EEE -111 Basic Electrical Engineering

Lecture – 1
Some Basic Definitions:

Electricity is energy that has been harnessed and refined from a wide range of
sources and is suitable for diverse uses.
Introduction (Six common sources)
 Chemical energy.
 Thermal energy.
 Kinetic energy.
 Nuclear energy..
 Rotational energy.
 Solar energy.

Voltage or potential difference: Potential difference is the gain or loss of

energy per unit quantity of Electricity. It has +ve and –ve signs. Its unit is
volt(V).

Current: Flow of charge or flow of electrons. It has definite direction. Its unit
is Ampere (A)

Power: It is defined as the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. P = VI

watts (w)

Energy: Capacity to do work. It is product of power and time. W = P× T

where T is in hours and the unit of energy becomes watt-hour.

 An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.


 Active elements: Voltage source, current source etc.

 Passive elements: Resistor, Inductor and Capacitor.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
1
 Law of conservation of Charge: Charge can be moved, but it can not be
created or destroyed.

 Ideal Independent Source: provides a specified voltage or current that

is completely independent of other circuit variables

 Ideal Independent Voltage Source: No internal resistance.

 Ideal independent current source

 Ideal dependent voltage source

 Ideal dependent current source

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
2
Practical Voltage Source: The voltage source which has an internal drop.
That means the terminal voltage of the voltage source is not equal to the
generated voltage or the internal voltage of the battery. The internal voltage
drop occurs due to internal resistance.

Wires - ideal wires have zero resistance, are short circuits.

Assignment 1:
1. List some common sources of energy which are used to produce
electricity.
2. Define current, voltage, power and energy.
3. What is the difference between ideal voltage source and practical
voltage source?
4. Who are active elements and Why? Who are passive elements
and why?
5. What is the main difference between dependent source and
independent source?

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
3
 Lecture 2
Resistance
 All materials resists the flow of current
 Resistance is usually represented by variable R.
 A conductor of length L , specific resistance  and area of cross-
section A has the resistance R = L/A.

Ohm’s Law: The current in a metal conductor which is maintained at a

constant temperature is proportional to the potential difference between its
terminals.
A complete mathematical statement of Ohm’s Law would be
R = V/I = a constant.

Linear circuit: Circuits which consist entirely of conductors and devices to

which Ohm’s law applies are called linear circuits.

Nonlinear Circuits: Those circuits to which Ohm’s law does not apply are
called nonlinear circuits and must usually be solved by graphical methods.

Short circuit: R=0 ohm. Open Circuit: R =  ohms.

Overview of Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Around any complete circuit, the algebraic
sum of voltages equal to zero.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law(KCL): The algebraic sum of current entering a
node is zero. Or The sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of current
leaving that node.

Series Circuit -- Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
4
 + V1 - + V2 -
+ R1 R2
E I
- R4 R3

- V4 + - V3 +
According to law of conservation of energy,
Power Supplied (PE) = Power received (P1 + P2 + P3 + P4)
Here, PE = EI P1 = V1I P2 = V2I P 3 = V 3I P4 = V4I

 EI = V1I + V2I + V3I + V4I

Or, E = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4

We have, V1 = IR1 V2 = IR2 V3 = IR3 V4 = IR4

Or, - E + IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 = 0

This relationship is known as Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

Equivalent resistance of a series circuit:

For figure 1, we can write using KVL,

- E + IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 = 0

E =IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4 = I (R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 ) = I Rs,

Here, Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4

E E
 I  
R1  R 2  R 3  R 4 RS

Using equivalent resistance RS, the circuit of figure 2(a) can be reduces to
Figure 2(b)

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
5
 + V1 - + V2 -
+ R1 R2 + RS
E I E I
- R4 R3 -
- V4 + - V3 +
Figure 2(a) Figure 2(b)
Practice Problem 1

Calculate the current I of the following circuit given in Figure 3. Also

calculate voltage drops in R1, R2 and R3. Given E =100 volts, R1 = 10  , R2
= 15 and R3 = 25 . What is the equivalent series resistance of the circuit?

