tJ trjpahapUe;jik.

v tlfPo;g; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy;

ngUe;njhifahd fg;gy;fisg;
ghJfhg;ghf epWj;jp itf;ff;$ba
jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lik.
,yq;ifapd; miktplk;

v ,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpia
mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjpy;
gpuhd;]paUldhd
N g h l ; b a p y p U e ; J
, e ; J r K j ; j p u f ;
flyhjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk;

n f h s ; t j w ; F j ;
jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; mtrpakhf mike; jik.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 2
 « tp a hghu Kf; f p a j; J tk;
v INuhg;ghTf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l fWthtpy; ,yq;ifapd;
fWth Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jik.
v fPioj;Njr ehLfSldhd tu;j;jfj;jpd; %yk; Nghu;j;Jf;
NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; ngw;W te;j ,yhgj;ij gpupj;jhdpau;
jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; Mty; nfhz;bUe;jik.
v kpsF> Vyk;> fuhk;G> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahidj;je;jk;
Nghd;w tu;jj
; fg; nghUl;fs; ,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;wik.
gpupjj
; hdpau; ,U re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; ,yq;if KOtijAk; jkJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L te;jik.
1. 1796 Mk; Mz;L fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;Wjy;.
2. 1815 ,y; ehL KOtijAk; ifg;gw;Wjy;.

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;

nfhs; S jy;
1658 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fs;
xy;yhe;ju; trkpUe;jd. INuhg;ghtpy; Mq;fpNyaUk; xy;yhe;jUk;
ez;gu;fshapUe;jdu;. Mifahy; Mrpahtpy; xy;yhe;jUld; Nkhjiy
Vw;gLj;jpfn
; fhs;s mtu;fs; tpUk;gtpyi
; y. ,Ug;gpDk; kiyaf kd;dDld;
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; xy;yhe;ju; trKs;s fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fisf; Fwpg;ghfj; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffspy; gpupj;jhdpau; <Lgl;ldu;.
vdpDk; mt;thwhd Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk; Njhy;tpapNyNa Kbe;jd.
v ,jw;fpilNa 1789 Mk; Mz;by; ,lk;ngw;w gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpapd;
gpd;du; (8 Me; jug; ghlE}ypy; gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp gw;wp ePq;fs;
fw; W s; s P u ; f s; ) > gpuhd; r py; cUthd Fbaurpdhy; xy; y he; J
Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;L> mq;Nf> ~~gl;Nltpaf; FbauR|| vDk; Gjpa
murhq;fk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
v ,t;Ntisapy; xy;yhe;j ,sturuhd (];nll;N`hy;lu;) xNwQ;
tpy;ypak; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fj; jg;gp Xbdhd;.
v ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;Wk; vz;zj;Jld; ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpau;
,r;re;ju;g;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L tpy;ypak; ,sturdplk;
fbjk; xd;iwg; (fpA+ fbjk;) ngw;W te;J (fpA+ khspifapypUe;J
ngw;W te;jjhy; fpA+ fbjk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ)> ,yq;ifapy;
,Ue;j xy;yhe;j MSeuplk; rku;g;gpj;jdu;. ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;j
3 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 xy; y he; j Ml; r pg; gpuNjrq; f isg; gpuhd; r pau; jkjhf; f pf;
nfhs;tjidj; jLg;gjw;fhfj; jw;fhypfkhf mg;gpuNjrq;fisg;
gpupj;jhdpauplk; xg;gilf;Fk;gb mf;fbjj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.

v mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Mz;L

nfhz;bUe;j xy;yhe;j MSeuhd /gd; vq;fy; ngf; ,jw;F
,zq;ftpy;iy. vdNt gpupj;jhdpau; jhkjpf;fhJ jkJ jhf;Fjiy
Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,t;thW xy;yhe;jupd; Mjpf;fj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;J
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ltu;fs; Mq;fpy
fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf fk;gdpapduhtu;.

Kjypy; jpUNfhzkiyiaj; jhf;fpa gpupj;jhdpau;> 1795 Mf];l;

khjj;jpy; mjidf; ifg;gw;wpaJld; aho;gg ; hzk;> kd;dhu;> fw;gpl;b>
fhyp> nfhOk;G Mfpa gpuNjrq;fisAk; gbg;gbahff; ifg;gw;wpf;
nfhz;ldu;. 1796 ngg;utup MFk; NghJ MSeu; /gd; vq;fy; ngf;
,yq; i fapy; ,Ue; j xy; y he; j Ml; r pf; F l; g l; l gpuNjrq; f s;
midj;ijAk; Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilf;Fk; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpy;
ifr;rhj;jpll
; hu;. ,yq;ifapy; xy;yhe;ju; trkpUe;j rfy fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fSk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;ld.

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug;
gp u Njrq; f sp y ; gp u p j ; j hdp a up d ; Ml; r p kiyehL

gpupj;jhdpau; %d;W g;
gpupj;jhdpaupd;
Ml;rpg; gpuNjrk;
re; j u; g ; g q; f spy; ntt; N tW tpjkhf
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis
epu;tfpj;jdu;.

♦ Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jf

fk;gdpapd; Ml;rp (1796 - 1798) kl;lf;fsg;G
♦ ,ul;il Ml;rp (1798 - 1802)
♦ Kbf;Fupa Ml;rp (1802)

1796,y; ,yq;ifapy;
gpupjj
; hdpau;Ml;rpfF
; l;gl;l fhyp

gpuNjrq;fs;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 4
 Mq; f p y f; fp o f; f p e ; j p a tu; j ; j ff; fk; g dp a p d up d ; Ml; r p

gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij 1796 -

1798 tiuahd KjypU tUlq;fspy; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff;
fk;gdpapdNu Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;. fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa
tu;j;jff; fk;gdpNa Ml;rpg; nghWg;igAk; Vw;wJ. vdNt mg;NghJ
epytpa nrd;id Ml;rp KiwiaNa ,q;Fk; mtu;fs; mKy; nra;jdu;.
,jdhy; ,t;thl;rp Kiw nrd;id Ml;rp Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.
cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf nrd;id mYtyu;fs;
mku;jj; g;gl;lik kf;fSf;F ,ilQ;ry; tpistpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy;
1797 Mk; Mz;lstpy; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpw;F
vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

1797 ,d; fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v ,Jtiu ,yq;ifapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tuptpjpgG

; Kiwikf;Fg;
gjpyhf nrd;idapy; ifahsg;gl;l tupmwtpLk; Kiwik
,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik. ,t;tupfis mwtpLtjw;fhf
~mTkpy;jhu;fs;| vdg;gLk; mjpfhupfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

v nghUl;fshf tup mwtpLk; Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gzkhf tup

mwtpl Kide;jik> gzg;ghtid ,y;yhj r%fnkhd;wpy;
,J ,lu;g;ghlhf ,Ue;jik.

v tup mwtpLk; cupik Vy tpw;gidapy; tplg;gl;L> mit

nrd;id cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshd mTkpy;jhu;fshy; nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;gl;lik. nghJkf;fSila nkhop> gof;ftof;fq;fs;
vd;gtw;iw mwpahj mtu;fs;> $ba ,yhgj;ij <l;Ltjw;fhf
Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; kf;fSf;Fg; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis
cUthf;fpaik.

tup Vy tpw;gid Kiw

murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupia t#ypf;Fk;
cupikia Vyj;jpy; tpw;gJ tup Vy tpw;gid MFk;.
murhq;fj;jpw;F mj;njhifiar; nrYj;jp mt;Tupikiag;
ngWk; eguhy; tup t#ypj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

5 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 v jkJ cupikfis ,oe;j RNjr cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gpupj;jhdpa
epu;thfj;ij vjpu;j;jik.
v njd;idkutup> kPdt
; up> cg;Gtup> fs;tup> rhuhatup>; Gifapiy
tup Nghd;w gy;NtW Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik. ,tw;Ws;
fpsu;r;rpf;fhd cldbf; fhuzkha; mike;jJ njd;id
tupahFk;.
v njd;id ehl;L kf;fspd; Kf;fpa tUkhd topahf ,Ue;jjhy;
mjpypUe;J tupia mwtpl;L ,yhgk; ngwg; gpupj;jhdpau;
vz;zpdu;.
v vdpDk; kuj;jpd; tpisr;riyg; ghuhJ kuq;fSf;F tup
mwtplg;gl;lik kf;fSf;Fg; ngUQ; Rikahf mike;jJ.
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rpf;fy;fSk; rpq;fs kf;fspd; nfupy;yhg; (kiwe;
jpUe;J jhf;Fk;) Nghu; KiwAk; fpsu;rr
; pia mlf;Ftjpy; ,lu;gg
; hLfis
tpistpj;jd. 1797 ,y; Muk;gkhd ,f;fpsu;r;rp 1798 khu;r; khjk; tiu
,lk; ngw;wJ.

fpsu;rr; p mlf;fg;gl;l gpdd

; u;> mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;
fhfg; gpupj;jhdpa murhy; tprhuizf;FOnthd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. %tu;
nfhz;l ,f;FOTf;F Nfzy; b.kpA+ud; vd;gtu; jiyik tfpj;jhu;.
mjdhy; ,J ~~kpA+ud; FO|| vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpur;rpidiaj; jPug ; g
; jw;F
,f;FOtpduhy; Kd; itf;fg;gl;l MNyhridfs; tUkhW

