1 学制规定

2 种类分类
3 教师要求
4 学科设置
5 评价体系

1 学制规定
⼀、⼊学年龄
美国孩⼦从出⽣的第 6 个星期就可以送幼⼉园（不像国内 2 岁半才可以上幼⼉园）
具体的分班根据⼩宝宝年龄的⼤⼩⽽定（与中国的幼⼉园（2 岁半-6 岁）不同，分班简单的分成⼩⼩班、
⼩班、中班、⼤班）
⼆、幼⼉园分班
1、Daycare （6 个星期到 2 岁的班级）
主要的任务是照顾孩⼦，也会有⼀些⾏为规范和⽣活⾃理能⼒的养成，⽐如⾃⼰吃饭，喝奶，和⼩朋友轮

流玩玩具等。
daycare 如果有空位，应该是随时可以加⼊

2、Preschool/pre-k/4k （3 岁和 5 岁的班级）
有⾏为规范的养成，也有⼀些初步的教学，如字⺟，数字，季节，内容有趣丰富，⽅式多种多样，还有⼀
些集体的活动，⽐如去动物园，万圣节去农场等等。
Preschool 接收的学⽣年龄在 3-5 岁，等同于国内幼⼉园的中班-⼤班，不属于 13 年义务教育，需要家⻓⾃
⾏承担费⽤。
pre-k 也是为 4~5 岁孩⼦进⼊正式的 kindergarten 之前做准备的教育课程，有公⽴的也有私⽴的，有的学校
⼜分为 pre-k3、pre-k4、pre-k5。
有些 preschool 按年度安排活动，所以开学后学⽣的流动性就很⼩了。

3、美国义务教育制（5 岁以后）
宝宝可以进⼊公⽴或私⽴的 Kindergarten(常简称为 K 或者 5k，⼀般每年 9⽉过了劳⼯节开学)，多数 K 是
免费的，不同地区有的半天有的全天，这⼀阶段涉及⼩学。
kindergarten 接收的孩⼦是 5 岁到 6 岁之间，如果在公⽴学校就读，这已经进⼊义务教育的范畴，为了让孩
⼦上⼀年级⽽做准备。
6 岁开始就是 1 年级(Grade 1)。⼩学阶段是 1-5 年级（elementary school), 初中阶段是
6-8 年级（middle school 或叫 junior high),⾼中阶段是 9-12 年级（high school).

2 种类分类
美国幼⼉园分为以下⼏个⼤类：教会类、蒙特梭利类、普通类、私⽴类、家庭类、华⼈类。
1.教会类，美国是⼀个宗教信仰⾃由的国家，在这⾥有⼤量的教会，所以不少教会就组织起看管孩⼦，教
育孩⼦的活动，⽐如读读圣经，唱唱诗歌，做做游戏，有的便演化成了教会幼⼉园，有固定的⽼师，固定
的⽇程安排，也收取学费。教会幼⼉园的主要特点就是会在⽇程⾥安排⼀些读圣经故事，唱教会歌曲之类
的内容，除此以外区别不⼤。由于各个教会的环境条件，经费差别较⼤，所以教会幼⼉园之间的⽔平也是
参差不⻬。好的可以达到中上的⽔平，差的也许⾯临经营不下去的窘境。
2.蒙特梭利类,蒙特梭利在理论上是⼀个⾮常好的教育理念和体系。美国有⾮常正宗且历史悠久的蒙式幼⼉
园，有着 50 年 以上的蒙式历史，每⼀个班级都有着浓浓的蒙式氛围。我去拜访的时候，2 岁班的正在等
着⽤茶点，每个⼩朋友都安安静静坐在⾃⼰的桌前，等着今天值班的⼩朋友来给⼤家派送茶点，每位⼩朋
友接过茶点以后，还会很有礼貌的说谢谢，⼩服务员也很有礼貌的回应不客⽓，⼀群⼩⼩绅⼠和淑⼥。但
也不是每⼀家蒙式幼⼉园都把蒙式的理念执⾏得如此到位。
3.普通类的幼⼉园，极少数能做到每 45 分钟更换教室，他们有⼗多个教室和区域分别有不同的功能和主
题，⽐如戏剧室，⾳乐室，舞蹈室，乐⾼室，图书室等，有⾃⼰的⽔族馆和⼩动物橱窗，⼤厅还有充⽓后
⾼达七⼋⽶的蹦蹦城堡，户外还有喷泉，夏⽇经常有 water play，⼩朋友们就可以尽情在这⾥戏⽔玩耍，
所以在这⾥孩⼦会有很多丰富的活动。能达到这个⽔平的幼⼉园并不多，多数的幼⼉园还是每⼀个班级固
定⽤⼀个教室，跟国内多数幼⼉园⼀样，除了户外时间，其他时间都待在同⼀间教室⾥，所以教室的⼤⼩、

