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The blues
Songs born of long days of work

Origins of Blues Music

The origin of blues music is in the United States. It is essentially a hybrid of African and European music, conceived in the southern
United States by slaves. What began as "call and response", a form of music sung by slaves while working in the fields, evolved into a
form where the "call" was the guitar and the "response" was the singer. Traditionally, blues music is played in 4/4 time and consists of
12 bars, with lyrics taken from everyday life.

The "father of the Blues".

W.C. Handy was born in 1873 in Alabama. His song, "Memphis Blues," was the first blues song to be commercially published, in
1912. He later went on to publish a number of blues compositions in the years that followed. He is credited with organizing the first
blues performance at Carnegie Hall in 1928. His hands-on role in bringing blues music to the public earned him the title of "Father of
the Blues".

Types of Blues Music

There are four main types of blues music styles. Delta blues began in the Mississippi delta areas and the original style of blues.
Chicago Blues introduced electric instruments to the blues sound, such as microphones for vocals and amplifiers. Texas Blues is
almost identical to Chicago Blues in instruments but a Texan touch has not been found in Chicago. Blues Rock is the youngest style,
starting in the 1960s. Influenced by Delta and Chicago Blues. Artists of this style include the Rolling Stones, The Doors and
Creedence Clearwater Revival.

The "Mother of the Blues

Gertrude Pridgett, was born in 1886. Her family performed a minstrel show, and by 1900, she made her first appearance on stage.
When she married in 1902, she became Ma Rainey. She and her husband continued to perform in various minstrel shows throughout
the South. Their shows usually included a couple of blues tunes. In 1923, she signed with Paramount Records and they recorded 100
songs between 1923 and 1928. She was heralded as the "Mother of the Blues".

The Devil and Robert Johnson

No other blues musician is more shrouded in mystery and intrigue than Robert Johnson. He was born in 1911 in Mississippi. When he
first played guitar for Son House and Willie Brown, they told him that he should stick to playing harmonica. He returned a while later
(1930) to play guitar for them and surprised them by exhibiting skills that were greater than his own. It was then that the rumor began
that Johnson had sold his soul to the devil.

This genre has other curiosities such as the following.

 The original form of blues lyrics consisted of a single line repeated three times, as a call-and-response pattern.
 The first tune recorded is Antonio Maggio's "I Got The Blues".
 The first lyric recording with a black singer is entitled "Crazy Blues" by Mamie Smith.
 The first black composer, Williams Christopher Handy, appeared in the period 1873-1958. His inspiration was the life
of the sprawling working-class neighborhoods and farm fields, and he composed over a thousand works. One of his first
compositions was The Memphis blues.
 The composers Countee Cullen (1903-1946) and James Langston Hughes (1902-1967) begin to include poetry in their
compositions. Curious verses and completely opposed to the songs of the whites, for example, in one of Langston
Hughes' poems we find verses like these: "Don't forget / that death is a drum / that will beat / until the last worms / come
to the call". White people used to sing of flowers, moonlight, and sweet life.
 The great ambassador of classic blues is B.B. King. His given name was Riley Ben King. At the age of 24 he was hired
as a radio DJ and was given the nickname Blues Boy. His stage name B.B. King was born.
 The blues has influenced other musical genres such as Rock and Roll, Jazz and pop music, this is because its structures
and melodies were adapted to the new genres. One of the best known examples is "A Hard days Night" The Beatles.
 This genre can be danced without fixed patterns of movements, it is usually focused on sensuality, body contact and,
above all, as in its musical beginnings, in improvisation.

K pop
K-pop emerged in the early 90s, having as a precursor the group Seo Taijin and Boys, who proposed a music and style inspired by
American pop, arousing the interest of an audience accustomed to folk and trot. Following this new proposal, in 1995 the company
SM Entertainment, specialized in the training of musical artists, was created, launching the first band: H.O.T.