1. tup Vy tpw;gid Kiw mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. Gjpjhf tpjpf;fg;gl;l tupfs; ePf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. tup mwtPlL
; f;fhf epakpff; g;gl;l nrd;id cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshd
mTkpy;jhu;fs; ePf;fg;gl;L> mtu;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;ehl;L
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. gzj;jpd; %yNk tupfs; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jid
mfw;wg;gl;L Kd;NghyNt nghUl;fs; %yk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwf;F
,lkspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

« ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw (1798 - 1802)

gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fKk; Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff;

fk;gdpAk; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; $l;lhf eput
; fpjj
; ik
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw vdg;gLk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 6
 gpupjj
; hdpa murhq;fk; Fbapay;>
ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffisj; jk;trk;
itj;Jf; nfhz;L> tUkhdk; <l;ly;>
tu; j ; j fj; i j Nkw; n fhs; s y; Mfpa
nghWg;Gfis Mq;fpyf; fpof;fpe;jpa
tu;j;jff; fk;gdpaplk; xg;gilj;jJ.
,ul;ilahl;rp Kiwapdf ; oP ; gpupj;
jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; ,yq;ifapd;
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis epu;tfpg;
gjw;fhf 1798 ,y; gpul;upf; Nehu;j; mtu;
fs; MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. Ml;
rpahsu; vd;w Kiwapy; mtu; epWtdj; gpul;upf; Nehu;j;
jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghsuhthu;. mtupd; fPo;
murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;> tu;j;jf
epWtd epu;thfpfs; vd ,U gpuptpdu; nraw;gl;ldu;.
,tu;fspilNa xj;Jiog;Gf; fhzg;gltpyi; y. tu;jj
; f epWtdj;jpdu;
,ad;wsT ,yhgk; <l;Ltjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdu;. gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f
cj; j pNahfj; j u; f Nsh RNjr Kiwfs; > gof; f tof; f q; f s; gw; w p
mDgtkw;wtu;fshfTk;> nraw;wpwd; mw;wtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
,jdhy; ePzl ; fhyk; nry;tjw;fpilapy; ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw Njhy;tpapy;
Kbe;jJ.
« fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; Kbahl;rpf;F cl;gly; (1802 - 1815)
,ul; i lahl; r p Njhy; t pAw; w ikahy; 1802 ,y; ,yq; i fapd;
fiuNahug; gpuNjr Ml;rp Kiw gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; nghWg;Ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fika ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf;
fg;gl;lJ. gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpa MSeuhfr; nraw;
gl;lhu;.
gpnul;upf; Nehu;j; MSeupd; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
v cau; ePjpkd;wq;fis epWTjy;.
v Fbapay; tof;Ffs; njhlu;ghf Nkd;KiwaPlL
; ePjpkd;wq;fis
mikj;jy;.
v ,uhrfhupa Kiwia xopj;jy;.
v murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf epy
msit> nghJNtiy> jghy; jpizf;fsq;fs; cUthf;fg;gly;.
v itj;jparhiyfs; mikf;fg;gly;> mk;ikj; jLg;G kUe;J
toq;fg;gly;.
vd;gd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitfshFk;.
7 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 MSeu; Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; Ml;rp
,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsuhf 1805 ,y; Njhk];
nkaply
; z;l; epakdk; ngw;whu;. jkJ gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupjj
; hdpa Ml;rpiag;
gyg;gLj;Jtjw;F mtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; tUkhW:

♦ cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;F cupa nghWg;Gf;fisf;

Fwpg;gpl;L epakdf; fbjq;fis toq;fpaik.
♦ cs;ehl;L cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; (Kjypahu;fspd); mjpfhuq;fisf;
Fiwj;jik.
♦ MSeu; Nehu;jj
; pdhy; xopff
; g;gl;l ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPzL
; k;
epWtpaik.
♦ epu;thf Nritahsu;fspd; gjtp cau;tpw;Fr; rpq;fsk; my;yJ
jkpo; nkhop mwpitg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Ff; fl;lhag;gLj;jpaik.
♦ rl;lk;> ePjp Mfpa Jiwfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L
[Pup rig %yk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; Kiwia mwpKfg;
gLj;jpaik.

Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bdhy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;l ,r;nraw;ghLfshy;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
top Vw;gl;lJ.
fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gly; - 1815

1796 ,y; ,yq;ifapd;

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;
gw;wpa gpupj;jhdpau; mjd; gpd;du;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Muk;gj;jpy; el;Gw
Tld; nraw;gl;l mtu;fs; gpd;du;
mt; ,uhr;rpaj;ijj; jkJ fl;Lg;
ghl;bDs; nfhz;Ltu vz;zpdu;. fz;b efuk;
,jw;fhff; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w ,U
jlitfs; Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;
sg;gl;ld.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 8
 1. 1803 ,y; MSeu; gpul;upf; Nehu;j;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Mf;fpukpg;G.
2. 1815 ,y; MSeu; nuhgl; gpuTz;wpf;fpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Mf;fpukpg;G.

gp u p j ; j hdp a u; fz; b ,uhr; r p a j; J ld; nfhz; b Ue; j njhlu; G fs;

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;
Wtjw;F Kd;gpUe;Nj xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhf fz;b murDld; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jk; vz;zj;Jld; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; J}Jf;FOf;fis
mDg;gpdu;. mt;thW mDg;gg;gl;l J}Jf; FOf;fs; tUkhW:

1. 1762 ,y; gpupj;jhdpa tu;j;jf epWtdj;jpd; nrd;idg; gpujpepjpahd

N[hd; igg]; fz;b kd;dd; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdplk; tUjy;.
2. 1782 ,y; gpupj; j hdpaj; J}Jtuhd `pA+ ngha; l ; ,uh[hjp
,uh[rpqf
; idr; re;jpjJ; > xy;yhe;jiu ,e;ehl;bypUe;J tpul;Ltjw;F
cjtp toq;Ftjhf thf;FWjp mspj;jy;.
3. 1795 ,y; gpupj;jhdpa epUthf mjpfhupahd nuhgl; mz;l;W}];
xy;yhe;jUf;F vjpuhfg; gilAjtp Guptjw;fhf kd;dd; ,uh[hjp
,uh[rpq;fidr; re;jpj;jy;
4. fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpa gpdd ; u; 1800 ,y; nkf;Nlhty;
jsgjpapd; fPo; fz;bf;Fg; gil xd;iw mDg;gp kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk
uh[rpq;fDld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F MSeu;
gpul;upf; Nehu;j; vj;jdpj;jy;. vd;whYk; ,k;Kaw;rpfs; midj;Jk;
if$lhky; Nghapd.
gp u p j ; j hdp a u; kiyaf ,uhr; r p a j; i jf; ifg; g w; w p f ; n fhs; s Mu; t k;
fhl; b aikf; f hd fhuzq; f s;
v tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;ifapy; fiuNahuj;jpw;Fk;
kiyafj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j flitfspy; tup
nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;jik tu;j;jfj;jpw;F ,ilQ;ryhff; fhzg;
gl;lJ.
v jkJ epUthfj; jiyikafkhd nfhOk;gpw;Fk; flw;gilj;
jiyikafkhd jpUNfhzkiyf; F k; ,ilNa jiu topg;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpid elhj;j fz;b ,uhr;rpak; jilahf ,Ue;jik.
v nfhOk;gpw;Fk;> jpUNfhzkiyf;Fk; ,ilNa fly;top njhlu;
Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mjpf nryTk; ePz;l fhyKk; Njitg;
gl;lik.

9 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 v nfhOk;Gf;Fk; jpUNfhzkiyf;FkpilNa ngUe;njU xd;iw
mikf;f murdplk; mDkjp Nfhupa NghJk; mtu; mjw;F kWg;Gj;
njuptpj;jik.
v ghJfhg;gpw;fhff; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspYk; kiyehl;L vy;iyg;
Gwq;fspYk; ,uz;L gilfis itj;Jg; guhkupf;f Ntz;ba
Njit ,Ue;jik.
v gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLk; fpsu;rr
; pfSf;F fz;b
kd;dd; Mjutspj;jik.
v fiuNahug; gpuNjr kf;fSk; fz;b kd;didNa jkJ kd;ddhff;
fUjpaik.
v gpupj;jhdpaiu ,q;fpUe;J ntspNaw;Wtjw;F fz;b kd;dd;
gpuhd;rpaupd; gil cjtpia ehlf;$Lk; vd;w gak; mtu;fsplk;
fhzg;gl;lik.

gpul;upf; Nehj;jpd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1803

gpypkj;jyhit kiyafj;jpd; murdhf tpUk;gpa fhuzj;jhy;
Mq; f pNya MSeu; gpul; u pf; N ehu; j ; J ld; njhlu; G fis Vw; g Lj; j pf;
nfhz;lhd;. ,J Mq;fpNyau; kiyafj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;s
toptFj;jJ. kiyafj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;j
gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F ntF tpiutpNyNa ,t;tpuhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; tha;j;jJ. 1802 ,y;
fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J kiyafj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w K];ypk;
tpahghupfSf; F mq; F s; s mjpfhupfs; ,ilQ; r y; tpistpj; J >
mtu;fsplkpUe;j xU njhifg; ghf;ifg; gwpKjy; nra;jdu;. ,tw;wpdhy;
Vw;gl;l ,og;gpw;F> e\;l <L toq;Fk;gb MSeu; Nehu;j; Nfhupf;if
tpLj;jhu;. ,jw;F kd;du; nrtpkLf;fhikahy;> 1803 ,y; Mq;fpNyau;
fz;bkPJ gilnaLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.