设施以及布局就相当重要。
4.私⽴类。⼤家都知道美国的学校分公⽴和私⽴两⼤类，总体上说私⽴学校学费昂贵，但硬件师资都强过
公⽴，所以有经济条件且重视教育的家庭还是会选择私⽴学校。有的私⽴学校从 2 岁就开始招⽣，这样的
学校孩⼦年龄跨度就很⼤，从幼⼉园到初中或者到⾼中都有，但是会按年龄划分区域，如幼⼉园部，⼩学
部，初中部，⾼中部。私⽴学校即便是幼⼉园部，授课也⽐较成体系，更注重学术⽅⾯。
5.家庭类。美国有很多 House，也就是我们指的独栋别墅，这样的房⼦⼀般房间多，⾯积
⼤，还有前院和后院，有的幼⼉园就开在这样的别墅⾥。室内的房间布置成不同的教室，院⼦⾥会放⼀些
游乐设施。这样的幼⼉园就很家庭式，规模也⽐较⼩，多数是周围附近的居⺠送孩⼦来。最有代表性的就
是园⻓⼥⼠的⺟亲和⼥⼉都在这⾥任教，⽽且这个事业也是从她的祖⽗那⾥开始传下来的。洗⼿间墙壁上
挂的照⽚都很有故事，是⼋⼗年代在这⾥上学的孩⼦和⽼师的照⽚，然后现在他们中不少⼜把⾃⼰的孩⼦
送到这⾥。照⽚⾥谁做了医⽣谁做了律师，谁和谁结了婚，园⻓⼥⼠都详细的给我介绍，感觉在看⼀部怀

旧的电影，很有情怀。
6.华⼈类幼⼉园，美国虽然种族很多，但各种族还是喜欢聚集⽽居。⾃然在华⼈区的幼⼉园就读的也以华
⼈为主。中国⼈历来注重教育，都不希望孩⼦输在起跑线上，⻁妈也是层出不穷，这就造就了华⼈区幼⼉
园的⼀⼤特⾊，那就是⼀般会对认字、数学等知识类教育进⾏得⽐较早，⽐较多。有的华⼈家⻓在选择幼
⼉园的时候很⼤⼀部分就看学校教什么内容，虽然是在美国，但很多家⻓的想法和理念还是和国内的家⻓
⼀样。

3 教师要求
⼀般幼⼉园⾥的 head teacher（主教⽼师）会要求持有幼⼉教师资格证书，这个证书需要⽼师们去各个⼤
或社区⼤学（community college）修够⼀定的学分才可以拿到。如果是助教，那么⾄少要修够其中 12 个学
分才可以开始⼯作。
进⼊幼⼉园之前，除了必要的学分，还要进⾏⼀系列的检查，包括 background checking（背景调查），获
得美国联邦调查局的（FBI)Criminal Record 的 Clearance（没有犯罪记录），录取指纹，考取 Fist Aid（紧

急救助）和 CPR（⼼肺复苏）证书。
美国幼⼉园师⽣⽐例⾮常严格。园⾥分为 toddler（学步班）和 preschooler（学前班）。学步班通常指
1/1.5-2/2.5 岁; 学前班通常指 2.5/3-5.5/6 岁。
其他幼⼉园也有 infant（婴⼉班），通常指 0-1.5 岁的孩⼦。师⽣⽐例也有所不同，学前班师⽣⽐是 1：
12， 学步班是 1：8 。
美国幼⼉园给人的第⼀印象是 safety first。 永远把安全放在第⼀位，keep your eyes on the kids all the
time（要时刻让孩⼦们在你的视线范围内）是第一要义。
因为孩⼦们会不⼩⼼摔倒，或哪⾥蹭破，或因为某个玩具和⼩朋友们吵架，打架，都有可能。所以⽼师们
去哪⾥都会要求随身携带急救包以及 ouch report（疼痛报告）。

4 学科设置
技术——学会使⽤电脑点击开程序，会使⽤读写和数学程序；
⽣活——养成良好的个⼈安全、健康和卫⽣习惯。
科学——观察并描述地球昼夜产⽣原因，学习地球、星星、⽉亮、太阳的概念和关系，学习⽣命体的循环
过程，研究不同的能量来源，如光、热、电，研究物体的⽅位和运动；
数学——⾄少会数 1～30，会数 1～10 的物体，会写并认识阿拉伯数字 0～10，认识并画出各种形状，会
测量物体的⻓、⼤⼩和重量，归类不同物体，找规律，描绘时间，加减 1～5 以内的物体，掌握 10 个物体
平均分的⽅法；
读写——会读写⼤⼩写字⺟、⾃⼰名字，书写简单单词，学习押韵，会辅⾳的拼读，养成良好的阅读习惯，

