NIOSH RD FundApplicationForm June2022

JABATAN PERUNDINGAN , PENYELIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN
BORANG PERMOHONAN DANA PENYELIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN NIOSH
No. Dokumen Muka Surat

NIOSH-A130R01-C 1 / 13
BORANG PERMOHONAN DANA

PENYELIDIKAN & PEMBANGUNAN NIOSH
NIOSH-A130R01-C
ISO 9001
NIOSH-A130R01-C BORANG PERMOHONAN DANA PENYELIDIKAN & PEMBANGUNAN NIOSH NIOSH MALAYSIA

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NIOSH R&D FUND APPICATION FORM CHECKLIST
APPLICATION LETTER (for external application only)
PART 1: APPLICANT & PROJECT INFORMATION
PART 2 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT
PART 3 : BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
PART 4 : PROJECT SCHEDULE
PART 5 : PROPOSED BUDGET
PART 6 : APPLICANT DECLARATION
PART 7 : ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
ATTACHMENT 1 : PROJECT PROPOSAL (IN DETAILS)
ATTACHMENT 2 : CURRICULUM VITAE
ATTACHMENT 3 : PROJECT INSTRUMENT/ QUESTIONNAIRE
ATTACHMENT 4 : CERTIFICATE/LETTER/REGISTRATION EVIDENT

WITH MOF OR MIDA (for external application only)

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PART 1: APPLICANT & PROJECT INFORMATION

1. Project Leader Dr. MOHD ZAHIRASRI MOHD TOHIR
Organisation/ Safety Engineering Interest Group / University Putra Malaysia

2.
Division
3. Mobile No. 4. Tel. No.

5. Email NIOSH Member YES / NO
6. The organisation is MOF Registered : YES / NO The organisation is MIDA Registered : YES / NO
7. Project Title Investigating Drivers’ Behaviours and Attitudes Toward Road Safety
8. Project Keywords
(3 keywords)
9. Proposed Budget RM XXXXXX
12 Months 10. MaRINA Remark : (refer website)

11. Proposed Duration
Others : ……… Months
X The output that can be used directly for hazard control; AND
X Research that can develop tools / instruments and support NIOSH functions
12. Research Criteria
Utilisation of existing NIOSH facilities, laboratories & scientific instruments.
Other : ……...…………………………………………………………………………
Name Competency/ Position/ Experience/ Background
MEng Chemical Engineering (Manchester), PhD Fire Engineering

1. Dr. MOHD ZAHIRASRI
(Canterbury). Senior Lecturer Bidang Penyelidikan: Fire Safety
MOHD TOHIR Engineering, Risk Analysis, Probabilistic Analysis, Risk Assessment.
MEng Environmental Engineering (Algeria), PhD candidate in Safety

2. Abderrahim ZERMANE Engineering (UPM). Bidang Penyelidikan: Fatalities investigation, Risk
Project Team Analysis, Probabilistic Analysis, Risk Assessment, Statistical Analysis.
(Lead, Co-
13.
Researchers /
Experts etc.) 3. 1.
4. 2.
5. (NIOSH Staff – If any) 3.
PART 2 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

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(i) Executive Summary of proposed project (not more than 500 words)
A report from the Bukit Aman Traffic Police Chief shows that Malaysia suffers a daily loss of 19 people as a
result of automobile collisions (Mustafa, 2005). This is a high rate when compared to the 28 million people in
Malaysia. It appears that the country is struggling to become a developed country by the year 2020 if this rate
is to be reduced. Motorbikes and other two-wheeled vehicles are the primary mode of transportation on the
roads of developing countries (Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al., 2018). In order to gain a better knowledge of
driver behaviour and attitudes regarding traffic regulations, which may be linked to accidents, and the
acceptability of corrective actions, a questionnaire study will be conducted. The outcome of this research will
help uncover drivers’ behaviours and attitudes toward road safety and proposing counter measures to help
prevent them.
(ii) Project Objective (SMART goal & clearly stated)
(I) To review the level and nature of road accidents in Malaysia in order to determine the potential
for an action plan;
(II) To gain a deeper understanding of the road accident context in Malaysia as it relates to driver
behaviour and attitudes;
(III) To recommend countermeasures based on the research findings and other international
experience.
(iii) List of Equipment needed/ to be used (if any)
No. Name of Equipment Status of Availability Ownership (If any)

Ready / To be rented / To be
1. Owner name
procured
2.
3.
(iv) Please ATTACH your proposal in details (the proposal shall have those minimum item : Project Summary & important point, Problem
Statement, Objectives, Strong References, Details Method, Detail Output, etc.)

