11

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Magma Formation
( Magmatism)
 Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Magma Formation (Magmatism)
First Edition, 2020

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Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your
studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you
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Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell
you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to ask your facilitator or your
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answer the post test to self check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test.
- -

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In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teachers are also provided to the
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Thank you.
 Lesson

1 MAGMA FORMATION

What I Need to Know

About four billion years ago, Earth was thought to have arisen from a cloud of gas
and dust in space. This included also the formation of mountains, oceans, seas,
and volcanoes. Volcano is an opening in Earth’s crust that allow as molten rock
from beneath the crust to reach the surface. This molten rock is called magma.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Describe how magma is formed. (S11/12ES -Ic-15)

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 What I Know
Pre-Test
Direction: There are two columns, Column A writes the definition of each term that
you can find in Column B. Read and understand the statements carefully. Write the
letter of your choice on the space provided before the number.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
__1. Process which occurs as magma reacts chemically and A. Pluton
physically with the wall rock it comes into contact with; B. Assimilation
and signifies the changes in the magma's chemical composition. C. Mafic
__2. An igneous rock including more than 65% silica, D. Lava
which is low in iron and magnesium. E. Magma
__3. A special type of fast-moving mudflow that composed of hot, F. Felsic
unconsolidated, fine-grained pyroclastic deposits G. Volatiles
that are mobilized by meltwater or rainfall. H. Dike
__4. Magma that reaches Earth's surface and flows from I. Magma
Chamber volcanoes. J. Lahar
__5. A body of intrusive igneous rock, ranging in size K. Partial Melting
from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers across, L. Fractionation
that forms when the contents of a large magma chamber
cool and crystallize.
__6. Elements or compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and nitrogen that exist as gases at Earth's surface.
__7. A sheet-like body of intrusive igneous rock that is important
in transporting magma to Earth's surface .
__8. A large cavern deep underneath Earth's surface filled
with magma.
__9. An igneous rock that is 45% to 52% silica and is high
in iron and magnesium.
_ 10. A process when there is a decrease in pressure or
an increase in temperature breaks the chemical bonds of
some of the minerals in a source rock.

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 What’s In

In your previous lesson, it was discussed that the Earth’s heat caused by the
formation of the Earth billion years ago. There are three main sources of heat in the
deep earth: (1) heat from when the planet formed and accreted, which has not yet
been lost; (2) frictional heating, caused by denser core material sinking to the
center of the planet; and (3) heat from the decay of radioactive elements.

Imagine cooking a cheddar cheese in saucepan with medium heat. What

happens to the cheese? It melted. Just like how cheddar cheese melted in a
saucepan with medium heat, let’s understand how does magma is formed?

Let us dig deep about this topic.

Notes to the Teacher

This lesson is all about how heat from inside of the earth is being
harnessed as a source of energy for human use. The following
suggested activities needs to be supervised and monitored for the
successful attainment of the lesson objectives. You may modify the
mechanics of the activities based on your convenience.

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 What’s New

Try it!

Ready yourself for this activity. And take note that you must follow the
instructions carefully.

ACTIVITY 1. MELTING OF “PRETEND ROCK”

MATERIALS Safety first!

• candle Please wear gloves upon
• plastic doing this activity to avoid
• aluminum foil getting burn. Please also
• glass wear eye protector and mask
• saucepan to avoid contact to eyes,
• stove nose, and mouth.

PROCEDURE
1. Put the candle, plastic, aluminum foil, and glass in saucepan (as shown in
figure A. Heat up the saucepan on the stove in medium heat (50⁰C) for 2
minutes (Figure B). Observe what happened to the candle, plastic, aluminum
foil, and glass.

Figure A Figure B

What happens to the candle, plastic aluminum foil, and glass when you
heat it up in medium heat?
______________________________________________________________

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 2. After doing the first procedure, heat up the saucepan in high heat (120⁰C) and
let it stay until the materials melt (Figure C). Observe what happens to it.

Figure C

After heating the materials in high heat (120⁰C), what melted first, plastic
or aluminum foil?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3.Separate the liquid melted from plastic and aluminum foil and let it cool
(Figure D). Once hardened, put it back to the mixture and observe the overall
materials.

Figure D

What does the “hardened materials” represent? How about the “liquid part”
in the center, what does it represents?

______________________________________________________________

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Activity 2: Magma Viscous

Materials needed: Safety first!

