Test 3 answer key with extra explanations

Reading and Use of English

Part 1
Questions 1–8

1 The correct answer is A: If something ‘is the case’, then it’s true, which fits the meaning in
this sentence. B, C and D are incorrect: none of them have the meaning that ‘it’s true’.

2 The correct answer is D: The idea in the first two sentences is that people think there’s no
need to remember things nowadays because we can find any information we need on the internet,
and the fact everything is on the internet is a reason that people give for constantly looking at the
smartphones or computers. A word meaning ‘give a good reason’ is required for the gap, and
‘justify’ has this meaning. A, B and C are incorrect: none of them mean ‘give a good reason’.

3 The correct answer is A: ‘vitally important’ is a common collocation meaning ‘extremely

important’. B, C and D are incorrect: none of those adverbs collocate with the word ‘important’.

4 The correct answer is A: The idea across the whole sentence is that the long-term memory
is huge but the short-term memory can only deal with a few items. A word which means ‘but’ is
needed to link the two contrasting ideas; ‘although’. B is incorrect: ‘despite’ can be used to link
contrasting ideas, but it would be grammatically wrong in this gap. After ‘despite’ we use a noun,
gerund or pronoun; after ‘although’ we use a subject and verb. C and D are incorrect: ‘owing’
and ‘since’ can be used to mean ‘because’, but they are not used to contrast two ideas.

5 The correct answer is B: If there are too many things to remember, it is common to talk
about the memory being overloaded. A, C and D are incorrect: none of those words collocate
with ‘memory’.

6 The correct answer is C: To work out the correct answer, it’s necessary to read the previous
sentence as well as the whole sentence following gap 6. The missing word needs to express the
idea of ‘for that reason’. ‘Therefore’ has that meaning. A, B and D are incorrect: none of them
mean ‘for that reason’.

7 The correct answer is C: The idea across the sentence is that we need to hold some
information in our memory in order to help us absorb and understand new information that we
come across. So gap 7 needs a word meaning ‘absorb and understand’, and ‘digest’ has this
meaning. A, B and D are incorrect: none of them mean ‘absorb and understand’.

8 The correct answer is B: ‘remove the necessity’ and ‘remove the need’ are common
collocations. A, C and D are incorrect: none of them collocate with ‘necessity’.

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Part 2
Questions 9–16

9 The correct answer is ‘however / though’: The idea in the second sentence is that the
children were very interested in the bees and reacted in a different way from the teachers, so a
word expressing contrast is needed for the gap.

10 The correct answer is ‘up’: The phrasal verb ‘round up’ means ‘to find and gather a group
of animals’ (we can also use for people).

11 The correct answer is ‘which’: The relative pronoun ‘which’ refers back to ‘the school
getting its own bee hive … and integrating beekeeping into the curriculum’. We could also say:
‘which has all resulted in notable benefits’. In the text, however, ‘all’ is put first for emphasis, and
it must be followed by ‘of which’. Similar phrases are common to emphasise a point: e.g. ‘some
of which’, ‘one of which’.

12 The correct answer is ‘is’: The passive structure ‘where something is to be found’ means
‘where something can be found’ or ‘where you would expect to find something’.

13 The correct answer is ‘all’: ‘all’ here refers back the school activities described in the
previous paragraph.

14 The correct answer is ‘have’: An infinitive structure in the past is formed by ‘to have + past
participle (to have + had)’.

15 The correct answer is ‘Although / While / Whilst / Though’: In this sentence, a contrast
is expressed: it’s usually difficult to get children to behave responsibly, but this hasn’t been a
problem in the activities with the bees. Gap 15 needs a word that has a similar meaning to ‘but’,
and can be used at the start of the sentence, rather than in the middle.

16 The correct answer is ‘be / present’: ‘can’ is followed by an infinitive verb without ‘to’.

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Part 3
Questions 17–24

17 The correct answer is ‘worthwhile’: This is an example of the common pattern ‘how +
adjective + something can be’. ‘Worthwhile’ means ‘suitable for spending time and effort on’.

18 The correct answer is ‘unnoticed’: The phrase ‘hasn’t gone unnoticed’ is often used to
emphasise that people have definitely realise that something exists or happens. In this sentence,
the idea is that business people have certainly become aware of the benefits of doing ballet.

19 The correct answer is ‘employees’: Companies sometimes offer special benefits to the
people who work for them; these people are their ‘employees’.

20 The correct answer is ‘frequency’: ‘the’ before the gap and ‘of headaches’ after the gap
indicate that a noun is needed.