+ V1 - + V2 -
+ R1 R2
E I
- R3

- V3 +
Figure 3

Solution:
Using KVL, we can write, - E + IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = 0

 I = E/(R1 + R2 + R3 ) = 100 / (10 + 15 + 25) = 2 A

V1 = IR1 = 2×10 = 20 V
V2 = IR2 = 2×15 = 30 V
V3 = IR3 = 2×25 = 50 V

RS = R1 + R2 + R3 = 10 + 15 + 25 = 50

Practice Problem 2
Calculate the voltage E of the following circuit given in Figure 3. Also
calculate voltage drops in R3 andR2 Given V1=30 V, R1 = 10  , R2 = 15
and R3 = 25.
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
6
 + V1 - + V2 -
+E I1
R1 R2

- R3

+ V3 -
Figure 4

Assume the current flowing through the series circuit is I1.

Then V1 = I1R1 or I1 = V1 / R1 = 30/10 = 3A.

Using KVL, we can write, - E + I1R1 + I1R2 + I1R3 = 0

Or, E = I1R1 + I1R2 + I1R3 = 3×10 + 3×15 + 3×25
= 30+45+75 =150 V.
Voltage drops in R3 = I1R3 = 3×25 = 75 V
Voltage drops in R2 = I1R2 = 3×15 = 45 V

Assignment No. 2:
Problem: (i) What is the total resistance?
(ii) What is the voltage drop in R3 ?
(iii) What is the power supplied by the battery source?

R1 R2
Given: E = 200 Volts
R1 = 30 ohms
E R2 = 8 ohms
R3 = 13 ohms

Ans. (i) 51 ohms (ii) 50.98 volts (iii) 392.16watts

R3

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
7
 Lecture 3
Voltage equation for the contains more than one sources

+ - + -
Let the current flowing in the circuit is I
R1 and the direction is given in the figure.
+ I R2 +
Proceed with the direction of I and choosing
E1 E3
- R3 - the entering sign of voltage of each and
every elements, we can write,
+ - -E1 + IR1 + IR2 + E3 + IR3 – E2 = 0
+ E2 -
Figure 5

Practice Problem: Calculate the open circuit voltage V of the following

circuit.

+ V1 - + V2 - Here no current is flowing in the circuit. So I =

0 . Proceed with the direction of I and choosing
+ R1
I R2 + the entering sign of voltage of each and every
E1 E3 elements, we can write,
- - -E1 + 0 + 0 + E3 - V – E2 = 0
+V -
+ E2 - V = -E1 + E3 - E2

Figure 6

Practice Problem: For the following circuit, pick up the correct answer.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
8
 + V1 - + V2 -
+
E I
R1 R2
E = 250 volts
- R4 R3 R1 =20  R2 = 15 
R4 = 7 
R3 = 8 

+ V4 - + V3 -

(i) What is value of total resistance in the circuit?

(a) 40 , (b) 50, c) 60 , (d) 70
(ii) What is the value of the current I ?
(a) 3 Amp, (b) 4 Amp, c) 5 Amp, (d) 6 Amp
(iii) Is the current same for each and every element?
(a) Yes for active element only, (b) Yes for Passive element only, (c) Yes for all element,
(d) No.
(iv) What is the value of the voltage drop V3 ?
(a) 10 Volts, (b) 20 volts, (c) 30 Volts, (d) 40 Volts, (e) None of these.
(v) What is power consumed by the resistor R2 ?
(a) 50 Watts, (b) 75 Watts, (c) 100 Watts, (d) 125 Watts, (e) None of these.
(vi) What is the power supplied by the voltage source E ?
(a) 350 Watts, (b) 475 Watts, (c) 500 Watts, (d) 750 Watts, (e) None of these.
(vii) The nature of the voltage source E is
(a) Dependent, (b) Independent, (c) None of these, (d) All of these.
(viii) In the resistor R2, the electrical energy is converted to
(a) Chemical energy, (b) Mechanical energy, (c) Heat energy, (d) None of these, (e) All of
these.
(ix) The resistances used in the circuit are
(a) Linear, (b) non-linear, (c) both of them, (d) None of them
(x) The voltage source is a
(a) dc generator, (b) ac generator, (c) battery, (d) all of these (e) none of these.

