Construction Management

Diploma In Civil Engineering

By
RAMJI KHATRI

CTEVT
(OXFORD ADVANCED ENGINEERING
COLLEGE)
2072
Unit 3: CPM AND PERT
• TOPICS INCLUDED:

- Introduction to CPM
- Elements of Network
- Networks Rules
- Definition of the terms: Network Diagram, Activity, Events, fore
ward pass, backward pass, critical path.
- Determination of critical path & floats.
- Introduction to PERT.
3.0 Introduction to CPM
 Network Model:
 Network analysis is technics of planning, scheduling and controlling
of large and complex project comprising various activities.
 The application of this techniques is inevitable when there is a
constraint on resources and a need for higher productivity.
 Commonly use network technics are CPM & PERT.

 CPM ( Critical Path Method):

 Developed by Morgan Walker of USA in 1957 is widely used in
project planning & controlling.
 Logical representation of different activities and their relationship in
a diagrammatic form.
 It is activity oriented network in which activities are represented by
arrows.
Advantages of CPM:
 Widely used in construction industry by a number of
private and public organization.
 Its result is best for decision making and saving in the
overall cost of the project.
 It shows different activities of large and complex project
clearly.
 It shows the clearly the interrelationships among various
activities.
 It define the time required for each activity.
 It will be the easier to a new person in the orientation of
the project.
Fundamental elements of Network
 Network:- Network is a diagram which represents the
logical interrelationships of different activities and
events. There is two system of network
representations.
 Activity on Arrow (A-o-A) system:
This is most popular system.
2
1

3 4
Contd:
 Activity on Node (A-O-N) System:-

Start
C

B
Some Terminology
Network:- It is a diagrammatic representation of a
project’s different activities and their logical
interrelationship between various activities. Arrows
and circles are used in the diagram. They represents
activity and events respectively.
Activity:-Tasks to be performed . It take time to
completion . Activity are represented by arrow which
are usually drawn from left to right.
Events:- The point where arrow start or end are called
events. It is represented by circle.

Activity Tail event

Head event 1 2
Contd:
Critical path:-Path on network diagram which takes
maximum time among the alternative paths through
which a project can be completed and the time along
the path determine the project completion time.
Critical Activities:-These are the activities lying on the
critical path. Delay if occur in the critical activities
delay in the project completion time. Activity which
has zero float is called critical activities.
Floats:-Spare time available time for the activities for
their completion without delaying the completion of
the project.
Total floats:-Difference between latest start time and
earliest start time resply.
Contd…
Free float:-It is an obliged float within which an activity
can float move without affecting the succeeding activities.
Independent Float:- It is minimum available time over
the activity duration.
Dummy:-It shows dependencies among activities. It
occurs when two parallel activities have same tail and head
events and incase of two activities in depend each other
but assume s a common events. It is also called redundant
activity is represented by broken arrows.
Earliest Event Time(Te):-It is the earliest possible
occurrence of an event,i.e earliest possible time when all
activities leading to an event will be completed.
Contd….
Latest event time(T l):-latest possible occurrence of an
event without delaying the project completion time,i.e it is
the latest time when all activities leadings to an event may
be completed without delaying the project completion
time.
 Earliest start time(EST):- It is the earliest time when an
activity can commence, since starting point of an activity is
the “tail event” the earliest start time of an activity is the of
the tail event.
 Earliest finished time(EFT):- It is the earliest time when an
activity can be finished.
 Latest finished time(LFT):- It is the latest time when an
activity may be finished without delaying the completion
time of the project.
Contd..
Forward Pass:-For calculating the earliest event time
,computations are made in a forward direction . This
process is called forward pass.
Backward pass:-For calculating the latest event time
,computations are made in a backward direction . This
process is called backward pass.
Slacks:- Difference between the latest allowable time
and the earliest expected time of an events. It is used
in PERT diagram.
SLACKS=T L - TE
Contd..