Please wear gloves upon
• Flour doing this activity to avoid
• Water getting burn. Please also
• Teaspoons wear eye protector and mask
to avoid contact to eyes,
• Saucepan nose, and mouth.
• Stove

Procedure:
1. Place about ½ cup of water in a saucepan on the stove and heat it up for
medium heat.
2. Add 2 teaspoons (10 mL) of white flour (this represents silica) and stir while
the mixture comes close to boiling. It should thicken like gravy because the
gluten in the flour becomes polymerized chains during this process.
3. Take another 4 teaspoons of flour and mix it thoroughly with 4 teaspoons of
water (20 mL) and all the materials in the mixture and stir it until it closes to
boiling. Let it cool afterwards.
4. The mixture should be like a porridge or chains because of the gluten
presents in flour.

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 Magma Viscous Worksheets

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________________

1. What is the representation of flour in this experiment?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. Why does the flour become polymerized after cooling the mixture?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. How do this experiment related to magma formation?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

What is It

Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock that is found beneath the

surface of the Earth. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended
crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. Temperatures of most magmas
are in the range 700 °C to 1300 °C (or 1300 °F to 2400 °F), but melts may be as cool
as 600 °C, most are silicate mixtures. It is capable of intrusion into adjacent rocks,
extrusion onto the surface as lava, and explosive ejection as tephra to form
pyroclastic rock. Most magmas (crystal) that is found beneath the earth surface and
it is generated in the upper parts of mantle (Asthenosphere) and lower crust.

Types of Magma:
1. Primitive magma: They are unmodified magmas that form through anataxis
(melting of mantle rocks that have not been changed in composition since
they formed.
2. Primary magma: This magma is any chemically unchanged melt derived from
any kind of preexisting rocks. All primitive magma is primary but most primary
magma that yields modern rocks is not primitive.
3. Parental magma: The magma that have given rise to another magma.
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 4. Derivative magma: Derivative magmas are the magma which derived directly
from a preexisting magma.

What’s the origin of Magma?

Magma within the Earth moves upward or sideways, it will take up rock along the
edges of magma chambers (a large cavern found deep underneath Earth's surface
filled with magma), even in huge pieces, and the material will be melted into the
magma, changing its composition somewhat. If an intermediate composition magma
moves upward into continental crust, which is a hodgepodge of all types of rocks,
assimilation (process which happens as magma reacts chemically and physically
with the wall rock it comes into contact with; these processes change the magma's
chemical composition) of country rock will result in a diluting of iron and magnesium
content (the aped material doesn't have as much iron and magnesium, usually). So,
the magma may become felsic (an igneous rock that has more than 65% silica,
which is low in iron and magnesium) in composition after the assimilation. As other
minerals grow, they will likewise remove certain chemical elements from the magma.
So, the overall composition of the magma changes, as crystallization happens.

Figure 1: Source of Magma Generation

On the other hand, Norman Bowen did laboratory experiments to determine the
order of crystallization of minerals growing in a magma as it cools, and made a chart
showing the order. This is called Bowen's Reaction Series, and is important to
understanding how magmas evolve? Why is it important? Because early formed
igneous rock might contain one set of minerals, but a later forming igneous rock,
forming from the same magma, but changed, will have a different mineralogy. For
such things as ore deposits like gold and silver, understanding how minerals
crystallize helps you map out where you think deposits are located within mountain
ranges.

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 Figure 2: Bowen’s Reaction Series

Temperature and Pressure of Magma

Within the solid earth, the temperature of a molten rock is controlled by the
geothermal gradient and the radioactive decay within the rock. The geothermal
gradient averages about 25 °C/km with a wide range from a low of 5–10 °C/km within
oceanic trenches and subduction zones to 30–80 °C/km under mid-ocean ridges and
volcanic arc environments. Temperature of dry magma higher in compare to wet
magmas. In addition, pressure plays an important role in part of viscosity. When
pressure increases, viscosity is low and vice versa.

Composition of Magma
Because of its bulk composition of its rocks, a rock will melt at any given
temperature and pressure. The presence of volatile (elements or compounds such
as water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen that uses as gases at Earth's surface) phases
in a rock under pressure can stabilize a melt fraction. With this, the loss of water and
volatiles from a magma may cause it to essentially freeze or solidify. Magma also
contains gases, which increases as the magma rises. It is high in silica, so gases are
enclosed in it. Pressure rises up until the gases blast out in a violent, dangerous
explosion.

Melt Structure and Properties

Silicate, mostly composed of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, alkalis (sodium, potassium,
calcium), magnesium and iron. This is the physical attributes depend upon their
atomic structures as well as temperature and pressure and composition. If the
material has silica-rich, they typically more polymerized, and so are more viscous.
Viscosity is the main melt property in understanding the behavior of magmas. Higher
temperature melts are less viscous. Low viscosity leads to less explosive eruptions.