21 The correct answer is ‘graceful’: The comma before the adjective ‘fluid’ indicates that
another adjective is needed for the gap. A ‘graceful’ movement is a smooth, attractive movement.

22 The correct answer is ‘inactivity’: ‘the physical’ before the gap and ‘of office workers’
after the gap indicate that a noun is needed. The idea across the whole sentence is that the
movements of ballet will help to reduce the damage caused by what office workers normally do
at work, which is to just sit at their desks and move very little. ‘Inactivity’ expresses this idea of
moving very little.

23 The correct answer is ‘accuracy’: The missing word is the first in a list of nouns with
positive meanings (‘determination, and focus … sense of well-being’).

24 The correct answer is ‘dramatically’: ‘improved’ after the gap is an adjective, so the
missing word must be an adverb.

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Part 4
Questions 25–30

The vertical line | shows where the answer is split into two parts for marking purposes.
One mark is available for each part. The word in capital letters is the given word.

25 The correct answer is ‘nothing was / there was nothing | MORE important’: Superlative
ideas are often expressed with comparative structures like this. For example, ‘football is the
most popular sport’ / ‘no sport is more popular that football’.

26 The correct answer is ‘evaluation/test would | TAKE place’: A noun needs to come after
‘my’ and ‘take place’ means ‘happen’.

27 The correct answer is ‘up WINNING | the race in spite’: ‘end up’ means that something
finally happened, often unexpectedly. The idea of contrast that comes from ‘even though’ is
expressed by ‘in spite of’.

28 The correct answer is ‘to Hannah’s SURPRISE | the/her company offered’: The phrase
‘much to someone’s surprise’ is often used for saying that something happens that surprises
someone a lot.

29 The correct answer is ‘keep TRACK | of (the) time’: The phrase ‘keep track of the time’
expresses the idea of making sure you know what time it is.

30 The correct answer is ‘made a POINT | of introducing’: When someone goes out of their
way to do something, they make an extra effort to make sure they do it. A similar idea can be
expressed by the phrase ‘make a point of’. After the preposition ‘of’, the verb must be in the
-ing form.

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Part 5
Questions 31–36

31 The correct answer is A: At the start of the second paragraph, the writer says that Crawford
‘realised that these demands on our attention … were becoming increasingly difficult to avoid’.
The demands referred to here are advertisements. Later in the paragraph, Crawford is also quoted
as saying: ‘“We increasingly encounter the world through these representations that are addressed
to us: video games, apps on your phone,” says Crawford. They … end up taking over’. B is
incorrect: advertising does threaten people’s privacy, but they realise this and react to it: ‘because
everyone is trying to protect themselves from the irritation of constantly being interrupted, we
close ourselves off and no longer want to do simple things like chat to strangers’. C is incorrect:
Crawford suggests that advertising interferes with the way people think and the time we spend
remembering conversations. But that’s not the same as distorting people’s memories, as it would
mean that the memories became different. D is incorrect: Crawford says people close themselves
off from others, but there’s no mention of the way people feel about their physical surroundings.

32 The correct answer is B: The writer says ‘for Crawford it’s more that the technology has
created the perfect vehicles for our self-obsession’. In other words, the technology distracts
us from paying attention to other people and things and encourages us concentrate on our
own interests. A is incorrect: the writer says ‘There’s no scientific evidence yet on whether
our attention spans have been affected’, but doesn’t actually express concern that the issue
hasn’t been studied enough. C is incorrect: the writer says ‘Everyone knows that office
worker who complains about emails all day and then spends their free time emailing’, but
that’s not the same as being unable to distinguish between work and leisure. D is incorrect:
the writer says that technology and the ‘constant choice’ it offers ‘has a social impact’. But
the writer doesn’t say that people are unaware of this.

33 The correct answer is D: Crawford says ‘“The gym used to be a social place and it has
lost that character. Genuine connection to other people tends to happen in the context of
conflict”’. The conflict that, in the past, had to be worked out in the gym was over the choice
of music. Crawford regrets that people now ‘tend to listen to their own music’. A is incorrect:
Crawford claims the opposite is true and that people avoid conflict. B is incorrect: in isolating
themselves, people may avoid having to make decisions, but the writer doesn’t say that
Crawford regrets this. C is incorrect: Crawford describes how people’s behaviour in gyms has
changed, but there’s no reference to instincts changing.

34 The correct answer is B: The words following ‘each’ – ‘each relies on their own good
judgment’ – indicate that it must refer to people; in other words, each professional. A is incorrect:
an element of a solution can’t rely on its own good judgment. C is incorrect: a real-life issue can’t
rely on its own good judgment. D is incorrect: a sensation can’t rely on its own good judgment.