Through information technology, K-pop became known around the world, achieving great success that led to the emergence of new
groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, Girls Generation and Brown Eyed Girls. To strengthen their global positioning, the bands
adopted regional musical trends, fused with their culture, with exponents such as EXO, BTS, GOT7, A Pink, Twice, Red Velvet, and
others.
The "idols", artists with exemplary style, beauty, charisma, skills and behavior, have been elemental to the success of K-pop. They
undergo an intensive training program, designed by SM Entertainment, in which they perfect their singing and dancing skills, learn
public relations and media behavior, and have their image designed, with the goal of becoming role models.
The international success of K-pop is reflected in the proliferation of fans and fan clubs. The industry is estimated to have reached
more than 89 million fans in 113 countries, and while the majority of fans are in East Asia and Oceania (70.5 million and 457 clubs),
they are also significant in the Americas (11.8 million and 712 clubs) and Europe (6.5 million and 534 clubs), according to 2018 data
from the Korea Foundation and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Exhibitions to remember of the MNCM: "K-pop: Korean global phenomenon. Second edition"
K-pop is one of the most outstanding manifestations of modern Korean popular culture ("Hallyu"), a musical genre that with its
unique sound, fusion of tradition and modernity, and meticulous character design, has captivated global youth. To learn about its
origin and characteristics, the exhibition "K-Pop: Korean Global Phenomenon. Second edition", inaugurated in January 2020 at the
National Museum of World Cultures.
During the tour, around 400 collectibles from different K-pop bands were exhibited, including records, lightsticks, stickers, albums,
figures, accessories and posters, provided by the group of fan clubs K-Fan Union Mexico. Also, information about the history and
importance of the "Hallyu" phenomenon and K-pop was provided by the Project Mythology in the XXI Century, from the Faculty of
Political and Social Sciences of the UNAM.
Hallyu" (translated as "Korean wave") was a term proposed in 1999 by China's Beijing Youth Daily to describe the growing
popularity of Korean culture in the world, displayed through k-dramas, k-pop, food, fashion, aesthetics, sports, art and tourism. This
phenomenon emerged after the Korean War (1950-1953), thanks to various policies to boost and modernize the local entertainment
industry and promote it to the world.

Kpop fun facts

South Korean management agencies offer binding contracts to potential artists, sometimes at an early age. Trainees live in a
regulated environment and spend many hours a day learning music, dance, foreign languages and other skills in preparation for their
debut.

Groups are given a name and a "concept", along with a marketing hook. Sometimes subunits or subgroups are formed among existing
members. An example of a subgroup is Super Junior-K.R.Y., which consists of members Kyuhyun, Ryeowook, and Yesung, and
Super Junior-M, which became one of the best-selling K-pop subgroups in China.

Before the actual video, the band releases photos and teaser trailers. The promotional cycles for the following singles are called
comebacks even when the musician or group in question did not go on hiatus.

In 1995, the percentage of song titles using English in the top 50 charts was 8%. This figure fluctuated between 30% in 2000, 18% in
2005 and 44% in 2010. Similarly, more and more K-pop groups are using English names instead of Korean ones. This allows the
songs and artists to be marketed to a wider audience around the world. An example of a Korean song with a large proportion of
English lyrics is Kara's "Jumping," which was released simultaneously in Korea and Japan to much success.

Bolero

This new musical genre with new forms of

composition was born on the island of Cuba during the 19th century. A

even though it shares the name with the so-called bolero

Spanish dance which is a dance that emerged in Spain in the

s.XVIII and was performed in ¾ meter, the Cuban genre

developed a different rhythmic cell and melody in a different time signature.

of 4/4.

The typical Cuban bolero emerged around 1840. It can be found at

accepts that the first bolero was Tristezas, written by the

Cuban Jose Pepe Sanchez in Santiago de Cuba in the year

1883. That piece gave formal origin to the genre with the

musical accompaniment that we call "classical" by

guitars and percussion.

