ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Focuses on the functioning of the nervous

Anatomy system
- “to cut apart” dissection
- The study of the structure of the body and 3. Cardiovascular Physiology
its parts. - The study of cardiovascular system,
specially addressing the physiology of the
Physiology heart and blood vessel.
- The study of how the body works and its
functions. 4. Immunology
- Physiology is the science of body - The branch of biology that covers the
functions. study of immune system in all organisms.

Subspecialties of Anatomy 5. Pathophysiology

1. Gross Anatomy
- the study of anatomy that can be seen
through naked eye.
2. Microscopic Anatomy
- the study of anatomical features that can
be seen through microscope.
- Cells and tissues
3. Surface Anatomy
- The study of anatomical features that can
be seen on the surface of the body.
- Functional changes associated with
disease and aging
6. Respiratory Physiology
- the study of the functions of the air
passageways and lungs.
Six Structural and Functional
Organization of the Human Body
1. Chemical Level
- Atoms, the tiny building blocks of matter,
combine to form molecules.

4. Systemic Anatomy 2. Cellular Level

- The study of a particular system and its - Molecules associate in specific ways to
associated parts/organs. form cells, the smallest units of all living
things.
5. Regional Anatomy
- The study of anatomical region of the
body and identifying the connections
between various structures in that region

6. Cell Biology
- the study of cellular structure and
functions

7. Histology
- The study of microscopic structure of
tissues

Subspecialties of Physiology
1. Endocrinology
- The study of medicine that relates to the
endocrine system, the system that
controls hormones.
3. Tissue Level
- It is a group of similar cells that work
2. Neurophysiology
together to perform a specific function.
- The study of nerve cell as they receive and
transmit information.
4. Organ Level
- It is composed of two or more tissue types
that perform common functions.
5. Organ System Level
- These are groups of organs classified a
unit with common set of functions.
6. Organismal Level
- A human organism that composed of
many organ systems and can perform all
functions independently.
Four (4) Tissue Types
1. Epithelial Tissue
- It is function includes protection,
absorption, filtration, and secretion.
- The skin which protects the body from any
damage.
2. Connective Tissue
- It connects body parts.
- Its function is to support, protect, and
bind together other body tissues.
- Bones, cartilage, ligaments, blood
3. Muscle Tissue
- It is stretchable that can return to its
original size and shape
 Types of Muscle Tissue
1) Skeletal – shoulder muscles, and
abdominal muscles
2) Cardiac – tissues found in a heart
3) Smooth – uterus, digestive tracts,
urinary bladder
4. Nervous Tissues
- It serves as an internal communication
and control
- Brain, nerves, and spinal cord
Organ System Overview
Integumentary System
- External covering of the body, or the skin,
including the hair and fingernails.
- Protects the deeper tissues from injury.
- Regulate body temperature
- Helps make vitamin D
Skeletal System
- Consists of bones, cartilages, and joints.
- Supports the body and provides a
framework to cause movement.
- Protective functions (skull encloses and
protect the brain)
- The cavities of the skeleton are sites
where blood cells are formed.
Muscular System
- Skeletal muscle tissues – muscle usually
attached to bones
- Body movements
- Maintains posture
- Produces heat
Nervous System
- Fast-acting control system
- Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
sensory receptors.
- Sensory receptors detect changes in the
environment and send messages through
nerve impulses to the brain and spinal
cord.
- CNS assess information and respond by
activating the right body effectors
(muscles or glands)
Endocrine System
- Endocrine controls body activities
- Endocrine glands produce chemical
molecules called hormones
- Endocrine glands include the pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus,
pancreas, pineal, ovaries and testes
Cardiovascular System
- Primary organs are the heart and blood
vessels
- Uses blood to delivers oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and other substances.
- Picks up waste such as carbon dioxide
- White blood cells help to protect the body
from foreign invaders (bacteria, virus, and
tumor cells)
Lymphatic System
- Its organs include lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs
(spleen and tonsils)
- Lymphatic vessels return leaked fluid to
the bloodstream for enough and
continuous circulation through the body.
 - Contains sites of maturation and
proliferation of B cells and T cells that
protect against disease-causing microbes
Respiratory System
- Its function is to keep the body supplied
with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
- Consists of nasal passages, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Digestive System
- Break down food and deliver the nutrients
to the blood
- Organs include the mouth, sophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines,
rectum
- Accessory organs like liver, salivary glands,
pancreas
Urinary System
- It removes the nitrogen-containing wastes
from the blood and flushes them from the
body in urine.
- Composed of the kidneys, uterus, bladder,
and urethra
- Maintains water and salt balance
- Regulate acid-based balance of the blood
- Helps in regulating normal blood pressure
Reproductive System
- to produce offspring
- Uterus provides the site for the
developments of the fetus once
fertilization has occurred.
Basic Life Processes
1. Metabolism
- The sum of all chemical processes that
occur in the body
Catabolism
- The breakdown of complex chemical
substances into simpler components
Metabolism
- Building up of complex chemical
substance from smaller and simpler
components
2. Responsiveness
- The ability of the body to detect and
respond to changes
3. Movement
-
- Includes motion of the whole body,
individual organs, single cells and tiny
structures inside cells
4. Growth
- An increase in body sixe that results from
an increase in the size of existing cells
- Increase in the number of cells
- Both
5. Differentiation
- The development of a cell from an
unspecialized to specialized state
- Stem cells
6. Reproduction
- Refers to the formation of new cells for
tissue growth, repair, or replacement
- The production of new individual.
Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
- Body takes in through food that
containing chemicals used for energy and
cell building
 Carbohydrates
- Major providing fuel for the body cells
 Proteins/Fats
-Essential for building cell structures
- Fats provide reserve fuel
 Minerals and Vitamins
- Required for the chemical reaction to go
on in cells
- for oxygen transport in the blood
2. Oxygen
- It is used in chemical reactions that
releases energy from food
- Necessary for normal body functioning
- Sustain life
3. Water
- 60 to 80 percent of the body weight
- Provides fluid base for the body secretion
and excretion
- Obtain from ingested foods/liquids and
lose through evaporation from the lungs
and body excretion
 2. Control Center
4. Normal Body Temperature - It evaluated the input it receives and
- 37ᴼC (98.6ᴼF) generates output commands
- If body temp drops, metabolic reactions - Output from the control center typically
become slower occurs as nerve impulses