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Polymerization of a Magma
When there is a melting of silicate mineral or rock, the covalent bonds between Si4+
and apical oxygens are too strong to break. But the bonds between non bridging
oxygen’s and network modifiers are easy to break, with this result, other cations
move freely within the framework of polymerized [SiO4] chains in a molten silicate.
So, polymerization means the networked nature of a silicate magma. Degree of
polymerization depends on the SiO2 content of the magma. More siliceous are
more polymerized, and more viscous than mafic (an igneous rock that is 45% to 52%
silica, high in iron and magnesium) magmas.

Fully polymerized melt fully polymerized crystal

Figure 3. Presentation of polymerized magma

Partial Melting
Melting of solid rocks to form magma is controlled by three physical characteristics:
its temperature, pressure, and composition. When rocks start to melt gradually;
most rocks are made of several minerals with different melting points, and the
physical/chemical relationships controlling melting are more complex. The volume
changes as the rock melts. When enough rock is melted, the small globules of melt
(generally occurring in between mineral grains) linked up and soften the rock.

Cooling process of magma

There are two known processes by which magma stopped to exist: by volcanic
eruption, or by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a pluton (a body of
intrusive igneous rock, which forms when the contents of a large magma chamber
cool and crystallize). Because of this both cases, the bulk of the magma eventually
cools and forms igneous rocks. When magma starts to cool, it forms solid mineral
phases. Magma that cools inside a magma chamber usually forms bodies of plutonic
rocks such as gabbro, diorite and granite, depending upon the composition of the
magma. Alternatively, if the magma is erupted (lava), it forms volcanic rocks such as
basalt, andesite and rhyolite (the extrusive equivalents of gabbro, diorite and
granite, respectively).

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 Key Points
• Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock that is found beneath the
surface of the Earth.
• The types of magma are primitive, primary, parental, and derivative.
• When magmas crystallize at depth, intrusive rocks are formed.
• The temperature of magma is controlled by the geothermal gradient and the
radioactive decay within the rock.
• When the pressure of magma increases, viscosity decreases and vice versa.

What’s More

Dry and Wet Melting

In order for magma to form, there will be a process it undergoes. Wet or dry melting of
rocks or minerals must be processed. Dry melting occurs when minerals or rocks,
with no carbon dioxide or water in them, are heated to a specific temperature. This
temperature increases as pressure in the Earth’s layers increases.

Wet melting occurs when rocks or minerals containing water are heated. It occurs
over a variety of temperatures rather than at only one temperature. The temperatures
in which wet melting occurs decreases with increased pressure or depth. As the
temperature rises again, the higher the pressure rises or the lower the depth is. Both
wet and dry melting of rocks occurs in partial melting but can’t occur with minerals. A
partial melt occurs when only part of the rock material melts.

Three Ways of Magma Formation:

Basaltic Magma
Basaltic magma is formed through dry partial melting of the mantle. This make up
most of the ocean’s crust; this is why basaltic magma is only found in oceanic
volcanoes. As the mantle melts, the geothermal gradient, or change in the Earth’s
temperature based on internal pressure or depth, changed by some sort of
mechanism, such as convection.
With this process, the heated mantle material rises closer to the Earth’s surface,
raising the geothermal gradient in the area. This causes the temperature in the earth’s
mantle increases, which the reason why the mantle to partially melt. The partial melt
contains both liquid and crystals that need a higher temperature to melt. This liquid
can be separated from the crystals, forming basaltic magma.

Rhyolitic Magma

Rhyolitic magma can be formed as a result of wet melting of continental crust.

Rhyolites are rocks that contain water and minerals such as biotite. In order to melt,
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the continental crust must be heated above the normal geothermal gradient. The most
common reason of increasing in temperature of continental crust is basaltic magma
rising from the mantle.

Andesitic Magma

Andesitic magma is formed through wet partial melting of the mantle. When
subduction, or continental plates pulling away from one another occurs, the mantle
increases in temperature and water is pushed into it. This is why the melting
temperature of the mantle lowers, causing the mantle to begin partially melting due to
the heat. If this type of basaltic magma melts with continental crust that has a high
density of dioxide silicon, andesitic magma will form.

Volcanism

During a volcanic eruption, the magma that comes out from the inside and lands to
the surface is called lava. Lava easily cools quickly compared to underground bodies
of magma. This fast cooling does not allow crystals to grow large, and a part of the
melt does not crystallize at all, becoming glass. Rocks, usually composed of volcanic
glass include obsidian, scoria and pumice. Before and during volcanic eruptions,
exsolution is a process that known to have volatiles such as CO2 and H2O, partially
leave the melt. If massive exsolution happens, when magma goes upwards during a
volcanic eruption, the resulting eruption is usually explosive.

What I Have Learned

A. Let us check what you have learned in this module. Complete the sentences
below with information that you have acquired about the formation of magma.
I know that I know something about the formation of magma.