jsgjp nkf;Nlhty; jiyikapy; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;bf;Fg; gil

xd;W nry;y jsgjp ghgl; jiyikapy; jpUNfhzkiyapy; ,Ue;Jk;
NkYk; xU gil fz;bf;F te;jJ. ,g;gilfis vjpu;nfhs;tJ rpukk;
vdf; fUjpa kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fDk;> efu kf;fSk; fz;b
efiuf; iftpl;L `q;Fud;nfj;ijf;Fg; gpd;thq;fpr; nrd;wdu;. vt;tpj
,ilA+Wkpd;wp efUf;Fs; GFe;j gpupj;jhdpag; gilapdu;> ghJfhg;Gf;
fUjp nfhOk;Gf;Fj; jg;gpNahb Mq;fpNyaupd; ghJfhg;gpypUe;j ,sturd;
Kj;Jrhkpiaf; fz;b kd;ddhfg; gpufldk; nra;jdu;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 10
 ,sturd; Kj;JrhkpfF ; kiy ehl;bd; muRupik ,Ue;jJ. vd;whYk;
mtidg; Gwf;fzpjJ ; > ,sturd; fz;Zrhkpia =tpfu; k uh[rpqf ; d;
vd;Dk; ngaupy; kd;ddhf;fpa NghJ> ,sturd; Kj;Jrhkp jg;gpNahb
Mq;fpNyauplk; jQ;rkile;jpUe;jhd;.

nraw;ghL
Nkyjpf E}y;fis thrpjJ ; > 1803 Mk; Mz;L gpupjj
; hdpaupd; kiyaf
Mf; f pukpg; G f; f hd fhuzq; f isAk; mJ Nkw; n fhs; s g; g l; l
tpjj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfisAk; tptupf;Fk; rpw;Nwnlhd;iwj;
jahupAq;fs;.

gp u p j ; j hdp a u; Njhy; t p a iljy;

rpwpJ fhyj;jpy; gUtg;ngau;r;rp kio nga;aj; njhlq;fNt

Mq;fpNyau; gy ,d;dy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,r;re;ju;g;
gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp kiyafg;gil Mq;fpNyaiur; Rw;wp tisj;Jj;
jhf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ,tu;fspd; nfhupy;yhg; Nghu; Kiwahy; gpupj;jhdpag;
gil gLNjhy;tp mile;J> ruzila Neupl;lJ. = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f
kd;ddpd; fl;lisg;gb ,sturd; Kj;Jrhkp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lNjhL
gpupj;jhdpag; gil Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;lJ. kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstupd;
xw;WikahYk; mtu;fspd; mur tpRthrj;jpdhYk;> rpwe;j nfhupy;yhg;
Nghu; KiwahYk;> fz;bia Mf;fpukpf;f Nehu;j; MSeuhy; Nkw;
nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rp ,Wjpapy; Njhy;tp fz;lJ.

Njhk]; nkap l ; y z; L k; kiyaf ,uhr; r p a Kk;

gpul;upf; Nehu;j;jpd; gpd;du; 1805 ,y; fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;jpd;

MSeuhf te;j Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;> kiyehl;il Aj;jj;jhy; ntw;wp
nfhs;s KbahJ vd;W Gupe;J nfhz;L> mjDld; xw;Wikahd el;G
uPjpahd nfhs;if xd;iwg; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdhu;. kiyehl;Lld;
njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjw;fhf mf;fhy epu;thf Nritapy; gzpahw;wpa
rpwg;Gkpf;f cj;jpNahfj;juhd N[hd; nlhapyp vd;gtiu epakpj;jhu;.

11 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
nuhgl; gp n usd; w p f ; F k; fz; b ,uhr; r p a Kk;
nkapl;yz;il mLj;J gpupj;jhdpa
MSeuhf 1812 ,y; epakdk; ngw;w nuhgl;
gpnusd;wpf; kiyaf ,uhr;rpa murDld;
tu;jj
; f xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;F
Kaw;rpj;jhu;. MapDk; mJ if$ltpy;iy.
,jdhy; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpgg ; J
my;yJ jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L
tuNt gpnusd;wpf; ehl;lq;nfhz;lhu;. mjw;
fika N[hd; nlhapypapd; jiyikapy; 1815
,y; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij vt;tpj ,ilA+
Wkpd;wpj; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf;
tu mtuhy; Kbe;jJ.

gp u p j ; j hdp a u; f shy; kiyaf ,uhr; r p a j; i jf; ifg; g w; w p f ; nfhs; s

Kbe; j ikf; f hd fhuzq; f s;
v gpypkj;jyhitapd; nraw;ghL

w kiyaf ,uhr;rpag; gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; kpfTk; cr;rkile;J>

murdpd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; tpQ;rpr; nraw;gLkstpy; tsu;r;rp
mile; j pUe; j J. mjd; tpisthf ehaf; f u; F y Kiwg; g b
,uh[hjpuh[rpq;fdpd; kiwtpw;Fg; gpd; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F
cupikahsdhd Kj;Jrhkp ,sturidg; Gwf;fzpj;J ,sturd;
fz;Zrhkpia = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;Dk; ngaUld;
murdhf;f gpujk gpujhdpahd gpypkj;jyhitahy;Kbe;jJ. ,tuJ
Nehf;fk;> ,uh[rpq;fid rpk;khrdj;jpy; mku;j;jp tpl;Lj; jhd;
epidj;jgb Ml;rp mYty;fis elj;jpr; nry;tjhFk;.,Ug;gpDk;
tpiutpNyNa ,UtUf;FkpilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;Vw;gl
Muk;gpj;jd.

w 1803,y; gpupj;jhdpau; kiyafj;ij Mf;fpukpj;j Ntisapy;

gpypkj;jyhit jd;id Mjupf;fhJ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fr; rhu;ghf
nraw;gl;ljhfr; re;Njfpj;j kd;dd;> gpypkj;jyhit cl;gl
gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhz;lhd;;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 12
 v kd; d Uf; F k; gpujhdpfSf; F kpilNa fhzg; g l; l xw; W ik
apd;ik tsu;e;J nry;tjpy; fPo;tUk; fhuzpfs; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra; j d.

w gpypkj;jyhitf;Fk; murDf;Fk; ,ilNa fUj;J Kuz;ghLfs;

mjpfupjJ; r; nry;ifapy; kd;dd; gpypkj;jyhitiag; gjtpapwf;fk;
nra;jik.
w kd;diuf; nfhiy nra;tjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rjp mk;gy
khdijj; njhlu;e;J gpypkj;jyhit cl;gl mtuJ cjtpah
su;fs; VONgUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpj;jik.
w gpypkj;jyhitia mLj;J gpujk gpujhdpg; gjtpf;F v`y
nghyit epakpj;jNjhL ,uz;lhtJ gpujhdpg; gjtpf;F mtuJ
giftuhd nkhy;ypnfhilia epakdQ; nra;jik.
w kd;dUf;F tpNuhjkhfr; nraw;gl;l gpujhdpfSf;Fk; mtu;fSf;F
MjuT ey;fp cjtp Gupe;NjhUf;Fk; gy;NtW jz;lidfs;
toq;fg;gl;lik.
w khk;gpl;ba jp]hit> G];n]y;Ny jp]hit> guzjy Njuu;
MfpNahUf;F kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lik.

v`ynghy fp s u; r ; r p a p y ; <Lgly;

murdpd; nraw;ghLfshy; NfhgKw;w v`ynghy kd;dDf;F

vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lhu;. vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhfg; gpupj;jhdpaupdNjh>
gpujhdpfspdNjh rg;ufKitg; gFjp kf;fspdNjh MjuT fpl;lhikahy;
fpsu;rr
; p Njhy;tpAw;wJ. v`ynghy gpupj;jhdpauplk; jg;gp Xbdhu;. ,jdhy;
NfhgKw;w kd;du; v`ynghytpd; gpsi ; sfisf; nfhd;W mtuJ kidtp
cl;gl> cwtpdu;fs; rpyiuAk; Nghfk;giu thtpapy; %o;fbj;Jf;
nfhd;wjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; murDf;Fk;
,ilNa gifik tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ.

ePzl; fhykhf kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ijf; fhg;gjpy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa nghJkf;fspd; mur tpRthrk;>
Nkw;Fwpgg; pll
; eltbf;iffshy; ghjpgG; w;wJ.