Assignment:
1. What is meant by non-linear resistance? Give examples.
2. What are the differences between linear and nonlinear circuits?
3. State Kirchoff’s Voltage law with examples.
4. What is meant by equivalent resistance of series circuit?
5. What is meant by voltage drop?
6. What type of energy conversion occurs in a resistor?
7. “Open circuit voltage may exist at the terminal of a network or a part of a
network, but no current? – Justify.
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
9
Assignment:
Problem: Calculate the open circuit voltage Vab in the following figure.
R1 R2
a Given, E1 = 98 v and E2 = 117v

E1 R1 = 14Ω R2 = 35Ω R1 = 59Ω

b Ans. 215 v
E2 R3

Lecture 4
Parallel Circuits – Kirchhoff’s Current Law:

+ Here, the resistance R1 is in parallel with the

I1 + I2
+ resistance R2. Therefore, the voltage across them
E I R1 R2 are same and equal to E.
-  I1R1 = I2R2 = E
- - I1 = E/R1 and I2 = E/R2
Using KCL, we can write, I = I1 + I2 [ Entering
current = leaving current]
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
10
I = E/R1 + E/R2 = E ( 1/R1 + 1/R2)
Let us assume that 1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 .
Then we have, I = E/RP

Thus the above circuit is reduced to

I1 + I2 +
I +
+ +
E I R1 R2 E I RP
- -
- - -

Practice Problem : Calculate the equivalent parallel resistance of the

following network

Given R1 =10 , R2 =20  and R3 =30 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R1 R2      
R3 RP R1 R2 R3 10 20 30

RP = ?

For series connection, RS = R1 + R2 + R3 +….

For parallel connections, 1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 ……

Series parallel Circuit:

Problem 1: For the following network, find the total equivalent resistance.

R R

R1 R2 RT
RP

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
11
Here, 1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2 and RT = R+ RP

Problem : For the following network, find the total equivalent resistance.

Ry

RP2
Rx

R2 RP1 RT
R1 R3

Rm
Rm

Here, 1/RP1 = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

1/RP2 = 1/Rx + 1/Ry
and RT = Rm + RP1 + RP2

Practice Problem
Ry
For the adjacent circuit,
Given Rx = Ry = 20
Rx R1 = R2 = 30 R3 = 40
Rm = 100

R1 R2 RT = ?
R3

Rm

Current Division Rule:

R Here, R1 is connected in parallel with R2 .
+ Therefore the voltage across them are
I1 + I2 + same. Let this voltage is V as shown in the
+ figure.
E I R1 R2 V  I1R1 = I2R2 = V which gives I1 = V/R1
-
- and I2 = V/R2 . Now 1/RP = 1/R1 + 1/R2
-
R1 R2
- RP 
or R1  R2
The circuit is reduces to
V = IRP = I1R1 = I2R2
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
R I R2 I 12
I1  P 
R1 R1  R2
 R
+
I
+
E I RP V
-

Practice Problem :

For the following circuit, calculate the value of the electromotive force E.

Rx
Given,
I0 R1 = 10 R2 = 20
R3 = 25 Rx = 30
R1 R2 Rm = 5 and I1 = 5A
E R3
I1 I2 I3

Rm
Solution:

Step 1:
Since both current and resistance value are known for the resistance R1,
therefore the voltage across it can easily be calculated.
I1R1 = 10×10 =100 V.
Let the voltage of the parallel combination is VP, then VP = I1R1 =100 =I2R2 =
I3R3
I2 = 100/20 = 5 A and I3 = 100/25 = 4A.
I0 = I1 + I2 + I3 = 10 + 5 + 4 = 19A

The voltage across Rx = I0 ×Rx = 19×30 = 570V

The voltage across Rm = I0 ×Rm = 19×5 = 95V

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
13
 + Rx -
I0 Using KVL,
+
RP Vp = 100 v -E + I0Rx + VP + I0Rm = 0
E E = 570 + 100 + 95 = 765 V Ans.
I0
-
Rm

Practice Problem :
Two 100 W, 250V bulbs are connected in parallel and taking power from
250V mains.
What is the total power consumption? If they are connected in series, then
what will be total power consumption?