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35 The correct answer is A: In the fifth paragraph, we are given details about certain practical
experiences and skills that Crawford thinks are valuable. At the start of the final paragraph,
Crawford says ‘“When you engage with the world this way, manufactured experiences are revealed
as pale substitutes for the kind of involvement you have with real things, … They lose some of their
grip”’. This point – that such practical experiences can reduce your focus on ‘virtual’ experiences –
is an extension of Crawford’s argument. B is incorrect: the writer doesn’t refer to any criticism
Crawford may have to deal with. C is incorrect: what Crawford says in the final paragraph is an
addition to his argument rather than a contradiction. D is incorrect: we are told that Crawford’s
views have value. However, this is not the same as saying that Crawford emphasises his own role
in the debate.

36 The correct answer is D: In the first paragraph, we are told that Crawford noticed that
advertisements popped up on the credit card machine during a delay of just a few seconds
while he entered his pin number. In the second paragraph, we are told that Crawford ‘realised
that these demands on our attention … were becoming increasingly difficult to avoid’. In the
fifth paragraph, we are told Crawford thinks ‘we need regulation of noise and distraction in
public space’. In the final paragraph, we’re told that ‘Constantly resisting distractions can be
exhausting and makes you less able to focus on what matters’. A is incorrect: we’re told that
Crawford says people increasingly avoid face-to-face conversations, but not that Crawford
himself does this. B is incorrect: in reality, Crawford probably wishes that more people shared
his views, but the article doesn’t say this. D is incorrect: Crawford’s concern is that people fail
to resist the attractions of modern technology.

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Part 6
Questions 37–40

37 The correct answer is D: B says ‘Little does it matter that a photograph can be printed out
a thousand times, thus depriving the “original” of its unique status’. D says ‘There are still those
who judge photography not to be a true art. One reason given is that it can be duplicated again
and again. I would remind them that bronze sculpture, which no-one denies is an art form, can
involve casting and recasting a large number of copies’. So both B and D think that being able
to reproduce photographs doesn’t devalue art. A and C are incorrect: neither of them discuss
whether or not reproducing photographs devalues photography.

38 The correct answer is C: A says ‘even an amateur photographer with no artistic ability can
reliably produce acceptable images’, so A thinks an amateur can take consistently good photographs.
C, however, has a different view: ‘it [a picture taken by an untrained photographer] is unlikely ever to
match the creativity of one taken by a professional photographer’. B is incorrect: B says ‘everyone
has a camera these days and can take excellent photos without formal instruction’, so B has a similar
view to A. D is incorrect: D doesn’t compare amateur and professional photographers.

39 The correct answer is B: D says that early photographs were originally ‘intended as
demonstrations of what the new medium could do; others began life as documents, records
or illustrations; only later were they seen as art objects’. So, most early photographs were not
originally intended as art. B has a similar view: ‘the idea that photography could be art at one
time appeared absurd to many people’. A is incorrect: A doesn’t refer to photographs from the
past. C is incorrect: C says ‘These issues have been debated by art critics for over a century’,
but this is with reference to whether untrained photographers can be as good as professionals;
not whether or not photographs were works of art.

40 The correct answer is A: A disagrees with people who ‘persist in claiming that photography
is the most significant contemporary art form’. So A doesn’t think photography is the most
important art form today. B says photography is ‘without a doubt our foremost and most
immediately accessible means of artistic expression’. C says ‘photography is … the ultimate
form of modern art’. D refers to the ‘central role photography currently plays in the international
artistic realm’. So, B, C and D all think photography is the most important art form today.

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Part 7
Questions 41–46

41 The correct answer is E: ‘such seemingly insurmountable problems now’ in the first sentence
of E refers back to the references to ‘increasing rates of obesity and heart disease’ and ‘endless
calls for reducing the quantity of sugar in the foods we eat’ in the first paragraph. B is incorrect:
the first sentence of B would fit in gap 41, but B doesn’t link forward to the paragraph after gap 41.

42 The correct answer is G: ‘As well as these substances’ at the start of G links back to the
references to saccharine and other artificial sweeteners in the paragraph before gap 42.
C is incorrect: the reference to mixing ‘sugar and non-sugar sweeteners together’, might seem
to follow on from the references to saccharine and other artificial sweeteners in the paragraph
before gap 42. However, the jump in the time from the 1960s to today doesn’t make sense.