 Some formulas used in CPM network:

 TF= LST-EST or LFT-EFT

 FF = (EST) succeeding activity - (EFT) activity under consideration

IF1=(EST)succeeding activity -(LFT)preceding activity - Duration

IF2= TF-FF
RULES FOR DEVELOPING NETWORKS

 No activity can be commence until all preceding

activities have been completed as explained below.
Built wall Plaster wall
1 2 3

 A dummy activity is introduced in a network either to show

dependency or to avoid duplicate numbering of activities.
A dummy activities is an artificial activity and is shown by a
dotted line . It consume no time or resources.
Dummy
Preparing
shuttering
concreting
Fixed
shuttring

exavate
Contd..
Logical placement of an activity in the network is
governed by the following three consideration.
 Which activity must be completed before this activity
can commence.
 Which activity can be carried out along with this
activity.
 Which activity can not commence until his activity is
completed.
 No activity should lead back to previous event there
must not be any looping.
Place concrete
1 2
Test cubes Cure concrete
3
Contd…
 In any network there must be only one start point and
one finish (with any number of activities in between)
i.e. no activity should be left dangling.

3
1 2
Incorrect(2-3)is left dangling 4

3
1 2

Correct network
4
Draw a network diagram and find critical path, critical
activities, EST,EFT,LST,LFT,TF,IF & FF.
S.N. Activity Durations Predecessor Successor

1 A 5 _ B,C

2 B 2 A D,E

3 C 6 A F,G

4 D 4 B H

5 E 4 B I

6 F 2 C H

7 G 3 C J

8 H 7 D,F _

9 I 8 E _

10 J 2 G _
Network Diagram

E
I
B D
A H

F
C
J
G
Solution:-
Critical activities :- A,C,F & H.
Critical path :-
A C F H

Project Duration = 20 days .

S.N. Activity Durations EST EFT LST LFT TF FF IF Remarks

1 A 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 cp
2 B 2 5 7 6 8 1 0 1
3 C 6 5 11 5 11 0 0 0 cp
4 D 4 7 11 9 13 2 2 0
5 E 4 7 11 8 12 1 0 1
6 F 2 11 13 11 13 0 0 0 cp
7 G 3 11 14 15 18 4 0 4
8 H 7 13 20 13 20 0 0 0 cp
9 I 8 11 19 12 20 1 1 0
10 J 2 14 16 18 20 4 4 0
PERT (Programme Evaluation & Review Technique)

 It was introduced by engineer of USA while

working on the Polaris missile program during
1957-58. pert has been in use for various research &
development projects which are non repetitive in
nature. Such projects are characterized by an
extreme degree of uncertainty both in the
development of system and in the time duration of
various activities. Three time estimates are used to
determine the expected or average time of each
activity.
Contd..
Optimistic time estimate (t0): the shortest time to
complete an activity if everything runs is an ideal
condition.
Most likely time estimate (tm):- Time to complete
activity under normal condition.
Pessimistic time estimate (tp):-maximum time
required to complete an activity under abnormal
condition.
Expected mean time (te)=(to+4tm+tp)/6
Q) If to=5 days, tm=15 days & tp=15days find mean
time, standard deviation,& variance?
Hint: s.d(s) =(tp-to)/6 & variance =square of s.d.
 Comparison between CPM& PERT
CPM CPM
 Time estimate are deterministic
(single time estimate).
 CPM are used for repetitive type
of projects where the time
estimates for various activity are
either known or can be
determined fairly accurately.
 CPM places emphasis upon
optimizing allocation of
resources and minimizing
overall project cost.
 CPM is activity oriented.
 Time are related to cost.
PERT PERT
 Time estimates are probabilistic.
There are three probabilistic
time optimistic time, pessimistic
time & most likely time.
 It is used for pioneer type of the
projects. Projects which are first
of their own kind and where
prior dates about the activity
time is not available.
 PERT lays emphasis on reducing
project completion time without
cost constraint.
 PERT is event oriented.
 Time are not related to cost.