Solution:
The resistance of each bulb R = 2502/100 ohms.

Case 1. Parallel connection:

Req = ( R  R)/2R = R/2 ohms.
If V is the supply voltage, PT = V2/(R/2) = 2V2/R
When each bulb is taking V2/R = 100 watts
 PT = 2V2/R = 200 watts.

Case 2. Series connection

Req = R + R = 2R
If V is the supply voltage, PT = V2/(2R)
Given V2/R = 100 watts
 PT = V2/(2R) = 50 watts.

Assignment:
1. State Kirchoff’s current law.
2. If three 100W bulbs are connected in series, what will be total power
received by them? If they are connected in parallel, what will be the total
power?

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Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
14
3. What is current division rule? Can you apply it to the network for more
than two parallel branches? If so, how? If not, why?
4. If the two resistances are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance
of the combination is
(a) greater than the higher one, (b)less than the lower one, (c) equal to
higher one, (d) equal to lower one
5. The voltage across the parallel branches are
(a) same, (b) different, (c) none of them, (d) both of them
6. The current through the parallel branches may be
(a) same, (b) different, (c) none of them, (d) both of them.
7. For the following circuit, pick up the correct answer.

R
+
I1 + I2 + Given,
+ R1 = 5  R2 = 20 R = 6 
E I R1 R2 V E = 100 V
-
- -
-
(i) What is value of parallel resistance in the circuit?
(a) 1 , (b) 2.4 , c) 4 , (d) 5  (e) 25 

(ii) What is value of total resistance in the circuit?

(a) 10 , (b) 11 , c) 21 , (d) 25  (e) 50

(iii) What is value of the current I ?

(a) 2 Amp, (b) 3 Amp, c) 4 Amp, (d) 5 Amp, (e) none of these.

(iv) The relation between I, I1 and I2 is

(a)I = I1 , (b) I = I2 , (c) I =I1 + I2 , (d) I =I1 - I2, (e) I > (I1 + I2), (f) I <
(I1 + I2),

(v) Which relation is correct ?

(a)I1 > I2 , (b) I2 >I1 , (c) I1 = I2 (d) None of these.

(vi) What is the value of I1 ?

(a) 2 Amp, (b) 3 Amp, c) 4 Amp, (d) 8 Amp, (e) none of these.

(vii) What is the value of I2 ?

(a) 2 Amp, (b) 3 Amp, c) 4 Amp, (d) 8 Amp, (e) none of these.
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
15
 (viii) What is the value of the voltage V ?
(a)20 Volts, (b) 30 volts, (c) 40 Volts, (d) 50 Volts, (e) None of these.

(ix) What is power consumed by the resistor R2 ?

(a) 20 Watts, (b) 80 Watts, (c) 100 Watts, (d) 120 Watts, (e) None of
these.

(x) What is power consumed by the resistor R ?

(a) 200 Watts, (b) 300 Watts, (c) 800 Watts, (d) 1200 Watts, (e) None
of these.

(xi) What is the power supplied by the voltage source E ?

(a)500 Watts, (b) 800 Watts, (c) 1000 Watts, (d) 1200 Watts, (e) None
of these.

(xii) The voltage source is a

(a) dc generator, (b) ac generator, (c) battery, (d) all of these (e) none
of these.

Assignement:

Problem:
i) Determine the supply current and power of the following circuit and hence
the power supplied by the voltage source. Ans. 11.5384 A, 2884.6 watts.

I2
10
a+
I1 20 I
2
+ Vab
250 V - I 15 30

b -

ii) Calculate current I1 and I2 from total current I. Ans. 8.8757A, 2.6627A
iii) What is the open circuit voltage Vab? Ans. 79.881 volts

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
16
Problem: Determine the equivalent resistance RAB of the network shown
below.
Ans. 67.7143 Ω

70
60
A

80
4
10 20 40
B

4

Lecture 4
Branches:

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Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
17
 10 I2
I1 20 I
3
+
250 V - I 15 30 Ix = 10 A

 Branch: a single two terminal element in a circuit is called a branch.

