Issues of Diversity

(Gender)

PREPARED BY: JENNILYN M. CADELIÑA, LPT

 Difference between Sex and Gender

• Sex- person’s characterization as

female or male at birth, typically
based on appearance of external
genitalia or other biological
characteristics.
• Gender- social characteristics
may be or not be alligned with a
p e r s o n ’s s e x a n d a d o p t e d b y
individual as their gender identity.
 Sex

• A determination made through

the application of socially agreed
upon biological criteria for
classifying persons as females
or males (West and Zimmerman,
1987).
• The criteria for classification can
be genitalia at birth or
chromosomal typing before
birth.
 Sex Category

• Placement in a sex category is achieved through

application of the sex criteria, but in everyday life,
categorization is established and sustained by the
socially required identificatory displays that proclaim
one's membership in one or the other category.
 Gender

• The activity of managing

situated conduct in light of
normative conceptions
of attitudes and activities
appropriate for one's sex
category.
• Gender activities emerge
from and bolster claims to
membership in a sex
category.
Example:
• Sex - Person A did not possess the socially agreed upon
biological criteria for classification as a member of the female
sex.
• Sex category - Application of membership categories relies on
an "if-can" test - stipulates that if people can be seen as
members of relevant categories, then categorize them that way
(Sacks, 1972).
• Gender
ü Trans woman – an identity label adapted by male to female trans
people to signify that they identify themselves as women.
ü Trans man - an identity label adapted by female to male trans people to
signify that they identify themselves as men.
 Report Card: The Cost of Sexism in Schools

1. Boys and schools (Jenson, 2013; Rivers & Barnett,

2011)
üPoor school achievement, especially in the language arts and
writing
üBullying
üDisciplinary problems
üViolence
• Socialization of boys into tough and competitive roles
sets the stage for such school clashes and that class and
race can exacerbate academic problems.
2. Girls and schools (Sadker & Zittleman, 2016).

üReceive higher report card grades

üHave fewer disciplinary problems
üMore likely than boys to become valedictorians and go on to
college
• Girls are expected to please others, and working hard
at school is part of that.
• These higher grades carry a large, hidden cost as docile
and compliant children may grow into adults with lower
self‐ esteem and less independence.
3. Academic Attitudes (Jenson, 2013; Kimmel, 2014)

• Boys often view

reading and writing as
“feminine” subjects that
threaten their
masculinity.
• They enjoy reading
books less, take fewer
notes, study less, and
play more.
Other Issues related to Gender
Sexual harassment (Rhinehart, Doshi, & Espelage,
2014; Sadker & Zittleman, 2016)
• Sexual harassment is unwelcome behavior
of a sexual nature that occurs in person or
electronically.
– Sexual comments and gestures
– Inappropriate touch to rape
• The most common sexual harassment
against boys takes the form of “gay-bashing.”
• Girls experience verbal and physi cal
harassment, including unwanted touching.
The consequences of sexual harassment:

1. Students fear attending school

2. Withdraw from activities and
friends
3. Suffer sleep and eating difficulties
• More than half of students
sexually harassed do not share
the abuse with anyone, and
only 9 percent report
harassment to an adult at
school.
Know your rights!
• Republic Act No. 7877 “Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
– AN ACT DECLARING SEXUAL HARASSMENT UNLAWFUL IN THE EMPLOYMENT,
EDUCATION OR TRAINING ENVIRONMENT, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
• In an education or training environment, sexual harassment is committed:
(1) Against one who is under the care, custody or supervision of the offender;
(2) Against one whose education, training, apprenticeship or tutorship is
entrusted to the offender;
(3) When the sexual favor is made a condition to the giving of a passing
grade, or the granting of honors and scholarships, or the payment of a
stipend, allowance or other benefits, privileges, or consideration; or
(4) When the sexual advances result in an intimidating, hostile or offensive
environment for the student, trainee or apprentice.
 Gender Inequality
• Imbalance in access to
political, economic,
educat ional, and social
arenas based on
sex/gender.
 Sexist or not?