The bolero evolved from the music of cantinas and peñas to the music of

serenade music and its romantic subject matter made it a

acceptable to all social classes. On the other hand, the

new technologies, such as radio and mobile phones, have emerged.

recordings caused a wider diffusion of this genre.

The countries of the greater Hispanic Caribbean adopted the musical product that Cuba offered in the 1920s and 1930s. Over time, the
bolero merged with other musical genres and led to the emergence of some "sub-genres" such as the rhythmic bolero, the bolero son,
bolerochacha, bolero mambo, bolero ranchero, bolero moruno (bolero with gypsy and Hispanic influences), bolero salsa and even
bachata. Orchestration and development of the bolero In a first moment

At the beginning, the bolero developed its

language from the guitar "trios". In the 1930s

tropical orchestras appeared, then the alphonic orchestras appeared, and then the

big band style and lastly, the orchestrations of the type

symphonic that would bring refinement to the accompaniment.

bolero music for about thirty years (1935-1965).

Cuba and Mexico became meccas for musicians

and bolero singers.

For the massification of the bolero it was fundamental the

development of media such as radio, television, radio and television

live programs on television and cinema films with

its actor-singers as well as the recordings on discs,

whose printing evolved from 78 to 45" discs.

RPM (revolutions per minute), up to 33,

called "long duration", LD, LP or long play . Another factor

that influenced the rise of the bolero was the relative isolation of the

Latin American culture in the years around and after the

after World War I. This allowed the bolero to

to cultivate and develop without clear foreign competences

to threaten him.
The "golden era" of the bolero is coincident with the

period of military dictatorships in the 1930s,

forties and fifties. The success of the bolero served the

interests of these regimes, since it promoted a certain

romantic alienation in an audience that was wanted to be

to keep out of political issues.

Fun fact :

Many of its original exponents, such as Lucho Gatica, Javier Solís, María Dolores Pradera, Chavela Vargas, Orlando Contreras, Alci
Acosta, Julio Jaramillo, Rolando Laserie, Daniel Riolobos, Alfredo Sadel, Antonio Prieto, Felipe Pirela or Daniel Santos, would
continue to interpret it until the end of their days as singers. The bolero became an influence for ballads or romantic songs.

Progressive Rock

It is a genre of rock that emerged in the 1960s in the United Kingdom and the United States with the aim of expanding the qualities of
traditional rock, create new ways of expression, use new instruments and generally develop rock music in contradiction to its
traditional simplicity. Progressive rock was born from psychedelic rock which in turn has its origins in jazz, blues and rock and roll
music.

In the 60's the bands that at the beginning played music very close to psychedelic rock, soon evolve and start playing progressive rock.
They begin to produce music gradually shaping progressive rock.

Birth and origin of progressive rock. In 1967 three albums were released (Procol Harum by Procol Harum, Days of the Future Passed
by The Moody Blues and The Thoughts of Emerlist Davejack by The Nice) that can be considered progressive rock. These albums
were in the British charts for many weeks, and each of the groups began experimenting with either classical music, different
arrangements and compositions or recording with an orchestra.

In 1968 Procol Harum and The Nice recorded a rock suite, but there were also other groups that joined in to see what they could add
to what they were already doing.

Its characteristics Birth and origin of progressive rock. Progressive rock has no fixed rules since at its peak there were even variations
within it, but it is mainly characterized by:

The use of different musical forms, such as classical music, adapting it to rock pieces.

Musicians of this genre were usually educated in classical music which allowed them to improvise and perform in the pieces.

Lengthening of the duration of the songs that traditionally had been 3 minutes, to songs that could last up to 20 minutes or more,
having an introduction and several parts based on the idea of a sonata or suite, as they are elaborate songs.

Sound experiments with vocal-instrumental music.

Different musical instruments, especially electronic.

Experimentation with complicated rhythmic and harmonic patterns.

The lyrics of the songs are texts full of philosophical, mystical, fantasy or religious content.