 Segments of wire are not counted as elements.
 Example of branch: voltage source, resistor current source etc.
 Question: How many branches are there in the above circuit?
 How many branch currents are there?

Nodes:

a 10 I2 c
b d
I1 20 I
3
+
250 V - I 15 30 Ix = 10 A

y z e
x

 How many nodes are there? What are they?

 Identify essential nodes.
 Is there any common node?

Loops:

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Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
18
 40 100 V 60
m n
-+

10 I2 c
b
a d
I1 20 I
3
+
250 V - I 15 30 Ix = 10 A

y z e
x

 Loops: Any closed path in a circuit.

 Question: What are the minimum number of loops available to solve
the above network problem.
 How many essential nodes are there?

Lecture 5

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
19
Network Analysis – Method of branch currents:

R1 R2 Let us apply KCL at junction point a, giving

a
_ _ I1 + I2 = I3
+ I3 +
I1 + Applying the current law at the other junction point
E1 R3 I2 E2 b gives
_
I3 = I1 + I2
b

Apply KVL around the left-hand mesh or loop we get

- E1 + I1R1 + I3R3 =0

Around the right-hand loop we get

- E2 + I2R2 + I3R3 =0

The number of equations must be equal to the number of loops and they are
enough to solve the circuit.

Practice Problem:
Calculate all branch currents of the following circuit shown below:

20  a 30

+ _ _
I3 +
I1 +
200 V 40 I2 100 V
_

b
Here, we have two essential nodes at a and b. But the effective essential node =
2-1= 1.
So we will have only one equation here using essential nodes.

At a, using KCL, we can write,

I1 + I2 = I3 (sum of entering currents = sum of leaving currents)

Or, I1 +I2 – I3 = 0 ----- (1)
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
20
Apply KVL in the left loop, we have,
-200 + 20I1 + 40I3 = 0
Or, 20I1 + 40I3 = 200 -----(2)

Apply KVL in the right loop, we have,

-30I2 +100 - 40I3 = 0
Or, 30I2 + 40I3 = 100 -----(3)

I1 + I2 – I3 = 0 ----- (1)
20I1 + 40I3 = 200 -----(2)
30I2 + 40I3 = 100 -----(3)

Using Cramer’s rule,

0 1 1
200 0 40
100 30 40 0  (0  40  40  30)  1  (200  40  40  100)  (1)  (200  30  0  100)
I1  
1 1 1 1  (0  40  40  30)  1  (20  40  40  0)  (1)  (20  30  0  0)
20 0 40
0 30 40

0  (8000  4000)  (6000  0)  4000  6000  10000

    3.8462 Amp
(0  1200)  (800  0)  (600  0)  1200  800  600  2600

Similarly,
1 0 1
20 200 40
0 100 40 1  (200  40  40  100)  0  (20  40  40  0)  (1)  (200  0  20  100)
I2  
1 1 1 1  (0  40  40  30)  (1)  (20  40  40  0)  (1)  (20  30  0  0)
20 0 40
0 30 40

(8000  4000)  0  (0  2000) 4000  2000 2000

    0.7692 Amp
(0  1200)  (800  0)  (600  0)  1200  800  600  2600
I 3  I 1  I 2  3.8462  0.7692  3.0770 Amp

Checking:

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
21
20I1 + 40I3 = 3*3.8462+40*3.077 = 200 (shown).