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PART 3 : BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
(i) Direct Outputs and potential Outcomes of the project (including publication, Intellectual properties (IP) or potential IP)
No. Direct Output from the project Potential Outcome from the Output
CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS IN THE KLANG Publications 1: Investigating factors affecting drivers

1.
VALLEY AREA accident involvement, case study of Malaysia
THE ASSOCIATION OF DRIVERS’ ACCIDENT

Publications 2: Uncovering Malaysian drivers’ behavioural
2. INVOLVEMENT AND SOCIODEMAGRAPHIC
patterns toward road safety
FACTORS
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AGGRESSIVE
3. BEHAVIOUR SCORE AND SOCIODEMAGRAPHIC
FACTORS (BIVARIATE + MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSIS)
OVERALL REMEDIAL MEASURES AND LINK
4. BETWEEN DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND REMEDIAL
MEASURES
DRIVER ATTITUDES TOWARDS SPECIFIC

5.
REMEDIAL MEASURES
(i) Benefit of the project (mid and long term)
No. Benefit to NIOSH Benefit to Industries National Impact
1.
2.
3.
4.

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PART 4 :
PROJECT
SCHEDULE

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(Please state
cctivitities involve
to achieve

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objectives and
deliverables of

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the proposed
project)
List of Activitities to achieve objectives and Year 1 Year 2
deliverables M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
1.
2.
3.

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List of Activitities to achieve objectives and Year 1 Year 2

deliverables M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

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PART 5 : PROPOSED BUDGET (Term and condition for Expenses as per Appendix A)
Direct project expenses (Please put the details of expenses)

Expense Category Total (RM) Details (Quantity/ unit price/ etc.)
Travelling (including tolls, parking, public, private transportation fares not exceeding NIOSH rates)
(8-07-02-0100)
Accommodations (Including accommodations to conduct research and attend programs organised by NIOSH only
and not exceed NIOSH rates)
(8-07-02-0200)
Rentals of equipment (For external equipment, facilities and other items directly involved with the research only)
(8-07-03-0000)
Research materials & (including printing, stationery, documentation, reporting and binding of research reports and other
research requirements only are allowed)
supplies (8-07-04-0000)
Minor modifications & (Only expenses involving minor renovation activities of equipment, facilities or other items
related to research as well as maintenance costs during project implementation are allowed)
repairs (8-07-05-0000)
Special services – (Including payment of services to individuals/experts including professional services,

expert (8-07-06- consultancy, data processing expertise and other expertise services required in connection with
the research project.)
0000)
·R&D equipment & (Only involves the purchase of special equipment/ software and accessories related to the research
accessories (8-07-07- project only with justification and quotation. List down the item accordingly.)
0000)
Workshop/Meeting (Cost covers food and beverages for research -related workshop and meeting activities only)
(8-07-08-0000)
Total (RM)

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PART 6 : APPLICANT DECLARATION
I certify that:
The information provided in this application, including attachments, is true and correct to the best of my knowledge.
Name:
Designation :
Signature:
Date:
ATTACHMENT
Please attach following documents to complete your application:
(i) ATTACHMENT 1 : PROJECT PROPOSAL (in details)

(ii)ATTACHMENT 2 : CURRICULUM VITAE
(iii)
ATTACHMENT 3 : STUDY INSTRUMENT/ QUESTIONNAIRE (draft only)
(iv)ATTACHMENT 4 : COPY OF CERTIFICATE/LETTER/REGISTRATION EVIDENT WITH
MOF OR MIDA (If any - for external application only)
(v) ATTACHEMENT 5 : CATALOG/ QUOTATION/ RELATED DOCUMENTS OF THE ITEM TO
BE PURCHASED (if related)

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PART 7 : ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
R&D CRITERIA DESCRIPTION

A : New knowledge, new/improvement of product/process from objective of the proposed Project
*(i) acquire new knowledge

refers to the seeking of new additional knowledge and devising 1. The outcome of this research will enhance knowledge in
new applications of available knowledge, to achieve an
advancement in the overall knowledge or capabilities in a field of the field of Malaysian road safety. (TRRL, Sabey, 1980)
science or technology. stated that 95% of all road accidents are due to human
error, hence, its necessary to address this issue by
(ii) Create new products or processes investigating Malaysian drivers’ behaviours and attitudes.
refers to the incorporation or representation of an increase in the
overall knowledge or capability in a field of science or technology 2. This research will determine the association between
through the new product or process. sociodemographic factors and drivers’ behaviours toward
road safety, attitudes toward road safety preventive
(iii) Improvement of existing products or processes
refers to a substantial improvement through scientific or measures.
technological changes to the existing product or process.
B : The proposed project is something new (novelty) or involve a technical risk
New (Novelty)
1. Definition: Novelty means something that is new and original.
New knowledge is an expected objective of an R&D activity. An
R&D activity must have a significant or important objective of
seeking to create new knowledge, or new or improved products
and processes. The purpose for this requirement is to disqualify (Please briefly describe the R&D activity that involved/ will be
new knowledge or applications that are discovered by accident.
involved to show the novelty of the project)
2. To establish whether there is potential novelty or newness in an
R&D activity in relation to the creation or improvement of
knowledge, products or processes, it has to be assessed by
comparison with the existing stock of knowledge in the industry,
which is already available or accessible in the industry.
Technical risk
Definition: involve technical risks if scientific or technological
uncertainty arises from a knowledge gap between the intended
activity outcome and the state of scientific or technological (Please briefly describe the R&D activity that involved/ will be
knowledge, information or experience that is reasonably and involved to show the technical risk of the project)
publicly available at the time of commencement of the R&D
activity.
C : Systematic, Investigative and Experimental ("SIE") elements of the proposed project
(Please briefly describe the R&D activity that involved/ will be