13 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 gp u p j ; j hdp a up d ; je; j p u k;
MSeu;fshd Njhk]; nkaply ; z;bdJk; nuhgl; gpnusd;wpff
; pdJk;
topfhl;lypd; fPo; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
#oiy cUthf;fpatu; N[hd; nlhapyp Mthu;.

v mtu; rpqf
; s Gj;jp[t
P pfsplKk;
ngsj;j FUkhuplKk; rpq;fs
nkhopiaf; fw; W > rpq; f s
nkhopapYk; kiyehl;ltupd;
gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; Nghjpa
mwpitg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
v gpypkj;jyhit> v`ynghy>
G];n]y;iy> kPNf];njd;id>
vf;ndypnfhl Mfpa gpujh
dpfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;
jpUe;j nlhapyp> kiy ehl;bw; gpujhdp v`ynghy
nfd;Nw csTr; Nrit xd; Mq;fpNyaiur; re;jpj;jy;
iwAk; cUthf;fpdhu;.

v kjFUkhu;> tpahghupfs; Nghd;w Ntlq;fspy; xw;wu;fis kiy

ehl;bw;F mDg;gp> mg;gpuNjrk; njhlu;ghd Nghjpa mwpitg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
v kd;dUf;F Mjuthd> kw;Wk; vjpuhd gpujhdpfs; njhlu;ghfTk;
kiyafj;jpd; ,uhZt ty;yik gw;wpAk; mq;F fhzg;gLk;
ghijfs; gw;wpAk; Aj;jq;fspd; NghJ kd;du; gJq;Fk; ,lq;fisAk;
nry;tj;ijg; gJf;fp itf;Fk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fisAk;
xd;Wjpul;bf; nfhz;lhu;.
v kd;dUf;Fg; gupRg; nghUs;fSld; gy;NtW tifahd kJ
tiffisAk; mDg;gp> kd;diu kJTf;F mbikahf;FtjpYk;
ftdQ; nrYj;jpdhu;.

kJghtidahy; kd;du; csg; ghjpg;Gw;W nfh^ukhf elf;fj;

njhlq;fpdhu;. NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l F&ukhd jz;lidfs; toq;Ftjw;F
kd;du; J}z;lg;gl;likf;Fk; ,k; kJg;ghtidNa fhuzkhapUe;jpUf;fyhk;.
kd;dupd; ,r;nraw;ghLfshy; gpujhdpfs; kl;Lkd;wp> nghJ kf;fSk;
fyf;fKw;wdu;. ,jdhy; kd;dUf;F vjpuhfg; gpujhdpfspd; Mjuitg;
gpupj;jhdpau; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ ,yFthapUe;jJ.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 14
 kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;G - 1815
v Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F toptFj;j cldb eltbf;iffs;

• 1814 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J kiy

ehl;Lf;F te;j tu;j;jfu;fis xw;wu;fs; vdr;
re;NjfpjJ
; > mtu;fsJ if> fhJ> %f;F vd;gtw;iwj;
Jz;bj;J tijj;Jj; jpUg;gp mDg;gpaik.
• kiyehl;L fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fisj; njhlu;e;J nrd;w
fz;bag; gilapdu; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l
fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; jPapl;lik.

,e;eltbf;iffisj; jkf;Fr; rhu;ghfg; gad;gLj;jpa MSeu;

gpnusd;wpf; 1815 Idtup khjk; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf Aj;jg;
gpufldj;ijr; nra;jhu;.

gpupj;jhdpaUf;F kiyehl;by; vjpu;g;Gf; fhl;lg;glhj #o;epiyapy;

gpujhdpfs; xt;nthUtuhf mtu;fs; gf;fk; rhu;e;jdu;. kd;dupd; gpujk
gpujhdpahd nkhy;ypnfhl $l gpupj;jhdpaupd; gf;fQ; rhu;e;J nfhz;lhu;.
1803 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaupd; kiyaf Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ gpujhdpfSk;>
nghJkf;fSk; kd;du; gf;fk; ,Ue;jikahy; mtu;fshy; fz;bia
Mf;fpukpf;f ,ayhkw; Ngha;tpl;lJ. Mdhy; 1815,y; gilnaLg;gpd;
NghJ kd;dUf;F gpujhdpfspdJk; nghJkf;fspdJk; MjuT fpll ; hikahy;
FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; kiyehl;il gpupjj; hdpauhy; ntw;wp nfhs;s Kbe;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;bf;F te;jNghJ kd;dUk; mtuJ kidtpaUk;

muz;kidiaf; iftplL ; > nkjk`Etu vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gJq;fpapUe;jdu;.
kd;diuj; njhlu;eJ ; nrd;w gpupjj
; hdpag; gil gpujhdpfshd v`ynghy>
vf;ndypnfhil MfpNahupd; cjtpapdhy; mtiuf; ifJ nra;af;
$bajhapUe; j J. ifJ nra; a g; g l; l Jld; mtu; jdJ vjpupfspd; ;
nfh^uq; f Sf; F cl; g l; l hYk; gpd; d u; kd; d Uk; kfhuhzpfSk;
kupahijAld; gy;yf;fpy; Vw;wp mioj;J tug;gl;ldu;. rpy jpdq;fSf;Fg;
gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpau;> kd;diuAk;> ,uhzpfisAk; nfhOk;gpw;F mioj;J
te;J ~~nfhd;Nthyp]|; | vDk; fg;gypy; ,e;jpahTf;F ehL flj;jp NtY}upy;
rpiw itj;jdu;.

15 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd;
1798 Mk; Mz;by; = tpff ; puk uh[rpqf
; vDk; ngaUld; mupahrdj;jpy;
mku; e ; j ehaf; f u; tk; r j; J fz; Z rhkp vDk; ,sturu; Muk; g j; j py;
nkd;ikahd Fzq;fs; epuk;gg; ngw;w xUtuhfNt fhzg;gl;lhu;. jkJ
gpujhdpfspd; eltbf; i ffshYk; gpw;
fhyj; j py; kJTf; F mbikg; g l; l jhYk;
nfhba Ml;rpahsdhf khwpdhu;. kf;fSf;F
,ilQ;ry; tpistpf;Fk; jiytu; fSf;Fj;
jz;lid toq;fp> Fbkf;fspd; kdijf;
ftu; e ; j ,k; k d; d u; mj; j pahtrpakhd
nghUl;fSf;F tpiyf; fl;Lg;ghL tpjpj;J>
kJtUe; J jy; > kpUfq; f isf; nfhy; y y;
vd;gtw;iwj; jLj;J ehl;L eyd; fUjpr;
nraw;gl;lhu;. jyjhkhspiff;F kdq; ftUk;
gl;bUg;ig (gj;jpUg;G) fl;b vOg;gp> fz;b
thtpia myq; f upj; j hu; . je; j puk; kpf; f
Ml;rpahsuhfj; jpfo;e;j mtu; ehl;bd; kPJ = tpff
; puk ,uh[rpqf
;
mjPj gw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. kd;dd;

mtu; ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;ifapy; mtuJ cs;sj;jpy; cjpj;j

vz;zq;fs; ftpijahf ntspte;jNghJ mjpy; mtuJ jhafg; gw;W
kpspu;e;j tpjk; tUkhW:

xg;gw;w ,yq;ifg; ghuk;gupa kf;fs; thOk; tiu

cd;dj kd;du;Fy ,uj;jk; vd;dpy; ghAk; tiu
fz;zPu;j; JspAk; rpe;Njd; capu;thOk; tiu
,Wjpahf cd;id tzq;Ffpd;Nwd;
,yq;ifj; jhNa!

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 16
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

1594ypUe; J Nghu; j ; J f; N fauhy; gy re; j u; g ; g q; f spYk; gpd; d u;

xy;yhe;juhYk; 1803 ,y; gpupj;jhdpauhYk; kiy ehL Mf;fpukpf;
fg;gl;lhYk; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; jkJ jhafj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ij
kiyafj;jpdu; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. mtu;fs; jkJ kd;dd;kPJ
nfhz;bUe;j tpRthrKk;> jk;kpilNa nfhz;bUe;j xw;WikAk;
INuhg;gpau;fshy; kiyehl;ilf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbahikf;fhd
fhuzq;fshFk;. vd;whYk; 1815 ,y; Mf;fpukpg;G epfOk;nghOJ mjd;
gpujhdpfSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; mur tpRthrk; mw;Wg; Nghdikahy;
gpupj;jhdpau; kiyaf ,uhr;rpaj;ij ,yFtpy; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldu;.
rpy E}w;whz;Lfshfr; Rje;jpukhfj; jpfo;e;j ,yq;ifapd; kiyaf
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; KbT ,Wjpapy; ,t;thwhf mike;J tpl;lJ.

fz;b cld;gbf;if

Aj;jj;jpd; Kbtpy; 1815 khu;r; khjk; 2Me; jpfjp fz;b mur

kz; l gj; j py; xd; W $ba gpupj; j hdpa MSeuhd nuhgl;
gpnusd;wpf;Ff;Fk; kiyaf gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilNa ,lk;ngw;w
xg;ge;jj;jhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpau; trkhdJ. gpupj;jhdpa
kd; d u; %d; w hk; N[hu; i [ gpujpepjpj; J tk; nra; j nuhgl;
gpnusd;wpf;Fk; kiyehl;L kf;fs; rhu;gpy; gpujhdpfs;> gpuNjr
Ml;rpahsu;fs;> Vida cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisf; nfhz;l FOtpdUk;
1815 khu;r; 10 Me; jpfjp ,t; xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifr;rhj;jpl;ldu;. gpujk
gpujhdpahd v`ynghiyAk; fynfhl jp]hitAk; 1815 khu;r;
18Me; jpfjp ifnahg;gkpl;ldu;. ,JNt 1815 ,d; fz;ba xg;ge;jk;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; xg;ge;jk; ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;G
Kidahf mike;jjhff; Fwpgg ; plyhk;. ,uz;lhapuk; tUlq;fSf;Fk;
Nkyhf jd;dhjpf;fk; epytpa Rje;jpu ehnlhd;wpd; ,Wjp tuyhW
,t;thW KbTw;wJld;> KO ehLk; gpupjj ; hdpa Ml;rpfF
; cl;gl;lik
,t;nthg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; ele;NjwpaJ. ,j;Jld; kiyaf Kbahl;rp
Kw;Wg; ngw;wNjhL = tpf;fpuk uh[rpq;fd; kd;du; gjtp Jwf;fr;
nra;ag;gl;L KO ehLk; Mq;fpNyau; trkhdJ.