Homeostasis
- It is the condition of equilibrium (balance)
in the body’s internal environment
- A dynamic (change) condition
-
3. Effector
- It receives output from the control center
ad produces a response or effect that
changes the controlled condition.

Compensating Mechanism
- The state of homeostasis we need to
compensate (satisfy)

Hans Selye
- Father of Stress Research
- Endocrinologist
- General Adaptation Syndrome – an initial
alarm phase that was followed by a stage
of resistance or adaptation, leading to
stage of exhaustion and death.

- ARE. (Alarm, Resistance, Exhuaustion)

 Alarm
– “fight – flight” response
 Resistance
– adaptation takes place or
established homoestasis
 Exhaustion
– if the body can’t adapt the change, it
can lead to homeostatic imbalance
morbidity
Feedback Mechanism
- A cycle, in which the body condition is
monitored, evaluated, changed and so on.
- Any disruption that changes a controlled
condition is called stimulus.
- Body temperature, blood pressure or
blood glucose level are controlled
condition
Components of Feedback Mechanism
1. Receptor
- It monitors changes in a controlled
condition and send input to a control
center.
- Input is in the form of nerve impulses or
chemical signals
 Negative Feedback Mechanism
- Reverses a change in a controlled
condition.
- Regulation of the blood pressure (BP)
 Positive Feedback Mechanism
- it strengthen or reinforce a change in the
controlled conditions of the body.
- Controls the labor contractions during
birth of a baby.
Oxytocin
- causes muscles in the wall of the uterus to
contract even more forcefully.
- Released in posterior pituitary gland
Renin–Angiostensin–Aldosterone System
(RAAS)
- Hormone for the regulation of blood
pressure
- Balancing fluid and electrolyte level
Coagulating Factors
 - Clotting factor - words that describe the position of one
- Fibrin formation

Prolactin
- Hormone in the production of milk

Insulin
- A hormone that regulate blood sugar level

Homeostatic Imbalances
- When one or more components of the
body lose their ability to contribute to
homeostasis, the normal balance among
all processes in the body may be disturbed
- Intracellular Fluid (ICF) – fluid within the
cell
- Extracellular Fluid (BCF) – fluid outside the
body part relative to another
cell

 Fluid Imbalances
- Occurs when the body lose more water or
fluid than its body take in

 Pneumothorax
- A condition which air leaks into the space
between the lungs and chest wall.

Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position
- Description of any region or part of the
human body in a standard position
- The subject stands erect facing the
observer with the head level and the eyes
facing directly forward.
- the lower limbs are parallel and the feet
are flat on the floor and directed forward,
and the upper limbs are a the
sides with the palms turned forward

Directional Terms

Regional Terms
Body Planes and Sections

Body Cavities
- Spaces that enclose internal organs

Cranila cavity Formed by cranial boned and

contains brain
Vertebral canal Contains spinal cord and the
beginnings of spinal nerves
Thoracic cavity Chest Cavity; contains peural
and pericardial cavities and
the mediastinum
Pleural cavity A potential spce between the
layers of the peura that
surrounds the lungs.
Pericardial A potential spce between the
cavity layers of the pericardium that
surrounds the heart
Mediastinum Central portion between the
lungs
Abdominopelvic Subdivided into adbominal and
cavity pelvic cavities
Abdominal Contains stomach, liver, small
cavity intestine, and most of large
intestine
Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder,
portions of large intestines,
and internal organs of
 reproduction 2. Extension –increasing the angle between two
bone – straightening a joint

3. Lateral Flexion – side-bending movement to

the right or left
4. Hyperextension – beyond or excessive
extension of the parts beyond the anatomical
position

5. Abduction – away - movement of a bone

away from the midline

6. Adduction –toward - movement of a bone

toward the midline

7. Circumduction – circle - movement of the

distal end of a body part in a circle

8. Rotation – revolve - a bone revolves around

its own longitudinal axis

9. Elevation – to light up – rising a part of the

body

10. Depression – to press down – inferior

movement of the body

11. Protraction – to draw forth – moving a body

part forward

12. Retraction – to draw back – moving a body

part backward

13. Inversion – to turn inward – movement of

sole of foot inward

14. Eversion – to turn outward – movement of

the sole of foot outward

15. Dorsiflexion – bending of the foot at the

ankle
Regions and Quadrants of the 16. Plantar flexion – ankle movement pointing
Abdominopelvic Cavity the foot downward
 Nine (9) Abdominopelvic Regions
17. Supination – movement of the forem]arm or
 Four (4) Abdominopelvic Quadrants foot upward

Types of Body Movements 18. Opposition – movement of the thumb across

1. Flexion - decreasing in the angle between two the palm of the hand
bones – bending a joint
19. Radial Deviation – movement of the wrist
towards radius or lateral side

20. Ulnar Deviation – movement of wrist towards

ulna or medial side
21.