The project is a systematic, investigative and experimental
("SIE") study in a field of science or technology. involved to show the "SIE" of the project)

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ATTACHMENT 1: RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The necessity of road transportation appears to benefit both the nation and the individual, particularly in
terms of bettering access to employment opportunities, financial resources, educational opportunities, and
health care facilities. The importance of transportation also has a detrimental impact on the community, such
as fatal accidents and other types of traffic accidents (Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al., 2018). A primary cause of
early mortality and disability worldwide, road traffic accidents result in 20 to 50 million injuries per year and
1.3 million fatalities (Shaik et al., 2021). Road traffic accidents would rank as the fifth leading cause of mortality
globally by 2030, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) (Yang et al., 2022). Road traffic accidents
in the WHO's European Region cause at least 120 deaths and 2,4 million injuries annually, despite the fact that
90% of these fatalities occur in low- and middle-income countries (Yang et al., 2022). Road collisions can
generally be thought of as random events, and statistical models have been developed to assess them and
forecast their results (Comi et al., 2022).
There are many different ways to define and classify traffic accidents. The basic accident definition is ‘‘A rare,
random, multi-factor incident which is invariably preceded by a circumstance in which one or more road users
have failed to cope with their environment” (Baguley, 2001). Accidents resulting in death, major injury, minor
injury, and property damage are the most prevalent types of car accidents (Baguley, 2001).
The time span used in some countries might vary from 24 hours to 48 hours to 3 days to 7 days (IRTAD 1998).
The following is how most Western European countries categorise accidents: major injury, minor injury, and
damage only: A significant injury accident is one in which there are no deaths but one or more persons are
critically hurt.
Any of the following injuries constitutes a serious injury in the United Kingdom: in-patient hospitalisation;
fractures; concussions; internal injuries; crushing; severe cuts and lacerations; severe general shock.
A serious injury in Austria includes a person being ‘hospitalised’ and not able work for at least 24 days. In some
nations, a serious injury is not defined as one that necessitates hospitalisation. A slight injury accident is an
accident in which there are no fatalities or catastrophic injuries yet a person is slightly hurt. In the UK, an injury
of a mild kind, such as sprains, bruises, or cuts, is considered a "slight injury." A minor injury is one that does
not necessitate hospitalisation in Portugal (Al-Matawah, 2008).
1.1 CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO ROAD ACCIDENTS
While accidents on the road necessitate immediate attention, the most essential thing to keep in mind is to
identify the root causes of the most common types of mishaps and work toward finding long-term remedies.
Road user mistake and distraction (either by the driver or by a pedestrian) are expected or known to be the
primary causes of accidents, as are faults in the road and surrounding environment, such as a low-quality road
surface and potential hazards. Each of these elements can be broken down further or mixed (Al-Matawah,
2008).
1.1.01 Road user errors
Road user errors are caused by distraction, perceptual errors, misjudgement of distances and all-round traffic
situations, going too fast for the road conditions, turning or overtaking at inappropriate times, following too
closely, failing to give way and passing red traffic signals. Another consideration is driving under the influence

NIOSH-A130R01-C 15 / 13
of alcohol, drugs, or illness, which entails a lack of familiarity with traffic safety standards and guidelines as
well as a disregard for applicable legislation (Al-Matawah, 2008).
1.1.02 Road and environment deficiencies
There are a number of risks produced by defects in the design, building and maintenance of roads, resulting to
a huge number of accidents, which could otherwise have been prevented. The brow of a hill can be particularly
hazardous because of the narrowness and sharpness of the bends in the road. Flooding, difficult-to-read
signage and road markings, road construction, poor pedestrian facilities, and youngsters playing on the road all
contribute to the danger (Al-Matawah, 2008).
1.1.03 Vehicle faults
The most common mechanical defects originate from poor vehicle maintenance, defective brakes, bald tyres,
faulty lights, indicators, and broken windscreen wipers. The severity of an accident is increased when
passengers are not restrained by seat belts or other means. Another hazard is overloading on freight vehicles
(Road Safety Engineering Manual, 1992).
Road user error accounted for 65 percent of all accidents, according to comprehensive research conducted
between 1970 and 1974 by Sabey and Staughton (TRRL). Road user error coupled with road conditions
contributed a further 24 percent, and a combination of road user, road conditions, and vehicle almost 6
percent. To put it another way, 95% of accidents are the result of human mistake, with the remaining 5%
attributable to both the road and the vehicle (Table 1) (TRRL, Sabey, 1980).
Table 1 Interaction between contributory factors
Contributing factors Percent
Human factors alone 65%
Human and Road 24%
Human and Vehicle 4.50%
Human, Road, and Vehicle 1.25%
Road factors alone 2.50%
Road and Vehicle 0.25%
Vehicle factors alone 2.50%
Other investigations were conducted out by Transportation Research Laboratory (TRL) based on police
statistics in some developing countries (Table 2). This type of research should be approached with caution
because investigators from law enforcement agencies are unlikely to have received formal training in
engineering or science, and as a result, they may underestimate the role played by road engineering issues,
since their primary goal is to determine whether a traffic violation occurred. Therefore, they tend to underline
whether or not human mistake is likely to be blamed (Downing et al., 1991)