17 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
nraw; g hL

(tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; ,uz;L FOf;fshf gpupeJ

; nraw;ghLfspy;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.)
1 xUtu; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; kd;dd; Nghy; jahuhf Ntz;Lk;.
kw;w rpyiug; gad;gLj;jp murpdp;d; Kb#l;L itgtk;> gj;jpupg;G>
epu;khzk;> cjtp nra;jy;> Fsq;fis epu;khzpj;jy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfSld; $ba murdpd; ghj;jpuj;ij ebj;Jf; fhl;ly;.
2 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; ,Wjp re;ju;g;gk; ,uhzpAld;
xope;J nfhs;sy; mtu;fis gpujhdpfs; Mq;fpNyauplk; gpbj;Jf;
nfhLj; j y; > murid ehl; i l tpl; L ntspNaw; w y; Nghd; w
re;ju;g;gq;fis ebj;J fhl;Ljy;.

thupag;nghy = Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuk;

1815 khu;r; 2 Me;
jpfjp fz;ba xg;ge;jk;
ifr; rhj; j pLtjw; F j;
jPuk; hdpf; fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;
gLtjw;F Kd;du; fz;b
mur kz;lgj;jpy;
gpupj; j hdpa ,uhZt
tP u d; xUtd; rpq; f f;
nfhbia epyj;jpy; thupanghy = Rkq;fy Njuuhy; gpupj;jhdpaf;
Nghl;Ltpl;L Mq;fpyf; nfhb ,wf;fg;gl;L jpUk;gTk; rpq;ff; nfhb
nfhbia Vw;wpdhd;. gy Vw;wg;gly;
E}w;whz;Lfshff; fhg;ghw;wp tug;gl;l Rje;jpuk; ,y;yhky; Nghdijr;
rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbahj thupa nghy = Rkq;fy Njuu;> fLk;
NfhgKw;W mtu; clNd Kd;te;J ~~xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gLtjw;F
Kd;du; cq;fSila nfhbia Vw;Wtjw;F ,lkspf;f KbahJ.
mjid Vw;w Ntz;baJ xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l gpd;dNu||
vd;W $wpf;nfhz;L Mq;fpNyaupd; nfhbiaf; fPNo Nghl;L tpl;L>
kPsTk; rpq;ff; nfhbia Vw;wpdhu;. Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf
Rje;jpuj;ij ehb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; eltbf;ifahf ,jidf;
fUjyhk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa giltPud; xUtd; gpf;F kPJ
gha;e;jhYk; nlhapypapd; jiyaPl;bdhy; mJ rkhjhdkhfj;
jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 18
 ,oe;J tpl;l Rje;jpuj;ij kPsg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf 1818
,y; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghupd;NghJ jyjh
khspifapy; ,Ue;j Gdpj je;jj;ij vLj;Jr; nrd;W ,ufrpakhd
Kiwapy; fpsu;r;rpf;fhuupd; ifapy; nfhLj;jJk; ,j;Njuu;jhd;
mg;Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jNghJ ,uh[JNuhf rjpf;Fw;wr;
rhl;bd; Ngupy; mtu; Fw;wthspahf;fg;gl;L aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpiw
itf;fg;gl;lhu;. Rkq;fy Njuupd; tPuj;ij gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRk;
kjpj;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. 1821 ,y; mtu; tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

1815 xg; g e; j j; j py; ifr; r hj; j pl; l

kiyehl; L j; jiytu; f s;

nkhy;ypnfhl kpyy
; ht
gpypkjyht fyfk
uj;tj;j v`ynghy
nkhdutpy - nfg;gl;bg;nghy fynfhl fz;ba xg;ge;jj;jpy; ,lg;gl;l
gpujhdpfs; ifnahg;gq;fspy;
Jy;Nyt
rpy

kiyaf xg; g e; j j; j pd; gd; d pU thrfq; f Ss; ; Kf; f pakhd rpy

thrfq; f s;
v kyghiur; Nru;e;j ehaf;f tk;rj;jtu;fSf;F kiyafr; rpk;khrd
cupik mfw;wg;gl;L III Mk; N[hu;[;
kd;dUf;F mJ toq; fg;gLfpwJ.
(thrfk; 1)
v cs;ehl;L mjpfhupfspd; gjtpfs;>
cupikfs;>rYiffs;> mjpfhuq; fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. gioa
rk;gpujhaq;fspd; gbNa kiyafk;
Msg;gLk;. (thrfk; 4)
fz;ba xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU gFjp
v ngsj;j kjk;> tzf;f];jyq;fs;>
Gdpj ,lq;fs;> ngsj;j FUkhu;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLtu;. (thrfk; 5)
v MSeupdhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;lhyd;wp> kuz jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;
glf;$lhJ. (thrfk; 7)
v nghJkf;fspd; Fbapay;> Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffs; RNjr cj;jp
Nahfj;jupdhy; rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb tprhupf;fg;gLk;. (thrfk; 8)
19 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 Rje;jpug; Nghu; - 1818
1815 xg; g e; j j; j pd; g b kiyehl; b d; epu; t hfj; i jf; nfhz; L
elj;Jtjw;fhf gpnusd;wpf; MSeuhy; jdJ gpujpepjpahf (nu]pld;l;)
N[hd; nlhapyp epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. mtupd; jiyikapy; Mizf; FO
xd;wpd; Nkw;ghu;itapd;fPo; kiyehL Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
kiyehl;ilg; gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fupajhf;fpa gpd;du; jhk; Gupe;j
nraypd; ghuJ}uk; kiyafg; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; nghJ kf;fSf;Fk; Gupa
Muk;gpj;jJ. jkJ Kd;Ndhu;fshy; capu;j;jpahfq;fSld; ,uz;lhapuk;
Mz;LfSf;F Nkyhfg; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l jha;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;ijj; jhNk
ntspehl; l tUf; F xg; g ilj; J tpl; l ij czuj; j iyg; g l; l du; .
gpupjj
; hdpaUf;F kiy ehl;il xg;gilj;jjw;fhf mtu;fs; kdk; tUe;jpdu;.

,Jtiu jkJ nfsutj;jpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhapUe;J jhk; ghJfhj;J

te;j muriu ,oe;Jtpl;Nlhk;> jw;nghOJ muru; ,y;yhj fjpaw;w
kf;fshfptpl;Nlhk; vd;w czu;T mtu;fis Ml;nfhz;lJ.

rhjhuz kf;fs; khj;jpukd;wp ngsj;j FUkhUk; $l kdr;

rQ;ryKw;wjhff; fz;ba xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jpl;l gpd;du; nrq;flfiyapy;
,Ue;J jj;jkJ Cu;fis Nehf;fpr; nry;ifapy; gpf;F xUtu; ghba
gpd;tUk; ghlypypUe;J njupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhAs;sJ.

INah vWk;GfNs!
cq;fSf;F murd; xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;.
vq;fSf;F mtd; ,y;iy
vq;fsJ tpidfshyh ,J Neu;fpwJ?
murd; xUtd; tha;g;ghNdahdhy;
gyfhuKk;> ghw;NrhWk; cz;Nghk;
ngu`u vLg;Nghk;.
~rhJ| ehjj;ij Koq;fr; nra;Nthk;.

kiyehl;by; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L rpwpJ fhyj;

jpNyNa nghJkf;fSf;F mjpUg;jp Vw;glj; njhlq;fpaJ. kiyehL
gpupj;jhdpaUf;F cupikahfp %d;W Mz;Lfs; nry;tjw;fpilapy; mtu;
fsJ Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp ,af;fk; xd;W Muk;gkhdJ. 1818 ,y;
nty;y];] gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhd ,r;Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs; gythFk;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 20
 1818 Rje;jpug; NghUf;F gpd;dzpaha; mike;j fhuzpfs;
kpfj; njhiytpy; trpf;fpd;w fhzKbahj murdhy; jk;ehL
Msg;gLtJ kiyehl;bdUf;F nghUj;jkw;w> gof;fkw;w xd;wha;
mike;jik.
♦ jq;fs; fz;fshy; fhzKbahj J}uj;jpypUe;j murDf;Fg;
gzpe;J elg;gJ fz;b kf;fshy; Kbahj nrayhf ,Ue;jik.
♦ gpupj;jhdpa cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; xg;ge;j tpjpfSf;F mikthf
ele;J nfhs;shik.
♦ gpujhdpfspd; rYiffSk; tUkhd khu;f;fq;fSk; ,y;yhkw;
Nghdik>
♦ gpf;Ffis kjpf;fhikAk;> xg;Gf;nfhz;lgb ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F
cupa kupahij toq;fg;glhikAk;>
♦ RNjr nkhop> gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wp rw;Wk; mwpahj gpupj;
jhdpau;fshy; ehL Ml;rp nra;ag;gl;likahy; ehl;bDs;
rQ;rykhd epiy cUthdik.
♦ ,Jtiu kiyaf gpujpepjpj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fSf;Nf gl;lk;>
gjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;L te;jikf;Fg; Gwk;ghfTk;> fz;ba xg;ge;
jj;jpw;F khwhfTk; `[;[pkupf;fhu; vd;gtu; Kfhe;jpukhf epakpf;
fg;gl;lik> 1818k; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F cldbf;
fhuzkha; mike;jJ.
♦ kiyehl;L muRf;F cupik Nfhupf;nfhz;L Jiurhkp vd;w
egu; xUtu; Cthg; gpuNjrj;jpy; Njhd;wpaik.