• “10 years na pala akong graduate, parang

wala akong personal achievements.”
• “Wag mo sabihin yan. Yung achievement ko,
achievement mo. Kasi hindi ko naman
magagawa ng wala ka ehh.”
• “pag-iwan ng tuwalya kung saan, hindi pag
flush hahaha, paghagis ng damit”
• “And dahil nandiyan ka, I’m free to reach
higher. That’s why every achievement I get,
you are a big part of it.”
• Source: https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/04/24/22/how-engineers-appreciation-post-for-his-wife-went-viral
• Sexism is based on a
belief (conscious or
unconscious) that there is
a natural order based on
sex.
• Prejudice and/or
discrimination against
people based on their real
or perceived sex.
 Civil Union and Marriage
• Article 1. of the Family Code -
Marriage is a special contract of
permanent union between a man
and a woman entered into in
accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal and family
life.
• Civil Union - Only requires that the
two parties—regardless of whether
they're of the same or opposite sex—
will come together in the presence
of a duly licensed notary public.
 Civil Union and Marriage
• House Bill 1357 and House Bill 2264 - partners will be given "all
benefits and protections as are granted to spouses in a marriage
under existing laws."
– Inheritance rights over properties acquired together
– Insurance memberships with the Social Security System
(SSS), Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), and
PhilHealth.
• As the explanatory note of HB 1357 by Rep. Bernadette Herrera-
Dy states, "[Civil union] aims to be a landmark effort to provide
civil rights, benefits, and responsibilities to couples previously
unable to marry, by giving them due recognition and protection
from the State."
 Domestic Violence

• One in four (26%) ever-married women aged 15-49 has

ever experienced physical, sexual or emotional violence
by their husband or partner - 2017 National
Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS)
– One in five (20%) women has ever experienced emotional
violence
– 14 percent has ever experienced physical violence
– 5 percent has ever experienced sexual violence by their
current or most recent husband or partner.
Republic Act No. 9262 or the “Anti-Violence Against
Women and Their Children Act of 2004”
– AN ACT DEFINING VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN,
PROVIDING FOR PROTECTIVE
MEASURES FOR VICTIMS,
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES THEREFORE,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

• Philippine government’s
initiative in addressing the
issue on violence against
women.
Acts of Violence
• Attempting, threatening, or inflicting physical harm to the woman or her child.
– For the purpose of controlling her actions or decisions.
• Attempting to compel or compelling the woman or her child to engage in conduct
which the woman or her child has the right to desist from.
• Causing or attempting to cause the woman or her child to engage in any sexual
activity which does not constitute rape, by force or threat of force, physical harm, or
through intimidation directed against the woman or her child or her/his immediate
family.
• Engaging in purposeful, knowing, or reckless conduct, personally or through another,
that alarms or causes substantial emotional or psychological distress to the
woman or her child.
• Causing mental or emotional anguish, public ridicule or humiliation to the
woman or her child, including, but not limited to, repeated verbal and emotional
abuse, and denial of financial support or custody of minor children of access to
the woman’s child/children.
 Depp vs. Heard Defamation Trial

"Tell the world, Johnny," she said. "Tell them I,

Johnny Depp - a man - I'm a victim too of domestic
violence."
References:
• Banks, J., & Mcgee Banks, C. (2016). Multicultural Education Issues and Perspective (Ninth Edition). Lightning Source Inc.
• Bersales, L. (2018, March 26). One In Four Women Have Ever Experienced Spousal Violence (Preliminary results from the
2017 National Demographic and Health Survey) | Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved
April 30, 2022, from https://psa.gov.ph/content/one-four-women-have-ever-experienced-spousal-violence-preliminary-
results-2017-national
• Executive Order No. 209, s. 1987 | GOVPH. (1987, July 6). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved
April 30, 2022, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/06/executive-order-no-209-s-1987/
• Honderich, B. H. (2022, April 29). Depp v Heard: What you might have missed this week. BBC News. Retrieved April 30,
2022, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61263794
• Junio, A. (2020). Rethinking Domestic Violence: Filipino Men as Victims of Abuse. Http://Www.Kfaw.or.Jp/. Retrieved April
30, 2022, from http://www.kfaw.or.jp/correspondents/docs/24-2_Philippine_E.pdf
• Licsi, A. (2022, March 2). What’s the difference between LGBTQ+ civil union and same-sex marriage? The Philippine Star.
Retrieved April 30, 2022, from https://philstarlife.com/news-and-views/974353-difference-between-lgbtq-civil-union-and-
same-sex-marriage?page=4
• Otig, V. S., et. al. (2018), A Holistic Approach in Understanding The Self, Mutya Publishing House, Inc, Malabon City
• R.A. 7877. (1995, February 14). The Lawphil Project. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1995/ra_7877_1995.html
• Republic Act No. 9262 | GOVPH. (2004, March 8). Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 30,
2022, from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2004/03/08/republic-act-no-9262-s-2004/
• West, C., & Zimmerman, D. (1987, June). Doing Gender. Jstor Publications. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/189945?sici=0891-2432%28198706%291%3A2%3C125%3ADG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W