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Table 2 Causes of road accidents reported by police in developing countries
Country Main Accident Cause (%)
Road user Vehicle Road and environment Other

error defects deficiencies
Afghanistan (1984) 74 17 9 -
Botswana (1982) 94 2 1 3
Cyprus (1982) 94 1 5 -
Ethiopia (1982) 81 5 - 14
India (1980) 80 7 1 12
Iran (1984) 64 16 20 -
Pakistan (1984) 91 4 5 -
Philippines (1984) 85 8 7 -
Malaysia (1985) 87 2 4 7
Zimbabwe (1979) 89 5 1 5
UK, 1978-81 95 5 18 -
2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

According to Bukit Aman's Traffic Police Chief's report, Malaysia loses an average of 19 individuals each day
due to traffic accidents (Mustafa, 2005). When compared to Malaysia's entire population of 28 million, this
indicates a high rate. This rate has to reduced seems the country is struggle to be a developed country
approaching year 2020. In underdeveloped countries, road use is dominated by two-wheel vehicles such as
motorbikes (Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al., 2018). When involved in a traffic accident, motorcycle riders face
the greatest risk of injury, especially to the head (Li et al., 2008). In Malaysia, a nationwide data on Road Traffic
Accident (RTA) by the Royal Malaysian Police found that a very substantial proportion of fatal accidents were
caused by motorcyclists. Adolescents and young adults die in greater numbers than any other age group in car
accidents (Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al., 2018), with 74% of the world's yearly road deaths occurring in
developing nations. The substantial rises in the proportion and absolute number of road deaths have been
witnessed number of developing countries (Khairul Amri Kamarudin et al., 2018). Central and Eastern
European countries have more in common with HMC ideals than do countries in Africa, Asia, or Latin America.
The relative regional share of fatalities, population and motor vehicles globally is illustrated in Table 3.
Table 3 Distribution of road fatalities, motor vehicles and population (Jacobs et al., 2000)

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Regions Fatalities Motor vehicles Population

(%) (%) (%)
HMC 14 60 15
Asia/Pacific 44 15 54
Central and Eastern Europe 12 6 7
Latin America and Caribbean 13 13 8
Africa 11 4 11
Middle East and Northern Africa 6 2 5
Traffic accidents are a major cause of death, injury, and economic hardship in developing and rising countries,
but they can be prevented. There are two key considerations when trying to figure out how to reduce the
frequency of accidents in a country: 1) A country's physical and human characteristics (as well as the
road/traffic environment); 2) An effective system for collecting and analysing accident data. After then, it's
critical to assess the prospective effects of the remedial methods that have been adopted. The most well-
known of these for road safety development are based on the ‘3 Es’: Education, Enforcement, and Engineering,
with an additional ‘2 Es’ proposed, namely Evaluation and Encouragement. These policies have been
implemented in a variety of countries, both developed and developing, and they serve as a barometer for the
degree to which drivers' attitudes and behaviours have changed, resulting in fewer accidents and less severe
injuries and deaths. Countries like Malaysia, which are just getting started, should learn from the established
world, but they also need to be aware of differences among developed, developing and emerging nations
when it comes to behaviour, culture and economy.
3.0 OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine the type and features of road traffic accidents in Malaysia, as well
as driver attitudes and behaviours, in order to determine the most effective corrective methods. The general
idea is that driver attitudes / actions are influenced by characteristics such as social position, age, gender,
nationality, education level, etc. and, if properly understood, have a substantial impact on Malaysia's rising
accident rate.
These were the primary aims of this thesis:
(IV) To review the level and nature of road accidents in Malaysia in order to determine the potential
for an action plan;
(V) To gain a deeper understanding of the road accident context in Malaysia as it relates to driver
behaviour and attitudes;
(VI) To recommend countermeasures based on the research findings and other international
experience.
4.0 DETAIL METHOD

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4.1 Study Design and location

This is a cross sectional study carried out to determine the drivers’ attitudes and behaviours toward road
safety and the potential acceptability of preventive measures. This study will be conducted at the Klang valley
area, Malaysia. Klang Valley is the area in central Selangor, which has the largest rising population in the
previous five years, furthermore, Klang valley is the home for Malaysians from different states across Malaysia
and non-Malaysians. As a result, this area was selected for investigation - Figure 1. The Kuala Lumpur City
Centre (KLCC) is on the edge of gridlock, with more than 3 million vehicles entering and exiting daily, resulting
in longer travel times and a severe impact on the economy and environment. Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur's
urban agglomeration centre) has a large amount of urban sprawl, which contributes to a high level of
motorization (Yusoff et al., 2021).
Figure 1 The Klang Valley Area (Rashid, 2009).