Fun facts

1. George Harrison created the term "progressive".

"Anything we do has to be real and progressive," Harrison said shortly before recording Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. Thus
he inaugurated the adjective that marked a golden age of experimentation and creative freedom, with the Beatles as the bridge from
psychedelia to progressive rock.

2. King Crimson released the first progressive album in 1969.

The extreme violence, the technical perfection and the crepuscular lyrics are some of the innovative elements that, according to
Norberto Cambiasso, serve to place Robert Fripp's band's debut in the place of progressive rock's foundation stone. In the Court of the
Crimson King exhibited already from the changing chords of "21st Century Schizoid Man" a totally innovative language.

Lo-fi hip hop

The origins of lo-fi can be traced back to the first live sound shots taken with a phonograph cylinder between 1900 and 1904 by Lionel
Mapleson from a catwalk twelve metres above the stage of the Metropolitan Opera House. The sound quality of these shots is very
poor (even more so since they have become one-of-a-kind artifacts and have been reproduced over and over again during the last
century). The aesthetic quality, however, participates in an unprecedented event that has been captured in real time. At the same time,
commercial recordings of folk music were being produced in many countries around the world, as well as spontaneous recordings
made by pioneers like Fred Gaisberg of HMV. From ambient noise to the ghazals of Indian courtiers, among these spontaneous
recordings made with portable equipment, there remain some that should be heard. Also during much of the 1920s and 1930s live
performances by jazz musicians were recorded on 78 RPM records.

In the following era Buddy Holly used to record some of his songs in a conditioned garage and on a wire recorder and some of the
Hank Williams demos, released posthumously or only in the 21st century, were recorded using the overdubbing technique (one
instrument is recorded over the sound of another already recorded).

AllMusic writes: "Throughout the history of rock & roll, recordings were made cheaply and quickly, often on inferior equipment. In
that sense, early rock & roll records, most garage rock of the 1960s, and much of the punk rock of the late 1970s could be labeled lo-
fi. "3 The Beach Boys' Smiley Smile (1967), Wild Honey (1967), and Friends (1968) were a trilogy of lo-fi albums recorded primarily
in Brian Wilson's makeshift home studio; the albums are considered components of his "Bedroom Tapes."4 Pitchfork writer Mark
Richardson credited Smiley Smile with: "basically inventing the 'Bedroom' type lo-fi pop that would later be pushed by Sebadoh,
Animal Collective and others. "5

In 1975 Bob Dylan released Basement Tapes, which was the first realization of bootlegs, recorded in 1967. Perhaps benefiting from
the fact that the music was not originally intended to be recorded, the recording, made on a poorly maintained Ampex multitrack with
only two microphones, makes its sound flaws its best virtue; there's also the session's carefree nature, which defines the recording as
an authentic lo-fi experience. In the years that passed between the production and the official release of the recording, the popularity
of bootlegs opened a new market interested in this kind of recordings that allowed to appreciate even the home-recorded material of
any improvised musician without official recordings.

Fun facts

Who created LOFI hip hop?

What is clear is that lofi is here to stay. A phenomenon that is associated with anime and the figure of Japanese producer Nujabes
(who died in 2010) who, in the early 2000s, created a "new soft, nostalgic and atmospheric sounding style".

What is the Lo-Fi genre?

Lo-fi hip-hop is a musical style that emerged mainly from the mixture of hip-hop beats and touches of jazz (among other genres), but
with a different approach, less commercial and with a sound quality capable of being played on any device with the minimum
specifications for proper enjoyment.

R&B

Rhythm and Blues. Abbreviated by its acronym R&B or Jumping Music is a musical genre originally derived from jazz, gospel and
blues. The musical term was introduced in the United States in 1949 by Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine. [1] It replaced the term
known as "race records", considered offensive to the post-World War II[2] as well as Billboard's "Harlem Hit Parade" category in June
1949, and was primarily used to identify the musical genre that would later develop into Rock and Roll. The original R&B, known
today as classic Rhythm and Blues, has evolved into two popular strands, one known as contemporary Rhythm and Blues and another
that is virtually unrelated to the mainstream Rhythm and Blues subgenre.