guk;giuahf rpq;fsj; jiytu; xUtuhy; tfpf;fg;gl;l nty;yr

gpuNjr Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F K];yk
P ; ,dj;ijr; Nru;ej
; `[;[p kupf;fhu;
vd;gtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lik 1818Mk; Mz;L fpsu;r;rpf;F cldbf;
fhuzkhf mike;jJ. ,J 1815Mk; Mz;L cld;gbf;iff;F vjpuhdJ
vdf; fUjpa gpujhdpfSk;> rpq;fs kf;fSk; vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jdu;.
jhk; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; cwtpdu; vd;Wk; jkf;F muRupik
cz;nld;Wk; $wpf;nfhz;L Cthg; gpuNjrj;jpw;F te;j xUtiur; Rw;wp
Cth kf;fs; xd;W jpuz;lik.
`[; [ p kupf; f hUk; gJisaps; cjtp murhq; f mjpguhd
rpy;nt];lu; tpy;]Dk; gpupj;jhdpag; gilnahd;Wld; Jiurhkpiaf; ifJ
nra; a r; nrd; w du; . mg; N ghJ rpq; f stu; f shy; ,tu; f s; nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;ldu;. ,f;Fog;gfukhd epiyiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; nrd;w
gpupj; j hdpag; gil Fog; g f; f huu; f Sf; F Jg; g hf; f pg; gpuNahfk;
nra;jikapdhy; Vw;gl;l fpsu;r;rp> Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf khwp kiyehL
vq;Fk; gutpw;W.
21 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf gpupjj
; hdpau;fshy; Cthtpd; jp]hitahd
nkhdutpy nfg;gl;bg;nghy jiyikapy; gilnahd;W mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
fytuj;ij mlf;Ftij tpLj;J fyff;fhuu;fSld; mtUk; Nru;e;J
nfhz;likahy; fytuk; ,d;Dk; cf;fpukile;jJ.
nfg; g l; b g; n ghy jp ] hit
mg; N ghJ nfg; g l; b g; n ghy Cthtpd; jp]h
itahff; flikahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1818,y;
fytuk; Muk; g pj; j Tld; mjid mlf; F k; gzp
nfg;gl;bg;nghytplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpuNjr
kf;fs; mtiur; rhu;e;J fytuj;ij epWj;jptpLthu;fs;
vdg; gpupj;jhdpau; fUjpdu;. Mdhy; fytuj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j mDg;gg;gl;l mtu;> fpsu;r;rpf;fhuu;fSld;
Nru; e ; J nfhz; L > ~~cq; f Sila MAjq; f shy;
cq;fisj; jhf;f khl;Nld;|| vd;W $wp Mq;fpyg;
nfg;gl;bnghy
gilfis MAjq;fSld; jpUg;gp mDg;gptpll ; hu;. ,jid
jp]hit
mLj;J Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jiyik mtUf;F cupj;jhdJ.

nty;y];] gpuNjrj;jpy; Muk;gkhdjhy; nty;y];] fytuk; vd;Wk; Cth

gpuNjrnkq;Fk; gutpaikahy; ~Cth fytuk;| vd;Wk; 1818 Mk; Mz;Lg;
Gul;rp vd;Wk; mwpKfg; gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; cz;ikapy; ,J rpqf
; stupd; KjyhtJ
Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vdf; $WtJ kpfTk; rupahdjhFk;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs;

w nkhdutpy nfg;gl;bnghy jp]hit
w kLfy;y jp]hit
w jpk;Gyhd jp]hit
w fpTNynfju nkh`l;lhy
w 2Mk; gpypkj;jyht mjpfhuk;
w G+ll; hNt ul;Nluhy
w nfh`_ Fk;GNu ul;Nluhy
w fynfju nkh`l;lhy
w nfhNl nfju mjpfhuk;
w jk;gtpdd ; jprhit

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 22
Nghuhl; l k; gutyiljy;
rpq; f stu; f s; ,aw; i fahd kiwtplq; f spy; gJq; f papUe; J
nfhupy;yhg; Nghu; Kiwiaf; ifahz;lgbahy; gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fg;
ngUQ;Nrjk;; tpise;jJ. nkhy;ypnfhl> vf;ndypnfhl Mfpa gpujhdpfs;
ePqf; yhf Vida midj;Jg; gpujhdpfSk; Nghuhspfisr; rhu;ej ; ikahy;
gpupjj; hdpaupd; Ml;rp kiyafj;jpypUe;J xopff
; g;gLk; epiyf;F MshfpaJ.
,jw;fpilNa Gdpj je;jKk; fpsu;r;rpahsu;fs; trkhfNt> mtu;fSf;F
mJ rhjfkhf mike;Jtpll ; J. CthTf;F kl;Lk; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j
Nghuhl;lk; tpiutpNyNa Jk;giw> N`thn`l;il> `hup]; gj;Jit>
khj;jis cl;gl gy gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gutpr; nrd;wJ.
Nghuhl; l j; i jf; fl; L g; g Lj; j y;
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf> fytug; gpuNjrk; vq;Fk; khu;\y;
Nyh vd;Dk; ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ijg; gpupj;jhdpau; gpufldg;gLj;jpdu;.
Nghuhspfisg; gytPdg;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fspy; czTj;
jl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; gpuGf;fspdJk;> nghJkf;fspdJk;
tPL thry;fs;> Njhl;le;JuTfs;> ke;ijfs; tpisepyq;fs; Mfpa rfy
nrhj;J Rfq;fisAk; mopj;J ~~gho;epyf;|| nfhs;ifiaf; ifahz;ldu;.
nfh^ukhd topKiwfisf; ifahz;L fytuj;ij mlf;fpa gpupjj ; hdpau;
Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fisf; ifJ nra;jdu;. nfg;gl;bg;nghy> kLfy;y
vd;Nghiuf; ifJ nra;jJld; fytuk; xa;e;J Ngha;tpl;lJ.
,tw;NwhL 1818Mk; Mz;L fytuk; Njhy;tp miltjw;Ff; fPot
; Uk;
fhuzq;fSk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jd.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tp mile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

v Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahd jpl;lj;Jld; Kd;ndLf;fg;glhikAk;. xt;
nthU gpuNjrj; jiytu;fSf;fpilNa Kiwahd njhlu;ghly;
,d;ikAk;.
v Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fspilNa jdpgg
; l;l Nfhgjhgq;fs; ,Ue;jikAk;
Ngjq;fs; Vw;gl;likAk;.
v nkhy;ypnfhl vd;w gpujk gpujhdp gpupj;jhdpau; gf;fk; rhu;e;
jpUe;jik mtu;fSf;Fg; ngUk; gykhf mike;;jik. nkhy;yp
nfhltpd; fPopUe;j gpuNjrq;f@lhf kiy ehl;Lf;Fr; nry;Yk;
ghijfs; mike; j pUe; j ikahy; mtu; f Sf; F j; Njitahd
,uhZtj;ijAk;> MAjq;fisAk; czitAk; jlq;fypd;wpg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik.
v gpupj;jhdpau;fshy; ifahsg;gl;l ~gho; epyf;| nfhs;ifahy;
ghjpg;Gw;w kf;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; iftpl;lik.
23 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 v ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp xopjJ
; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Gdpj je;jk; gpupjj
; hdpau;
trkhdik.
v rpk; k hrdj; j pw; F cupik Nfhupa Jiurhkp vDk; egu;
mjw;Fupatdy;y vd;Wk; tpy;ghNt vDk; CupypUe;J jkf;Fupa
Milfis Jwe;J tpl;L te;j gpf;F vd;Wk; jfty;mwpe;jik.
v 1818 nrg;lk;gu; 21 Me; jpfjpf;F Kd;du; RatpUg;Gld; ruzil
NthUf;F capu;g;gpr;ir mspf;fg;gLk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lik.
v K];yPk; kf;fs; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F Mjutspj;jy;.
v RNjrpfshy; etPd MAjq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s Kbahik.
ifJ nra;ag;gl;l kLfy;y> nfg;gl;bg;nghy MfpNahu; ,uhZt
ePjpkd;wj;juP g
; g
; pdg
; b jiy Jz;bf;fg;gl;ldu;. Rje;jpug; NghUf;Fj; jiyik
jhq;fpNahupd; nrhj;Jf;fs; muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld. rpy gpujhdpfs; ehL
flj;jg;gl;ldu;. v`ynghiyAk; mjpy; xUtu; Mthu;.
,t;thW gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kiyehl;by; Kjd;Kiwahf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Gul;rp ngUe;njhif capuopTfSlDk; Ngusthd
nrhj;Jf;fspd; ,og;GlDk; KbTw;wJ. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; gpupjj
; hdpaupd;
Ml;rp kpfTk; cWjpahf epWtg;gLtjw;F topgpwe;jJ.
,J jtpu 1815 Mz;L fz;b cld;gbf;iff;Fg; gjpyhf 1818Mk;
Mz;L fz;bg; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; topahff; fz;b RNjr
mjpfhupfspd; mjpfhuq; f s; > rYiffs; vd; g d ngUkstpy;
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJld;> 1815Mk; Mz;L cld;gbf;ifapy; cWjp mspjj
; jw;F
mika Gj; j rkaj; i jAk; > gpf; F khiuAk; ghJfhg; g njd cWjp
mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.
nraw; g hL
1818 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug; NghUld; njhlu;Gila jiytu;fspy; ePu;
tpUk;Gk; xUtiuj; njupT nra;J ebj;Jf; fhl;Lf. tFg;gpy; khztu;
rpyu; ghj;jpuq;fs; Vw;W ehlfnkhd;wpid Kd;itf;fyhk;.
Nfhy; G W}f; rP u ; j p U j; j q; f s; 1833
1818 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisthf epu;thf uPjpahd MNyhridfis
toq;fntd Nfhy;GW}f; vd;gtUk; ePjpjJ ; iw rk;ge;jkhd MNyhridfis
toq;fntd fkwd; vd;gtUk; gpupj;jhdpa murpdhy; ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp
itf; f g; g l; l du; . ,tu; f s; ,yq; i fapy; gpupj; j hdpau; Ml; r pia
cWjpg;gLj;JKfkhf gy Kf;fpa MNyhridfis Kd;itj;jdu;. ,t;
MNyhridfs; 1833 ,y; Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jq;fshf eilKiwf;F
te;jd.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 24
Ø fiuNahuj;Jf;nfd;Wk; kiyehl;Lf;nfd;Wk; ntt;Ntwhf ,Ue;j
Ml; r p Kiwia mfw; w p> xNu Ml; r papd; f P o ; ,yq; i fia
If;fpag;gLj;jy;. ,jd;%yk; KO ehl;bYk; mtu;fSila Ml;rpia
epWTjy;.
Ø Ml;rp tplaq;fspy; MSeUf;fpUe;j mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J>
rl;l rigiaAk; rl;l epUthf rigiaAk; Muk;gpj;jy;.
Ø Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfspd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffisg; gyg;gLj;Jk;
tz;zk; mJtiu ,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;J te;j jilfis mfw;wy;.
,jw;fikthf ntspehl;ltu; ,q;F FbNaWtjw;Fk; epyj;ij
thq;Ftjw;Fk; ,Ue;j jilfs; mfw;wg;gl;ld.
Ø tu;jj; f tptrhaj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; epyj;jpw;F tup tpyf;fspj;jy;.
Ø ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;rr ; pf;fhf ngUe;njUf;fis mgptpUj;jp
nra;tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
Ø tq;fp eltbf;iffis Muk;gpj;J itj;jy;.
Ø KOehl;ilAk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;Jf;Fs; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;
ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp xd;iw Muk;gpj;jy;. mjd;%yk; fpuhk rig
rl;l jpl;lq;fshf mJtiu ,Ue;Jte;j rk;gpujha Kiwfis
xopj;J> ePjpkd;wq;fspd; %yk; mtu;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij ,e;ehl;by;
epWTjy;.
Ø murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu tplaq;fs; midj;jpYk; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
cWjpgg ; Lj;Jk; tz;zk; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; 1848