4.2 Sampling
4.2.01 Inclusion criteria
 Malaysian or Non-Malaysian drivers within the Klang valley area.
 Age between 17-55.
4.2.02 Exclusion criteria
 Drivers who do not regularly drive in Klang valley.
 Drivers who refuse to be part of this study.

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4.2.03 Sample Size

4.3 Instrument and data collection method
4.3.01 Questionnaire Survey
To measure drivers’ behaviour and attitudes; a self-administrated questionnaire was developed based on the
main elements of the Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (MDBQ) and the questionnaire used by Al-
Matawah (2008). Using English and Malay as the working languages, experts vetted the questionnaire before it
was given to drivers to complete. The questionnaire consists of six sections (parts) in which diverse variables
are grouped together.
General demographic information can be found in the first section, which is called "Part 1: General
Information." Age, sex, nationality, residence, workplace, education level, marital status, and annual income
are all factors that are taken into account.
'Part 2: Car Use' consists of factors relating to car use, such as the number of kilometres driven per year, the
number of years of driving experience, and the type of vehicle.
Variables associated with driver education and training make up the third component, titled 'Part 3: Driver
Education.'
Data variables relevant to the type of accident and the type of violation are requested in the fourth section,
which is called 'Part 4: Accidents with Motoring Offenses'.
Driver behaviour and attitude are the focus of 'Part5: Driver Behaviour,' the section's final subsection. There
are 27 questions in all. A variety of factors, including inattention, speeding, passing through red lights, failing to
maintain a safe following distance from the vehicle in front, and carelessness while driving, were taken into
consideration when developing these 27 questions. On a five-point Likert Scale, the responses to the questions
were rated as follows:
1 => 'Always'
2 => 'Usually'
3 => 'Sometimes'
4 => 'Rarely'
5 => 'Never'
As a result, 1 indicates the worst driving behaviour and 5 represents the finest driving behaviour.
To help with the corrective measures, 'Part 6: Remedial Measures: your comments' includes questions about
the design and construction of roads, traffic laws and ordinances, changes to existing regulations, and the
dissemination of traffic safety information and driver training programmes. How many questions are there? On
a five-point Likert Scale, the responses to the questions were rated as follows:
1 => 'Extremely Agree'
2 => 'Agree'
3 => 'Not Sure'
4 => 'Disagree'

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5 => 'Extremely Disagree'

4.4 Quality Control
4.4.01 Validity and pre-testing of the questionnaire
The questionnaire was constructed in English and Malay languages. For this questionnaire, a focus group
discussion (FGD) was held, in which road safety experts came together to discuss the questionnaire. On the
survey, drivers could express their views and perceptions as they saw fit. The debate helped to improve the
questionnaire for the target audience by providing an insight into its design. Finally, the questionnaire was
perfected in order to meet the study's goals on 48 drivers who lives in different parts of Malaysia. It was
explained to the drivers what the study was all about, and they were shown how to fill out the questionnaire.
The drivers were free to express their opinions and give feedback on the survey.
4.4.02 Reliability of the research instruments
Cohen's kappa coefficient was utilised in this study to determine how reliable the questions used in the study
was, at an interval of one week. According to Lajunen et al. (2004) the Manchester Driver Behaviour
Questionnaire (MDBQ) has been utilised around the world; Australia by Blockey and Hartley (1995), Sweden
Aberg and Rimmo (1998), New Zealand (Sullmann & Meadows, 2000), China (Xie et al., 2000) Finland and the
Netherlands (Lajunen et al., 1999) and Turkey (Sümer et al., 2002). The value of Cronbach's Alpha of driver’s
behaviour and attitudes was calculated as 0.902, which shows a very high internal consistency among the
drivers’ behaviour questions - Table 4. Furthermore, the value of Cronbach's Alpha of the preventive measures
was calculated as 0.824, which also indicates a high consistency between the preventive measure questions -
Table 5.
Table 4 The value of Cronbach's Alpha of driver’s behaviour and attitudes
Questions Cronbach's
Alpha
How often are you in a hurry to get somewhere when you are driving? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.902
tergesa-gesa untuk pergi ke suatu tempat apabila anda memandu?
How often do you drive above the speed limit in urban areas / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.903
memandu melebihi had laju di kawasan bandar?
How often do you drive more than the speed limit on the highway? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.904
memandu melebihi had laju di lebuh raya?
How often do you use fast acceleration and/or emergency braking as part of your normal 0.905
driving? / Berapa kerapkah anda menggunakan pecutan dan/atau brek kecemasan sebagai
sebahagian daripada pemanduan biasa anda?
How often do you find that the distance required to stop is longer than you expected? / Berapa 0.906
kerapkah anda mendapati bahawa jarak yang diperlukan untuk berhenti adalah lebih lama
daripada yang anda jangkakan?
How often do you slow down before the speed camera and speed after it? / Berapa kerapkah 0.909