First, I know that magma is composed of _____________________________

___________________________________________________________________.
Second, there are four types of magma, these are
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Third, the overall composition of magma is
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Fourth, Silicate is_______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Finally, there are two processes which the magma ceases to exist, these are
________________________________________________________________.
Now you know that I know something about how magma is formed.

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B. Complete the sentence by filling in the right answer to the statement.

1. The temperature of a molten rock is controlled by the _________ and the

__________________________ within the rock.

2. Magma also contains gases which increases as the magma rises.

Pressure rises up until the gases blast out in a ___________________
explosion.

3. Melting of solid rocks to form magma is controlled by three physical

characteristics: ___________, ______________, and ________________.

4. The ________________ is one way of forming magma which formed

through dry melting of the mantle and usually found in oceanic volcanoes

5. If this type of basaltic magma melts with continental crust that has a high
density of dioxide silicon, __________________ magma will form.
6. ______________________ are rocks that contain water and minerals
such as biotite.

7. The magma that comes out from the inside and lands to the surface is
called ______________________________.

8. ______________________________ is a process that known to have

volatiles such as CO2 and H2O, partially leave the melt.

9. ________________________ is a type of magma which evolved into

another magma.

10. Norman Bowen did laboratory experiments namely,

____________________________, to determine the order of
crystallization of minerals growing in a magma as it cools, and made a
chart showing the order.

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 What I Can Do

Assessment

Describe the formation of magma by answering the following questions. Encircle the
letter of your choice.

1. What makes magma different from lava?

A. The location C. The color
B. The temperature D. The composition
2. Which of this statement is TRUE?
A. If water is present, rocks will melt at higher temperatures than normal.
B. Under high pressure, rocks melt at lower temperatures.
C. Magma that crystallizes forms igneous rocks.
D. When a rock melts, different minerals melt at the same temperature.
3. Identify the CORRECT statement about magma.
A. Typical magma temperatures exceed 10, 000 degrees Celsius.
B. Magma never contains dissolved gases.
C. Magma forms when rocks melt.
D. Magma always comes from the lower mantle.
4. Bowen’s Reaction Series describes the evolution of the mineralogy of a
crystallizing magma with:
A. Decreasing pressure as the magma body rises.
B. Decreasing temperature as the magma cools.
C. Increasing water content as the magma turns solid.
D. Increasing density as the minerals crystallize out.
5. Earth’s mantle is BEST described as:
A. Liquid metal C. mostly solid rock, with pockets of liquid rock
B. A slush of crystal, D. Mostly liquid rock, with large solid rocks
Liquids, and gas
6. Why are mafic eruptions generally less explosive than felsic eruptions?
A. Mafic magma is hotter, allowing gases to remain dissolved in the magma.
B. Mafic magma is denser, keeping gases from moving up toward the
surface.
C. Mafic magma is richer in iron, keeping gases in the crystalline phase.
D. Mafic magma is more fluid, allowing gases to escape before they build up
pressure.
7. Which BEST describes “fractionation”?
A. As minerals crystallize, they are isolated from the remaining magma and
unable to react with it.
B. As magma turns solid, the fraction of mafic minerals decreases as the
fraction of felsic minerals increases.
C. As magma cools, only a fraction of it turns solid at any one time.
D. Only a fraction of all magma chambers turn solid before erupting.

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8. Formation of magma generally begins:
A. In the center of a rock body C. At the centers of mineral crystals
B. Along the surface of a rock body D. At the junctions between mineral
grains
9. As a magma crystallizes, it is most likely to evolve in which way?
A. By becoming more felsic and more viscous as mafic minerals crystallize
out.
B. By becoming more mafic and less viscous as felsic minerals crystallize out
C. By becoming more felsic and less viscous as mafic minerals crystallize out
D. By becoming more mafic and more viscous as felsic minerals crystallize
out
10. Magma rises toward Earth’s surface because:
A. It is hotter than the surrounding rocks
B. It is less dense than the surrounding rocks
C. It is more fluid than the surrounding rocks
D. It is more mafic than the surrounding rocks

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Answer Key

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Reference/Links
https://www.slideshare.net/pramodgpramod/evolution-of-magma-83659717
https://study.com/academy/practice/quiz-worksheet-magma.html
https://sciencing.com/convergent-divergent-transform-boundaries-8606129.html
https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-formation/
https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199965557/student/ch4/quiz/
https://global.oup.com/us/companion.websites/9780199965557/student/ch4/fc1/part

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 DISCLAIMER
This self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by Deped
SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and
addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on
DepEd’s most essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is
supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII in all
public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR
development was observed in the production of this module, This is
version 1.0 We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

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