v gpupj; j hdpaupd; Ml; r pf; F tpNuhjkhf kiyehl; b y; Vw; g l; l
,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lNk 1848 fpsu;r;rpahFk;. 1818,y;
Vw;gl;l KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gpujhdpfspd; jiyikapy;
Vw;gl;lhYk; 1848 ,d; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
vOr;rpAw;wtu;fs; rhjhuz Fbkf;fNsahthu;. jkJ tho;thjhuj;
njhopiy Kiwahfr; nra;a KbahJ Nghd tptrhapfspd;
Nghuhl;lkhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
v 1833 ,y; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nfhy;GW}f; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fspd; gydhfNt
,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhdJ.
1848 Rje; j p u g; Nghuhl; l j; j p d ; gp d ; d zp f ; fhuzp f s;
v Nfhy;GW}f; rPuj
; pUj;jq;fspd; fPo; eput
; hf Nritahsu;fspd; njhif
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. Mifahy; mr;Nrit eyptile;jJ. ,jdhy;
nghJkf;fSf;Fk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,Ue;j
,ilntsp mjpfupj;jik.
25 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 v Njrpa tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F murhq;fj;jpd; cjtp fpl;lhky;
Nghdik. Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; tptrhapfs;
ftdpf;fhJ tplg;gl;lNjhL ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapNy murpd;
ftdk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJ.
v fpuhk rigfsplk; ,Ue; j mjpfhuq; f s; eP j pkd; w j; J f; F f;
fl;Lg;;gl;lgbahy; rpwpa gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Ff;
$l ntFnjhiytpy; cs;s ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;y Neupll ; ik.
tof; F fspd; NghJ Kj; j piuf; fl; l zk; > tof; f wpQu; f spd;
nfhLg;gdT> ,ilr;nryTfs; vd;W ngUe;njhifiar; nrytpl
Neu;e;jik.
v ];&tu;l; nkf;fd;]p MSeuhy; 1840 ,y; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l jupR
epyr; rl;lj;jpdhy; tptrhapfspd; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhd epyq;fs;
murhq; f cilikahf; f pf; nfhs; s g; g l; l ikahy; kf; f shy;
ngUe;Jd;gq;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Neupl;lik.
v ,r;rl;lj;jpd; %yk; tptrhapfs; gad;gLj;jpa murhq;f epyq;fs;
ntspehl; l tu; f Sf; F tpw; f g; g l; l gbahy; mtu; f spd; ke; i j
Nka;r;rYf;fhd Gw;wiufs; ,y;yhkw; Nghdik.
v ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapdhy; Fbkf;fspd; tho;f;if
Kiwik rpf;fYf;Fs;shfpaik. INuhg;gpau;fs;> njd;dpe;jpau;fs;>
K];ypk;fs;> fPioehl;Lr; rpq;fstu;fs; ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd;
NjitfSf;fhf kiyehl;bw;F te;jikahy; kiyaf kf;fspd;>
rkhjhdkhd mikjpahd tho;fi ; f neUf;fbf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lik.
v kiyehl;by; kJghdf; filfs; jpwf;fg;gl;likahy; xOf;ftPdk;
ngUfp r%fk; rPu;Fiyaj; njhlq;fpaik.
v ngsj;j rkaj;ijf; ftdpf;fhJ tpl;lik.
v MSeu; nlhupq;ldpdhy; Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik.
v ,t;Ntisapy; ePyg;Gj;jfk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Gs;sp tptug;
Gj;jfj;jpwF
; murhq;fk; jfty;fisj; jpul;bf; nfhz;bUe;jikahy;
Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gLtjw;F eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gLtjhfg; gpurhuk; nra;ag;gl;lik.

1847 Mk; Mz;lstpy; INuhg;gpar; re;ijapy; Nfhg;gpapd; tpiy

tPo;r;rpAw;wikahy; murhq;fj;jpd; tUkhdk; Fiwe;jJ. ,g;gzg;
gw;whf;Fiwf;Fg; gupfhukhf> MSeu; nlhupq;ld; Gjpa tupfs; gytw;iw
tpjpj;jhu;. gpd;tUtd mtw;wpy; rpy tupfshFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 26
 • filfSf;fhd tup • Kj;jpiu tup
• glF tup • eha; tup
• Jg;ghf;fp tup • glFj; Jiwf;fhd tup
• (fuj;ij) tz;b tup • Ms;tup
vd;git mtw;wpy; rpythFk;.
,t;tuptpjpg;G 1848 Mk; Mz;Lg; Nghuhl;lj;jp; w;F cldbf; fhuzpahf
,Ue;jJ. Vw;fdNt r%f> nghUshjhu uPjpapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j
nghJkf;fshy; ,tw;iwj; jhq;f KbahjpUe;jJ. ,g;GJ tupfSf;F
vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gjw;fhf kf;fs; xd;W jpusj; njhlq;fpdu;. nfhOk;G>
fhyp> fz;b> gJis Mfpa gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; tuptpyf;F Ntz;b
murhq;fj;ij epu;g;ge;jpf;Fk; $l;lq;fs; elj;jg;gl;ld. filrpapy; ,e;j
mnrsfupakhd epiy murhq;f vjpu;g;G Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lkhf tbtk;
ngw;wJ.
tPu Gud; mg;G> nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh> fl`g;nghy (Flhnghy
Njuu;) gpf;F MfpNahu; ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpNahUs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fshtu;.

tPu Gud; mg;G

• nkhwl;Litapy; cad gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j tPu n`d;d jpNf
gpuhd;rp]F
; > 14 Mk; tajpy; jhd; gpwe;j ,lj;ij tplL
; fz;bia
Nehf;fpg; gazkhdhu;.
• jdJ ehL> ,dk;> kjk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fj; jd;id mu;g;gzpf;ff;
fUjpa mtu; Nkw;fj;jpa ghzpapyhd jdJ ngaiu ~Gud;
mg;G| vd khw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
• gpupjj
; hdpa Vfhjpgj;jpathjpfSf;F vjpuhf kf;fis xd;WgLj;jj;
njhlq;fpa mtu;> 1848,y; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik
jhq;fpdhu;.
• fl`g;nghy Njuupd; topfhl;lypd; fPo; nraw;gl;l Gud; mg;G
1848 ,y; khj;jis nkf;Nlhty; Nfhl;iliaj; jhf;fp mjidf;
ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;lhu;.
• gpupj;jhdpau;fSf;F vjpuhf tPug; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jpdhYk;
filrpapy; mtu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
• 1848 Mf];l; 8 Me; jpfjp gpupj;jhdpaupd; Jg;ghf;fp uitfSf;F
mQ;rhky; Kfq;nfhLj;J kuzj;ijj; jOtpf; nfhz;lhu;.

