Types and Varieties of action research

1. Individualized Action Research

 Single classroom issue
 Supervisor, co-teacher/s, parents
 Instruction, assessment
2. Collaborative Action Research
 Single issue or a common problem
 Supervisor, community, parents, organization
 Instruction, assessment, policy
3. School-Wide Action Research
 School problem or area of collective interest
 School commitment, leadership, partners
 School restructuring, policy change, program evaluation
4. District-Wide Action Research
 District issue or organizational structure concerns
 District commitment, leadership partners
 Allocation of resources, policy change, structure evaluation

Varieties of Action Research

1. Diagnostic: researcher steps into an existing problem and diagnoses the situation.
2. Participatory: data is used to make recommendations for the resolution of the problem.
3. Empirical: conclusion are exclusively derived from concrete, verifiable evidence.
4. Experimental: conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables and a hypothesis.

Action Research vs. Formal Research

Action Research Formal Research

Goal Solve problems of local
concerns
Sources of data Opinions of researcher are
considered as data
Sampling Technique Purposive samples
Research Design Flexible, quick time frame
Application of Results Practical significance
Output Driven by intervention
Conclusion Covers only specific context and
locale
Recommendations Stated in one statement or brief
paragraph
Develop and test theories for
wide population
Opinions of researcher are NOT
considered as data
Random samples with large
population
Rigorous, done over long
periods
Theoretical significance
Driven by results, hypothesis-
testing, and findings
Entails general truth and
universal knowledge and
theories
Horizontal mapping with
findings, conclusion ls, and SOP

Action Research Models and Paradigm

 1. Action Research Interacting Spiral (Ernest)
2. Lewin’s Action Research Spiral (Mertler, 2009)
3. Calhoun’s Action Research Cycle (Emily F. Calhoun, 1994)
4. Bachman’s Action Research Cycle (Lorenz Bachman, 2001)
5. Piggot-Irvine’s Action Research Model
6. Action Research ( Eileen Ferrance)
7. Action Research Spiral (Kemmis & Mctaggart)
8. Susman’s action research Model
9. Action Research Process (Henderson, et. Al, 2012)

Action Research Processes and Procedures

1. Identify the problem

2. Define intervention
3. Apply intervention and collect data
4. Analyze data and findings
5. Take action based on results
6. Share findings

Research Proposal vs. Research Report

Research Research
Proposal Report
Communicates Communicates
Plan for study Results and
what was done
States what will States the
be done analysis of data,
findings,
implications
and conclusions
Denotes future Denotes past
actions actions
Both use third person pronounce
to maintain formality of the paper