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anda perlahankan kereta sebelum kamera had kelajuan dan memecut selepasnya?
How often do you overtake or change lane, moving from left to right or right to left? / Berapa 0.904
kerapkah anda memotong atau menukar lorong, bergerak dari kiri ke kanan atau kanan ke kiri?
How often do you turn or change lanes or overtake without using the signal light? / Berapa 0.908
kerapkah anda membelok atau menukar lorong atau memotong tanpa menggunakan lampu
signal?
How often do you fail to check the blind – spot before overtaking? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.910
gagal menyemak titik buta sebelum memotong?
How often do you drive too closely to the vehicle in front? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu 0.905
terlalu dekat dengan kenderaan di hadapan?
How often do you drive up to yellow traffic signals at speed (when you think that you can make 0.904
it before the red signal appears)? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu dengan laju sehingga
lampu isyarat kuning (apabila anda fikir anda boleh melakukannya sebelum isyarat merah
muncul)?
How often do you drive through red traffic signals (especially as the light has started to change) 0.904
when you think that it is safe to do so? / Berapa kerapkah anda melanggar lampu merah
(terutamanya apabila lampu telah mula bertukar) jika anda fikir ia adalah selamat untuk
berbuat demikian?
How often do you change lane in order to reach a green traffic light in time? / Berapa kerapkah 0.907
anda menukar lorong untuk sampai ke lampu isyarat hijau tepat pada masanya?
How often do you make a U turn when the driver on the other side is too close to you? / 0.905
Berapa kerap anda membuat pusingan U apabila pemandu di seberang terlalu dekat dengan
anda?
How often do you fail to stop or give way at a stop sign? / Berapa kerapkah anda gagal berhenti 0.907
atau memberi laluan pada tanda "Henti"?
How often do you drive without giving way to cars at roundabouts? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.906
memandu tanpa memberi laluan kepada kereta di bulatan?
How often do you join a main road without given priority of way? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.906
memasuki jalan utama tanpa diberi laluan oleh kereta lain?
How often do you fail to stop for pedestrians at a crosswalk? / Berapa kerapkah anda gagal 0.909
berhenti untuk pejalan kaki di lintasan?
How often do you sound your horn or react by showing anger (or gesturing with your hand) 0.904
when another driver does something that upsets you? / Berapa kerapkah anda membunyikan

NIOSH-A130R01-C 22 / 13
hon atau menunjukkan kemarahan (dengan membuat isyarat tangan) apabila pemandu lain
melakukan sesuatu yang meyakiti hati anda?
How often do you drive while using the mobile phone on phone stand? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.907
memandu sambil menggunakan telefon bimbit pada pemegang telefon di kereta?
How often do you drive while using the mobile phone without phone stand? / Berapa kerapkah 0.907
anda memandu semasa menggunakan telefon bimbit tanpa pemegang telefon?
How often do you drive when distracted by arguments with a passenger? / Berapa kerapkah 0.909
anda memandu berasa terganggu semasa pertengkaran dengan penumpang?
How often do you drive when distracted loud music? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu 0.908
semasa anda terganggu dengan muzik kuat?
How often do you realize afterwards that you were driving faster than you thought you were? / 0.904
Berapa kerapkah anda menyedari bahawa anda memandu melebihi had laju daripada yang
anda sangkakan?
How often do you overtake at the last minute before reaching the exit you want? / Berapa 0.905
kerapkah anda memotong pada saat akhir sebelum sampai ke tempat yang anda inginkan?
How often do you drive without using the seatbelt? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu tanpa 0.913
menggunakan tali pinggang keledar?
How often do you go over the curb to change direction when you see that the road is 0.910
blocked? / Berapa kerapkah anda melepasi penghadang jalan untuk menukar arah apabila anda
melihat jalan terhalang?
How often do you park in a yellow zone or in a non-parking zone? / Berapa kerapkah anda 0.906
meletak kenderaan di zon kuning atau di zon bukan tempat letak kereta?
How often do you drive too close to the driver in front in order to make them give away to 0.902
you? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu terlalu dekat dengan pemandu di hadapan untuk
membuat mereka memberi anda laluan?
How often do you drive too close to the driver in front and flash your headlights on full beam in 0.904
order to make them give away to you? / Berapa kerapkah anda memandu terlalu dekat dengan
pemandu di hadapan dan menyalakan lampu depan anda pada pancaran penuh untuk
membuat mereka memberikan anda laluan?
Table 5 the value of Cronbach's Alpha of the preventive measures