27 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 fl`nghy Njuu;

• 1848 ,y; Rje;jpug; N g h u h l ;

lj;jpwF
; j; jiyik tfpjj ; Gud;
mg;G nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh
Mfpa ,U jiytu; fSf; F k;
Njitahd topfhl; L jiy
toq; f p ghJfhg; i g Nkw;
nfhz; L > gpupj; j hdpaUf; F
vjpuhd Nghuhl; l j; j pw; F j;
jiyik jhq; f p Kd; d pd; w
ngsj;j gpf;Ffspd; gpjhthf
,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fl`
nghy Njuu; ,lk; ngWfpwhu;

fl`nghy Njuu;

• gy;NtW Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;jthW fhl;by; cs;s fw;Fif

xd; w py; gJq; f p ,Uf; i fapy; gpupj; j hdpau; f shy; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

• nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh xope;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;gw;wpa jftiyj;

je;jhy; capu;g;gpr;ir mspg;gjhfg; gpupj;jhdpau;fs; Fwpg;gpl;
lNghJ> ~rpq;fstu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhfg; NghuhLk; nfhq;fh
Nynfhl gz;lhtpd; capu; vdJ capiutplg; ngWkjpahdJ.
Mifahy; nfhiy nra;jhy; guthapy;iy. nfhq;fhNynfhl
gz;lhtpd; capiug; ghJfhg;gJ rpq;fstd; vd;w Kiwapy;
ehd; nra;Ak; ngUQ; nrayhFk; vd;W mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,uhZt ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; ,t;tPu ciuAld; mtu; 1848
Mf];l; 6Me; jpfjp Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 28
 nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh

• nfhq;fhNy nfhl gz;lh fsdpapy;

tdth]y gpuNjrj;jpy; gpwe;j tu;zGu
NjtNf Nltpl; vd;gtuhthu;.
• tdth]y Nltpl; my;yJ
Ngypanfhl Nltpl;vd;w ngauhYk;
miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
• tup vjpu;g;G ,af;fj;jpw;F MjuT
njuptpj;J kiyehl;bw;F te;j mtu;>
mq;F jpUkzge;jj;jpy; ,ize;J
nfhz;lhu;.
nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh
• gpwF mtu; nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh
vdg; gpurpj;jkile;jhu;.
• nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh rpq;fstu;fspd; kd;ddhf ~= tpf;uk
ru;trpj;jp uh[rpq;`| vDk; ngaupy; jk;Gs;isapy; Kb#l;bf;
nfhz;lhu;.
• 1848 ,y; Rje;jpug; NghupdN
; ghJ Gud;mg;GTld; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
Vw;Wr; nraw;gl;lhu;.
• capUld; ifjhd mtu; Fw;wthsp vd xg;Gf; nfhz;lgbahy;>
kyhf;fhTf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.
• rpq;fstupd; tPu GU\uhd nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh Nehapdhy;
1849 brk;gu; 1 Me; jpfjp kuzkhdhu;.

1848 ,y; Nghuhl;lk; guTjy;

khj;jis> jk;Gs;is> FUzhfiy Kjyhd gpuNjrq;fspy; jPtpukhfg;

Nghuhl; l k; Kd; n dLf; f g; g l; l J. Nghuhspfs; mur fl; l lq; f s; >
fhupahyaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cilj;J nehWf;fpajd; %yk; jkJ
gpupjj
; hdpa vjpug
; i
; g ntspgg
; Lj;jpdu;. Jg;ghf;fp tupfF
; vjpug
; G
; j; njuptpjJ
;
te;j Jg;ghf;fp cupikahsu;fs; mtw;WlNd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;ldu;.
NkNy Fwpg; g pl; l gpuNjrq; f spy; jkJ mjpfhuj; i jg; Nghuhspfs;

29 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
epiyepWj;jf; $bajha; ,Ue;jJ.
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Fjy
jy;
MSeu; nlhupq;ld; ,uhZtr; rl;lj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;J fLikahfg;
Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;fpdhu;. nfhq;fhynfhl gz;lh> Gud; mg;G> bq;fpupuhy
Mfpa jiytu;fs; rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; fytuk; mlq;fpaJ. ,uhZt
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gl;l fl`nghy Njuu;> Gud; mg;G> bq;fpupuhy
MfpNahUf;F kuz jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL> nfhq;fhNynfhl
gz;lhTf;F E}W firabfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.

1848,y; fytuk; Njhy;tpAw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

♦ Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahf xOq;FgLj;jg;glhik.
♦ ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; kiyafk; vq;Fk; Nghjpa ghijfs;
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jikahy; ,yFthfg; Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;f
Kbe;jik.
♦ gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fj; NjitNaw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkyjpf
gilapdiuj; jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;s Kbe;jik.
♦ rpq;fstuplk; etPd MAjq;fSld; gapw;wg;gl;l gilazp xd;W
,y;yhik.
♦ kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfspd; MjuT fpl;lhik.

1848 Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

• MSeu; nlhupq;ld; mtuJ nrayhsu; nldd;w; MfpNahu;

,yq;ifapypUe;J ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fj; jpUg;gp miof;fg;gl;lhu;.
• Fw; w thspfshff; fhzg; g l; N lhUf; F j; jz; l id toq; f g;
gl;lNjhL> mtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fSk; gwpKjyhapd.
• nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;gG
; f;Fs;shd tupfs; rpy(filfSf;fhd tup>
eha; tup) mfw;wg;gl;ld.
• rpy tupfs; (Kj;jpiu> Jg;ghf;fp> fuj;ij tz;b> glF Ms;tupfs;)
kPs;guprPyidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
• tptrhapfs; njhlu;gpy; jhk; nrYj;jpa ftdk; Nghjpajhapy;iy
vd czu;e;j gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;> RNjr kf;fSf;F
Mjuthd nfhs;if xd;iw tFf;fj; jPu;khdpj;jpUe;jdu;.
mjw;fika 1850 ,y; ,Ue;J tptrhaj;ijAk; ePug ; g
; hrdj;ijAk;
tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murpdhy; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 30
 • tup ePf;fk; nra;jy;> kPs;guprPyid nra;jy;> tptrhaj;ijAk;>
ifj; n jhopiyAk; Kd; N dw; W tjw; f hd eltbf; i ffis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,e;jg; Nghuhl;lk; epahakhdJ
vd;gjidg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsUk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu; vd;gJ
njspthfpwJ.
jha;ehl;bd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhf kiy ehl;ltu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
,uz;lhtJ Nghuhl;lk; ,t;thwhfj; Njhy;tpAld; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ.
ntspehl;L; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; Njrpaj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhfTk;
,yq;ifau;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l filrpg; Nghuhl;lkhf ,jidf;
fUj KbAk; . 1948 ,y; ,yq; i ff; F Rje; j puk; fpilf; F k; t iu
,JNghd;wnjhU Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; kPz;Lk; xUKiw votpy;iy.
1848,y; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ijj; Njhw;fbj;j gpd;du;> gpupj;jhdpau;
mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwapy; nraw;gl;L murpay;> r%fk;>
nghUshjhuk;> fyhrhuk; Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; Njrj;jpd; gyk;>
cupik> Fzeyd;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;Jj; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
nraw; g hL
1' 1818>1848Mk; Mz;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd
gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

nry;thf;F Njhy;tpaila tpisTfs;.

Nghuhl;lk; jiytu;fs; nrYj;jpa fhuzk;
fhuzq;fs;

1'1818Mk; Mz;Lg;
Nghuhl;lk;
2'1848Mk; Mz;Lg;
Nghuhl;lk;

2' 1848Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fisr; Nrfupj;J rpW ifNaL
xd;W jahu; nra;f.

3. 1848Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F kpfTk;

jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa fhuzp Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;jpUj;jkh? MSeu;
nlhupq;ldpd; tup tpjpg;gh? vd;w jiyg;Gf;fspy; tpthjk;
elhj;Jf.

31 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf
 RUf; f k
k;

• gpupjj
; hdpaupd; mjpfhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; cWjpahf
epiyepWj;jpf; nfhz;l re;ju;gg; q;fSk; mjw;fhff;
ifahz;l tpjpKiwfSk;.
• fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
• 1797 ,y; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd fpsu;r;rpia
mlf;Fjy;.
• fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;ij Kbf;Fupa gpuNjrkhf;Fjy;.
• fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
• 1818> 1848Mk; Mz;Lfspy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fis Njhw;fbj;J
Aj;jr; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; g+uzkhd gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp
mjpfhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; epiyehl;bf; nfhs;sy;.
• 1833 ,y; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; rl;lthf;f>
epu;thff; fofq;fis Muk;gpj;J ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia
,e;ehl;by; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
• ngUe; N jhl; l j; J iwia Kd; N dw; W tjw; f hf ntspehl; L
%yjdj;ijg; ngWtjw;F eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;lik.
• Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; gutyhf;fpajhy; INuhg;gpa r%f-fyhrhuj;ij
,e;ehl;by; cUthf;Ftjw;;F ebtbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lik.

Mfpa eltbf;iffs; %yk; 1848Mk; Mz;L MFk; NghJ> rfy

JiwfspYk; gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fk; ,e;ehl;by; epiyngWtjw;F
mbg;gil eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf 32