会复述故事并回答相关问题；

教室的布置，教室⾥有⼤量的教具和不同的分区，如⼥⼉班上有图书区、积⽊玩具区、电脑区、⼿⼯艺术
区、情景扮演区等。操作台上整⻬排列着各种材料，图画纸、硬纸板、瓷砖、布料、毯⼦、⻉壳、⽯头等，
孩⼦们根据⾃⼰兴趣进⾏游戏、选⽤材料。每周都有情景扮演的主题，如买花卖花啊，逛超市啊，⽽本周
的主题是“家”，孩⼦们会⽤⼀些螺丝钉、⻔闩、钉⼦、夹⼦、塑料管等材料来改造⾃⼰的⼩家。
为了让孩⼦们学习重量、浮⼒的概念，她让孩⼦们将不同的材料放进⽔槽⾥实验，如果学习测量，⽼师会
⽤量杯、天平、尺⼦等不同⼯具教孩⼦们测量不同物体；如学习光和影⼦，⽼师会让孩⼦们⽤⼿电筒来制
造影⼦游戏……

5 评价体系
想象中——凡事讲究公平和均衡
事实上——⿎励优秀，⼜允许多样化的存在
在国内早有⽿闻美国公⽴教育抱着“⼀个也不能落下”的精神，极⼒均衡照顾⼤多数的需要，因⽽优秀学
⽣常常被忽略掉。
但同时不强调学习的美国，居然在幼⼉园就开始评奖，也许美国并不像我们想象那样处处拉平学⽣的差距；
⽽校园剧中流⾏的“酷⼩孩”多半也是种误导。为了提⾼阅读能⼒，学校

想象中——⾃由、散漫、放养
事实上——重视纪律、规则和⾏为习惯
美国课堂给⼈印象是⾃由散漫，学⽣们随意坐在课桌上、地上，与⽼师如朋友般直呼其名……美国⼈尊重
⾃由，给予每个孩⼦平等的⾃由权利，然⽽并不是没有原则。
美国幼⼉园的⾏为规范特别严。
每天都会带回⼀张⾏为卡⽚要求家⻓签字，上⾯记录当天的⾏为表现，有⼗项，分别是：1 好学、2 有责
任⼼、3 有礼貌、4 善于沟通、5 勇敢、6 不专⼼、7 准备不周、8⽆责任⼼、9⼲扰学习、10 不安全⾏为，
前五项是积极的，后五项是消极的。
在学校⾥，⽼师普遍强调以下的⾏为规范：听从指令，安静⼯作，不打扰正在⼯作的⼈，⽤完的物品放回
原处，说话、⾛动的声⾳要放轻，别⼈说话时不能随意插话，打喷嚏、咳嗽时要⽤⼿或者肘部遮挡，⼈多

时要排队不能插队……

Elementary education
1 Academic Regulations
1. Entry age
American children can be sent to kindergarten from the 6th week of birth (unlike domestic 2 years old in China)
the classes are simply divided into
1. Daycare (classes from 6 weeks to 2 years old)
The main task is to take care of children, and there are also some behavioral norms and the development of self-
care ability, such as eating, drinking milk, and taking turns playing toys with small friends.
If there are vacancies in daycare, you should be able to join at any time

2. Preschool/pre-k/4k (3 and 5 year old classes)

3. American compulsory education system (after the age of 5)

Babies can enter the public or private Kindergarten (often abbreviated as K or 5k, and the school usually starts
after Labor Day in September every year). Most of the K is free. Stages involve elementary school.
The children accepted by kindergarten are between 5 and 6 years old. If they study in public schools, this has
entered the category of compulsory education, in order to prepare children for the first grade.
Grade 1 starts at the age of 6. Primary school is grades 1-5 (elementary school), junior high school is
Grades 6-8 (middle school or junior high), high school is grades 9-12 (high school).

2 categories
American kindergartens are divided into the following categories: church, Montessori, general, private, family, and
Chinese.
1. ecclesiastical ，一颗粒 The United States is a country with freedom of religious belief. There are a large
number of churches here, so many churches have organized activities to take care of and educate children,
such as reading the Bible, singing Poetry, playing games, some have evolved into church kindergartens, with
fixed teachers, fixed schedules, and tuition fees.
2. Montessori kindergarten 蒙特梭利式, In the Montessori early childhood education system,
teachers mainly play the following roles: observers, mentors, and environment creators,

Montessori is a very good educational concept and system in theory.

When you went to visit, the 2-year-old class was waiting for refreshments, and each of the kids sat quietly at their
desks, After the refreshment, they will politely say thank you, and the waiter will also respond politely to you, a
group of small gentlemen and ladies.