NIOSH-A130R01-C 23 / 13
Questions Cronbach's
Alpha
The road network in Malaysia needs to be improved. / Rangkaian jalan raya di Malaysia perlu 0.824
dipertingkatkan.
There are some hazardous locations (Dark areas or roads) on Malaysian roads that need to be 0.830
dealt with (treated). / Terdapat beberapa lokasi berbahaya (kawasan gelap atau jalan raya) di
jalan raya Malaysia yang perlu dibaiki.
It is important for the government to provide pedestrian footpaths and pedestrian traffic lights 0.818
to cross the road. / Adalah penting bagi kerajaan menyediakan laluan pejalan kaki dan lampu
isyarat pejalan kaki untuk melintas jalan.
Speed bumps are important in reducing speed in urban areas. / Bonggol kelajuan adalah penting 0.819
dalam mengurangkan kelajuan di kawasan bandar.
The enforcement system in Malaysia needs improving (applying the regulation more strictly) to 0.812
reduce road accidents. / Sistem penguatkuasaan di Malaysia perlu diperbaiki (menggunakan
peraturan dengan lebih ketat) untuk mengurangkan kemalangan jalan raya.
Raising the fines would reduce driver violations. / Menaikkan kadar denda akan mengurangkan 0.808
pelanggaran undang-undang oleh pemandu.
Having more police patrols on the roads would reduce driver violations. / Mempunyai lebih 0.800
banyak rondaan polis di jalan raya akan mengurangkan pelanggaran undang-undang oleh
pemandu.
Speed camera enforcement would reduce speed violation. / Penguatkuasaan kamera had 0.802
kelajuan akan mengurangkan pelanggaran had kelajuan.
Red light cameras will reduce traffic light violation at signalized intersections. / Kamera lampu 0.801
merah akan mengurangkan pelanggaran lampu isyarat di persimpangan bertanda.
Raising the driving age from 17 to 20. / Menaikkan umur memandu daripada 17 kepada 20. 0.814
There are enough road safety awareness programs in Malaysia either at school or for the general 0.834
public or in the media. / Terdapat program kesedaran keselamatan jalan raya yang secukupnya
di Malaysia sama ada di sekolah atau untuk orang awam atau di media.
It is important to have road safety education courses for drivers, passengers, or pedestrian at 0.802
school level. / Adalah penting untuk mengadakan kursus pendidikan keselamatan jalan raya
untuk pemandu, penumpang, atau pejalan kaki di peringkat sekolah.
It is necessary (or relevant) to have good practical training by a Driving instructor. / Adalah suatu 0.804

NIOSH-A130R01-C 24 / 13
keperluan untuk mempunyai latihan praktikal yang baik oleh pengajar memandu (jika berkaitan).
The driving test, either the theoretical or the practical, needs to be Improved. / Ujian memandu 0.813
sama ada secara teori atau praktikal perlu dipertingkatkan.
A re-test driving license for drivers who have caused a serious accident in their first two years. / 0.809
Pengulangan lesen memandu untuk pemandu yang telah menyebabkan kemalangan serius
dalam dua tahun pertama mereka.
A suspension for drivers who commit several serious offences. / Penggantungan lesen bagi 0.812
pemandu yang melakukan beberapa kesalahan serius.
The police enforcement system in Malaysia is effective. / Sistem penguatkuasaan polis di 0.853
Malaysia adalah berkesan.
4.5 Data analysis

5.0 RESEARCH FLOWCHART/ FRAMEWORK/ ILUSTRATION

NIOSH-A130R01-C 25 / 13
Figure 2 Diagram indicating the methodology and expected results
6.0 APPENDICES (related picture, quotation etc.,)
5.0 References
Aberg, L., & Rimmo, P.-A. (1998). Dimensions of aberrant driver behaviour. Ergonomics, 41(1), 39–56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/001401398187314

NIOSH-A130R01-C 26 / 13
Al-Matawah, J. A. (2008). An Investigation of Driver Attitudes towards Road Safety in Kuwait. University of
Southampton.
Baguley, C. (2001). The importance of a road accident data system and its utilisation. International Symposium
on Traffic Safety Strengthening and Accident Prevention, 21.
Blockey, P. N., & Hartley, L. R. (1995). Aberrant driving behaviour: Errors and violations. Ergonomics, 38(9),
1759–1771. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925225
Comi, A., Polimeni, A., & Balsamo, C. (2022). Road Accident Analysis with Data Mining Approach: Evidence
from Rome. Transportation Research Procedia, 62, 798–805.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.02.099
Downing, A J., Baguley, C J. and Hills, B L. (1991), Road safety in developing countries: an overview, in: PTRC,
Nineteenth Transport, Highway and Planning Summer Annual Meeting, Proceedings of Seminar C, University of
Sussex, 9-13 September 1991.
IRTAD (1998), Definitions and Data Availability, Special Report, Germany, June, 1998.
Khairul Amri Kamarudin, M., Abd Wahab, N., Umar, R., Shakir Mohd Saudi, A., Hafiz Md Saad, M., Rozaireen
Nik Rosdi1, Sarah Alisa Abdul Razak, N., Murtadha Merzuki, M., Salam Abdullah, A., Amirah, S., &
Mohd Ridzuan, A. (2018). Road Traffic Accident in Malaysia: Trends, Selected Underlying, Determinants
and Status Intervention. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.34), 112.
https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23839
Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (1999). Does traffic congestion increase driver aggression?
Transportation Research Part F, 2, 12.
Lajunen, T., Parker, D., & Summala, H. (2004). The Manchester Driver Behaviour Questionnaire: A cross-
cultural study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36(2), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-
4575(02)00152-5
Li, L.-P., Li, G.-L., Cai, Q.-E., Zhang, A. L., & Lo, S. K. (2008). Improper motorcycle helmet use in provincial areas
of a developing country. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(6), 1937–1942.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.06.019
Mustafa, M. N. (2005). OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ROAD SAFETY SITUATION IN MALAYSIA (p. 12). Highway
planning Unit, Road Safety Section, Ministry of Works.
Rashid, M. F. A. (2009). THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL MIGRATION: IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN PLANNING
DECISION MAKING. International Conference on Built Environment in Developing Countries, 21.
Road Safety Engineering Manual. TMS consultancy, 1992.
Shaik, Md. E., Islam, Md. M., & Hossain, Q. S. (2021). A review on neural network techniques for the prediction
of road traffic accident severity. Asian Transport Studies, 7, 100040.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eastsj.2021.100040