43 The correct answer is B: ‘Public suspicions are further fuelled’ links back to the reference
to ‘health scares’ regarding certain sweeteners in the paragraph before gap 43. ‘And there are
other issues, aside from health scares and labelling problems’ just after gap 43 links back to the
consumers worries referred to in B. F is incorrect: the start of F would fit in gap 43, but ‘there
are other issues, aside from health scares and labelling problems’ just after gap 43 doesn’t link
back to the details about bitterness and aftertaste in F.

44 The correct answer is F: ‘Then there is the problem of the bitter aftertaste of artificial
sweeteners experienced by some consumers’ at the start of F links well with the text before
gap 44. ‘Then’ indicates that a new point is being addressed. ‘All in all, although non-sugar
sweeteners are a huge industry, these drawbacks help to explain why they have come nowhere
near eclipsing sugar’ at the start of the paragraph after gap 44 refers back to the problems
referred to in F and in previous paragraphs. G is incorrect: the start of G links back well to the
text before gap 44, but the last part of G and the paragraph after the gap don’t link well.

45 The correct answer is A: ‘This rehabilitation’ referred to at the start of A refers back to what
is said in the paragraph before gap 45 about ‘things looking up for natural sweeteners’ and ‘The
evidence of health risks associated with them has turned out to be less convincing than first
thought’. At the start of the paragraph after gap 45, the writer moves on to the actions taken
by manufacturers to ‘overcome the aftertaste issue’. The phrase ‘As for the problem of taste,’
indicates that a new point is going to be addressed. C is incorrect: the start of C might fit in
gap 45, but A doesn’t link forward with the text after the gap.

46 The correct answer is C: ‘An additional, increasingly common practice is to mix sugar and
non-sugar sweeteners’ links back to the efforts to deal with the problem of aftertaste mentioned
in the paragraph before gap 46. Also, ‘such ploys’ in the text after gap 46 refers back to the
practices described in C. A is incorrect: ‘such ploys’ in the text after gap 46 could refer back to
scientists’ efforts described in A, but ‘this rehabilitation’ at the start of A doesn’t link back well to
the text before the gap.

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Part 8
Questions 47–56

47 The correct answer is C: The writer says ‘Virtually no evidence supports the existence of
anything resembling a dolphin language, and scientists have been known to voice exasperation
at the continued quixotic search’. ‘Exasperation’ means ‘frustration’.

48 The correct answer is B: The writer says dolphins are ‘a kind of alien intelligence sharing
our planet – watching them may be the closest we’ll come to encountering an extra-terrestrial’.
Unknown entities are beings that we have no knowledge of.

49 The correct answer is D: The writer says that ‘we’re measuring how similar a species is to
us, ... not how smart are dolphins, but how are dolphins smart?’ In other words, it’s a mistake to
use human intelligence as a basis for trying to work out how intelligent dolphins are. The focus
should be on trying to find out what type of intelligence dolphins have.

50 The correct answer is C: The writer says that dolphins ‘emit loud broadband packets of
sound called burst pulses to discipline their young and chase away sharks’. This is an example
of how adult dolphins look after their children.

51 The correct answer is D: The writer says that researchers have ‘found that two dolphins
can be friends one day and foes the next’. ‘Foes’ means ‘enemies’.

52 The correct answer is C: The writer says that it’s only recently that ‘high-frequency underwater
audio recorders have been able to capture the full spectrum of dolphin sounds’ and that ‘new
data-mining algorithms have made possible a meaningful analysis of those recordings’. This new
technology allows for much more sophisticated research than was possible before.

53 The correct answer is D: The writer says that ‘About 34 million years ago the ancestors ...
large creatures with wolflike teeth’. As dolphins evolved, they lost those teeth.

54 The correct answer is C: The writer says ‘Ultimately dolphin vocalisation is either one of
the greatest unsolved mysteries of science or one of its greatest blind alleys’. The two possible
outcomes are either solving the mysteries of dolphin sounds, or discovering that the issue is a blind
alley. A blind alley is a street that leads nowhere, a dead-end. It’s used as an analogy, or an image,
to express the idea no progress is ever possible; that there will never be answers to the questions.

55 The correct answer is A: The writer describes how the head researcher ‘presses her palms
together over her head, the signal to innovate, and then puts her fists together, the sign for tandem’.

56 The correct answer is B: The writer says that when we observe a chimpanzee or a gorilla ‘it’s
hard not to see a bit of ourselves in those behaviours and even to imagine what the animals might
be thinking. We are, after all, great apes like them, and their intelligence often feels like a familiar
version of our own’. So because chimpanzees and gorillas are similar species to our species, we
can instinctively understand a lot about them.

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