3. In ordinary kindergartens, Most kindergartens still use a fixed classroom for each class. Like most
kindergartens in China, they stay in the same room except for outdoor time.
4. Private kindergartens Private schools have expensive tuition fees, but the teachers are better
than public schools in general. The teaching is more systematic and focuses more on academic
aspects.

5. Family kindergartens. There are many villas in the United States.

Such houses generally have many rooms and an areas .Some kindergartens are located in such villas.
The most representative feature is that both the parents and offsprings of the garden director teach
here, and this career has also been passed down from the ancestors. Many of the students also send
their children here. its like watching a nostalgic movie

6. Chinese kindergartens. Although there are many ethnic groups in the United States, all ethnic groups still like to
live together. Naturally, the kindergartens in the Chinese districts are mainly Chinese. Chinese people have always
attached great importance to education, and they do not want their children to lose at the starting line, and mothers
are also emerging one after another. This has created a major feature of kindergartens in Chinese districts, that is,
they are generally good at knowledge such as literacy and mathematics. Education takes place earlier and more.
When some Chinese parents choose a kindergarten, a large part of it depends on what the school teaches. Although
they are in the United States, many parents have the same ideas and concepts as domestic parents.

3 Teacher Requirements
Teacher-to-student ratios also vary, ranging from 1:12 for preschool to 1:8 for toddlers.

4 Subject settings

5 Evaluation system
Imagination - everything pays attention to fairness and balance
In fact - encourage excellence and allow diversity
It has long been heard in China that public education in the United States holds the spirit of "not leaving one
behind" and takes care of the needs of most people in a balanced manner, so outstanding students are often
ignored.
In the imagination - free, loose, free-range
In fact - value discipline, rules and habits of conduct
Give the kids freedom
In schools, teachers generally emphasize the following behavioral norms: obey instructions, work quietly, do not
disturb those who are working, put items back in their original places, speak and move in a low voice,

The card evaluate kids behaviors in different parts

Social-Emotion 社交与情绪
Physical energy 体能
Language 语⾔表达
Cognitive 认知
Literacy 语⽂
Mathematics 数学

All in all，Elementary education in the United States is colorful and very orderly

1Social-Emotional
1aManages feelings

1bFollows limits and expectations

1cTakes care of own needs appropriately

2aForms relationships with adults

M
2bResponds to emotional cues

2cInteracts with peers

2d Makes friends

3aBalances needs and rights of self and others

3bSolves social problems

2Physical

4Demonstrates traveling skills

M
5Demonstrates balancing skills

6Demonstrates gross motor manipulative skills“”

7aUses fingers and hands

7bUses writing and drawing tools

3Language

8aComprehends language

8bFollows directions

M
5-6

9aUses an expanding expressive vocabulary

9bSpeaks clearly

9cUses conventional grammar

andbutorsobecauseaanthe) thisthesethat

9dTells about another time or place

10aEngages in conversations

10bUses social rules of language

E
4Cognitive

11aAttends and engages

11bPersists

11cSolves problems

11dShows curiosity and motivation

11eShows flexibility and inventiveness in thinking

M

12aRecognizes and recalls

3-4

12bMakes connections

13Uses classification skills

14aThinks symbolically

https://donwinn.blog/2013/08/29/the-power-of-imagination-thinking-
symbolically/

14bEngages in sociodramatic play

M
10

5 Literacy

15aNotices and discriminates rhyme

15bNotices and discriminates alliteration

15cNotices and discriminates discrete units of sound

E
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3551478/

https://mrsgalvan.com/sight-words/

15dApplies phonics concepts and knowledge of word structure to decode

text

--e -

16aIdentifies and names letters

16bIdentifies letter - sound correspondences

17aUses and appreciates books and other texts

17bUses print concepts

E
18aInteracts during reading experiences book conversations and text
reflections

18bUses emergent reading skills

emergent literacy “”

emergent reading “”

18cRetells stories and recounts details from informational texts

18dUses context clues to read and comprehend texts

18eReads fluently

19aWrites name

E
19bWrites to convey ideas and information

19cWrites using conventions

I );

6Mathematics

20aCounts

1003020120 2s5s 10s 1 120 20

20bQuantifies

6-10“”“”“” 11-20

20cConnects numerals with their quantities

E
20120<>=

20dUnderstands and uses place value and base ten

10 11 19 100101010-90

20eApplies properties of mathematical operations and relationships

10“”

20

20fApplies number combinations and mental number strategies in

mathematical operations

510/“”

21aUnderstands spatial relationships

21bUnderstands shapes

22aMeasures objects

22bMeasures time and money

M
22cRepresents and analyzes data

23Demonstrates knowledge of patterns

repeating patterns growing patterns

repeating patterns

repeating patterns

growing patterns

growing patterns

7Teacher Comments

2021-2022