Torsion

and
Flanged Bolt Couplings
and Thin-Walled Tubes
Module 3
Torsion
Module 3.1
Torsional Deformation of a Circular
Shaft

Torque - moment that

tends to twist a member
about its longitudinal
axis; also known as
"twisting moment"
Torsion
Analysis Procedure
 Apply equations of compatibility
 Apply equations of equilibrium
 Satisfy boundary conditions
General Assumptions
 Circular sections remain circular
 Plane sections remain plane and do not warp/twist
 Radial lines remain straight
 Torque is applied perpendicular to axis of shaft
 Stresses are within the proportional limit
Formula involving Torsion
 Angle of Twist
𝑇𝐿
𝜃=
𝐽𝐺

 Shear Stress
𝑇𝜌
𝜏=
𝐽

 Maximum Shear Stress, when 𝜌 = 𝑟

𝑇𝑟
𝜏=
𝐽
J = Polar Moment of Inertia G = Shear Modulus of the Shaft
[N/m2]
𝜋𝐷4
𝐽= (SOLID SHAFT) From Hooke’s Law
32
𝜋(𝐷4 −𝑑4 )
𝐽= 32
(HOLLOW SHAFT) 𝜏 = 𝐺γ
Sign convention: Right hand rule
Torque in terms of Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
where: 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑓 − 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ( )
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Example
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in is subjected to
a torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress.
Use G = 12 × 106 psi.
Example:
A solid steel bar of circular cross section as shown has diameter
d=1.5 in., length L=54 in., and shear modulus of elasticity G =11.5
x 10^6 psi. The bar is subjected to torques T acting at the ends.
(a) If the torques have magnitude T=250 lb-ft, what is the
maximum shear stress in the bar? What is the angle of twist
between the ends?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 6000 psi and the allowable
angle of twist is 2.5 degrees, what is the maximum permissible
torque?
Example:
A solid steel shaft is loaded as shown in the figure. Using G
= 83 GPa, determine the required diameter of the shaft if
the shearing stress is limited to 60 MPa and the angle of
rotation at the free end is not to exceed 4 deg.
Example
A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without
exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more
than 1° in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper
diameter if G = 83 GPa.
 Example
A solid steel shaft 5 m long is stressed at 80 MPa when twisted
through 4°. Using G = 83 GPa, compute the shaft diameter.
What power can be transmitted by the shaft at 20 Hz?
Flanged Bolt Couplings and
Thin-Walled Tubes
Module 3.2
 Flanged Bolt Couplings
 used to connect two shaft
𝑃 = 𝐴𝜏
 Torque is transmitted by 𝜋 2
shearing force P created in 𝑃= 𝑑 𝜏
4
the bolts
 Torque Capacity of one bolt circle; 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅
 For n number of bolts in one bolt circle ; 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑅𝑛
 For more than one bolt circle ; 𝑇 = 𝑃1 𝑅1 𝑛1 + 𝑃2 𝑅2 𝑛2 + ⋯

 Shear deformations in the bolts are proportional to their radial

𝛾1 𝛾
distances from the shaft axis; = 2
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝜏 𝑃
 From Hooke's Law for shear, 𝛾 = ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏 =
𝐺 𝐴
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝐴1 𝐺1 𝑅1 𝐴2 𝐺2 𝑅2
 If uniform cross-section 𝐴1 = 𝐴2 and homogeneous (𝐺1 =
𝐺2 ), the equation reduces to:
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑅1 𝑅2
Thin-Walled Tubes
 Used to construct light-weight structures (e.g. aircraft)

 (a) Thin-walled tube in torsion;

 (b) torsional shear stresses are balanced by longitudinal shear stresses
 Shear flow q- the product of average shear stress and
thickness is same at each point on the tube's cross
sectional area;
𝑞 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡
Since q is constant, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 occurs at 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛

 Average Shear Stress, 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒

𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2𝑡𝐴𝑚

 Since 𝑞 = 𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡, the shear flow throughout the section is

𝑇
𝑞=
2𝐴𝑚
 Angle of twist for thin-walled tubes at constant thickness:
𝑇𝐿𝑆
𝜃=
2 𝐴𝑚 2 𝐺𝑡

 Angle of twist for thin-walled tubes not at constant thickness:

𝑇𝐿 𝑆
𝜃= 2
෍
2 𝐴𝑚 𝐺 𝑡

 𝜃 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡
 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝑆 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
 𝐴𝑚 − 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
 𝐺 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦
 𝑡 − 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
Example:
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter
bolts spaced evenly around a bolt circle 400 mm in
diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if
the allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.
A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20-mm-diameter bolts spaced evenly around a
bolt circle 400 mm in diameter. Determine the torque capacity of the coupling if the
allowable shearing stress in the bolts is 40 MPa.
Example:
A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter
steel bolts on a bolt circle 400 mm in diameter, and six 10-
mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300
mm in diameter, as shown in the figure. What torque can
be applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 60 MPa
in the bolts?
A flanged bolt coupling consists of eight 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a bolt circle 400
mm in diameter, and six 10-mm-diameter steel bolts on a concentric bolt circle 300 mm
in diameter, as shown in the figure. What torque can be applied without exceeding a
shearing stress of 60 MPa in the bolts?
Example:
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section
shown in the figure. Determine the wall thickness t so as not
to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear stress
in the short sides? Neglect stress concentration at the
corners.
A torque of 600 N·m is applied to the rectangular section shown in the figure. Determine
the wall thickness t so as not to exceed a shear stress of 80 MPa. What is the shear stress
in the short sides? Neglect stress concentration at the corners.
Example:
A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown in Fig. P-340. Find
the shearing stress caused by a torque of 600 N·m.
A tube 2 mm thick has the shape shown in Fig. P-340. Find the shearing
stress caused by a torque of 600 N·m.