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Sabey, B E. (1980), Road safety and value for money, TRRL Supplementary Report 581.
Sullman, M. & M.L.Meadows (2000), Errors, lapses and violations in the drivers of heavy vehicles, International
Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, Bern, 4-7 September 2000.
Sümer, N., Lajunen, T., Özkan, T., 2002. Surucu davranislarinin kaza riskindeki rolu: ihaller ve hatalar (The role
of driver behaviour in accident risk: violations and errors), in: International Traffic and Road Safety Congress &
Fair, Ankara, Turkey.
Yang, Z., Zhang, W., & Feng, J. (2022). Predicting multiple types of traffic accident severity with explanations: A
multi-task deep learning framework. Safety Science, 146, 105522.
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Yusoff, I., Ng, B.-K., & Azizan, S. A. (2021). Towards sustainable transport policy framework: A rail-based transit
system in Klang Valley, Malaysia. PLOS ONE, 16(3), 30. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248519
Xie, C.Q., Parker, D. & Stradling, S.G. (2000), Driver behaviour and its consequences: The case of Chinese
drivers. International Conference on Traffic and Transport Psychology, Bern, 4-7 September.

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JABATAN PERUNDINGAN , PENYELIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN

BORANG PERMOHONAN DANA PENYELIDIKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN NIOSH

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

BORANG PERMOHONAN DANA

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

NIOSH R&D FUND APPICATION FORM CHECKLIST

APPLICATION LETTER (for external application only)

PART 1: APPLICANT & PROJECT INFORMATION

PART 2 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

PART 3 : BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

PART 4 : PROJECT SCHEDULE

PART 5 : PROPOSED BUDGET

PART 6 : APPLICANT DECLARATION

PART 7 : ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

ATTACHMENT 1 : PROJECT PROPOSAL (IN DETAILS)

ATTACHMENT 2 : CURRICULUM VITAE

ATTACHMENT 3 : PROJECT INSTRUMENT/ QUESTIONNAIRE

ATTACHMENT 4 : CERTIFICATE/LETTER/REGISTRATION EVIDENT

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

PART 1: APPLICANT & PROJECT INFORMATION

Organisation/ Safety Engineering Interest Group / University Putra Malaysia

3. Mobile No. 4. Tel. No.

9. Proposed Budget RM XXXXXX

12 Months 10. MaRINA Remark : (refer website)

MEng Chemical Engineering (Manchester), PhD Fire Engineering

MEng Environmental Engineering (Algeria), PhD candidate in Safety

5. (NIOSH Staff – If any) 3.

PART 2 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

(ii) Project Objective (SMART goal & clearly stated)

(iii) List of Equipment needed/ to be used (if any)

No. Name of Equipment Status of Availability Ownership (If any)

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

PART 3 : BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DRIVERS IN THE KLANG Publications 1: Investigating factors affecting drivers

THE ASSOCIATION OF DRIVERS’ ACCIDENT

DRIVER ATTITUDES TOWARDS SPECIFIC

(i) Benefit of the project (mid and long term)

No. Benefit to NIOSH Benefit to Industries National Impact

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

List of Activitities to achieve objectives and Year 1 Year 2

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

Direct project expenses (Please put the details of expenses)

Special services – (Including payment of services to individuals/experts including professional services,

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

PART 6 : APPLICANT DECLARATION

(i) ATTACHMENT 1 : PROJECT PROPOSAL (in details)

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

PART 7 : ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

R&D CRITERIA DESCRIPTION

*(i) acquire new knowledge

B : The proposed project is something new (novelty) or involve a technical risk

C : Systematic, Investigative and Experimental ("SIE") elements of the proposed project

(Please briefly describe the R&D activity that involved/ will be

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

ATTACHMENT 1: RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL

No. Dokumen Muka Surat

Contributing factors Percent

Human factors alone 65%