Other subgenres of R&B

These are different sub-genres of R&B, roughly in chronological order of popularity.

Quiet storm
Quiet storm is a broad category of R&B and jazz that is noted for being smooth, relaxed and often romantic. The name comes from a
groundbreaking radio show called WHUR at Howard University in Washington DC in the mid-1970s, named after the hit single
"Quiet Storm" by Smokey Robinson (1975). Unlike contemporary R&B, Quiet storm shows little influence from Hip-Hop and had
great success in the 80s with artists such as Luther Vandross, Anita Baker, Sade, Lionel Richie and Gerald Levert and later in the 90s
with Joe, Brian McKnight and Vanessa Williams.

New jack swing

A fusion of R&B and Hip-hop, New jack swing is distinguished by the significant use of rapped choruses and the prominent use of
drum machines such as the Roland TR-808. Teddy Riley and his group Guy are credited as the inventors of the genre and some
notable figures in this genre include Bobby Brown (ex-New Edition), Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake, Jimmy Jam and Terry
Lewis, Jodeci and Boyz II Men. A female alternative, new jill swing, was supported by artists such as Janet Jackson, Neneh Cherry,
Total, Shanice, TLC, Aaliyah and SWV.

Rhythm & blues mainstream

This subgenre is the youngest of R&B and Mainstream Hip Hop; it was created in the late 1990s and is currently in full swing.

This genre is originally from South America, was the result of the mixture of pop artists who sought a change of sound, aesthetics and
image in music producers in the genres R & B and Hip-hop, this began occurring in the typical "boy bands" or "girl bands" in the U.S.
and UK (especially in pop ballads / R & B). This mixture gave rise to melodies with typical pop bases accompanied by R&B and Hip-
Hop instruments, lyrics and sometimes even rapping; this subgenre spread to almost all Anglo-Saxon countries.

In the mid 90's Mariah Carey gave a turn to the music making history with the union of R&B with Hip-Hop, in 1995 with the song
Fantasy, which managed to become the first female song to debut directly at #1 on the Bilboard Hot 100. With this Mariah Carey was
consolidated as the greatest exponent of modern R&B.

At the turn of the century, the marriage between R&B and Hip Hop reached a point where, in many cases, the only difference between
an R&B and Hip Hop recording is whether the vocals are rapped or sung. Modern R&B has a sound more based on what Hip Hop
Soul had, with some modifications. They have started to emphasize solo artists more than groups. Today, the most popular R&B
artists are: Mariah Carey (the best-selling R&B artist)[3] Black Eyed Peas, Fergie, Usher, Rain (singer), Akon, Rihanna, Chris Brown,
T-Pain, Beyoncé, Ashanti, Christina Aguilera, Ne-Yo, and R. Kelly among others. The most common producers are usually Jimmy
Jam, Puff Daddy, Timbaland, Pharrell, BLC, Will.I.Am.

Currently it is the most fashionable R&B.

Not to be confused with soul hip-hop, which took forms closer to pure hip-hop, usually accompanied by an image more closely tied to
Afrocentrism than the bling of gangsta rap. Most hip-hop soul artists had previously recorded New Jack Swing material. Some of the
most prominent figures of this genre were Montell Jordan, Blackstreet, Groove Theory and the so-called "Queens of Hip-Hop
Soul/Neo Soul" Mary J. Blige who became one of the leading exponents of the R&B genre, Erykah Badu and Aaliyah.

Neo soul

Neo soul combined a hip-hop influenced R&B sound with classic 70s soul. True neo soul is characterized by an unsophisticated feel,
accented by soul harmonies, and accompanied by alternative hip-hop beats. Some artists of this genre are Tony! Toni! Toné! Angie
Stone, Maxwell, Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill, Aaliyah herself, Jill Scott, Rihanna and Alicia Keys.