Practice Problem:
Calculate all branch currents and hence calculate all power supplied or
consumed in the following circuit shown below:

20  a 30

+ _ _
+
200 V I1 I2 100 V
Given I0 = 10 A
+
I0 V
_

Loop1: - 200 + 20I1 + V = 0

Loop 2: - 100 + 30I2 + V = 0

Apply KCL either at Node a or at node b, we have,

I1 + I2 + I0 = 0
Or, I1 + I2 = -10 ……………(1)

From Loop 1 and Loop 2 equations, For a voltage source, if I1 is positive as

shown in the adjacent figure, then it will
we can get after subtraction, supply power that means in general, when a
-200 + 100 +20I1 -30I2 = 0 positive current flows from negative to +ve
20I1 – 30I2 = 100 …… (2) terminal of a voltage source, the source
becomes a power supplier.
I1 = -4 Amp.
I2 = - 6 Amp. For current souce, the given current direction
is fixed. The unknown voltage signs across
the current source will decide whether it
Power Supply or supply or receive power. If the unknown
Receive calculation: voltage V has a positive sign at the
arrowhead side, then it is power supplier
otherwise it is a power receiver.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
22
 +
I0 V
200 V I1 _

Using the above concept, we can say, 200V source is a power receiver
because I1 is negative. The received power is 200×4 = 800 watts

Similarly, 100V source is a power receiver because I2 is negative.

The received power is 100×6 = 600 watts

The other unknown is V.

Using Loop 1 equation we have,

V=200 - 20I1 = 200+ 20×4=280 volts
Since V is positive with arrowhead terminal +ve, the source I 0 will supply
power and equal to 280×10 = 2800 watts

Power consumed by 20  resistor = I12 ×20 = 320 watts

Power consumed by 30  resistor = I22 ×30 = 1080 watts

Total received power = 800+600+320+1080= 2800 = power supplied.

Thus the law of conservation of energy is also verified.

Assignment:
1. Define branch, node and loop related to electrical circuit.
2. What is meant by branch current?
3. How to determine a power supplier or a power receiver?
4. Who are power receivers?

Assignement:
a) Write all loop equations using branch current in the following
circuit.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
23
 b) Identify all essential nodes and write node equations by applying
KCL at those nodes.
c) What are the unknowns in the following circuit for
i) the voltage Source 25o V
ii) the voltage source 100 V
iii) the current source Ix
iv) all registors.

40 100 V 60

m n
I0
-+
I0

I4 10 I2 c
b
a d
I1 20 I
3
+
250 V - I 15 30 Ix = 10 A

y z e
x

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
24
 Lecture 6
Sometimes battery (voltage source) and currents sources are found in the same
circuit. To solve a problem having a current source the following tips must be
remembered:
 The magnitude and direction of a current source are known.
 The direction of the current source determines the direction of the current
of that particular branch.
 A branch having current a current source does not need to calculate the
current of the branch. The magnitude of the current source is the current
magnitude of that particular branch.


Practice Problem:
Calculate the unknown voltage V of the network shown below. Use branch
current method.

10  a 25
_ _
+ _ +
100 V I1 20  I2 200 V
+
+
5A V
_

Loop1: 100 – V + 20 × 5 + 10I1 = 0

10I1 – V = - 200 ---------- (1)

Loop2: -200 + 25 I2 - 20 × 5 + V = 0
25I2 +V = 300 ------------(2)

From (1) and (2) 10I1 + 25I2 = 100 -------------(3)

At node a, I2 + 5 = I1 ---------------------(4)

Using (3) and (4),

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
25
 10(I2 + 5) + 25 I2 = 100
35 I2 +50 = 100
I2 = 50/35 = 1.4285 A I1 = I2 + 5 = 6.4285 A

V =300 – 25I2 = 300 - 25×1.4285 = 264.285 Volts.

Network Analysis – Method of loop currents:

Practice Problem:
Write all loop voltage equations using loop current method.

20  a 30

200 V I1 40 I2 100 V

b
Loop1: -200 + 20I1 +40(I1 + I2 )= 0
Loop2: -100 + 30I2 + 40(I2 + I1)=0

Practice Problem:
Write all loop voltage equations using loop current method and hence calculate
all loop currents.

10  a 25

100 V I1 20  I2 200 V

+
5A V
_

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
26
Here, I2 – I1 = 5 ----------- ------------------(1)

Loop1: -100 + 10I1 + 20(I1 – I2 ) + V = 0

Or, -100 + 10I1 - 20×5 + V = 0
10I1 + V = 200 -------------------------------(2)

Loop2: 200 – V + 20×5 + 25I2 = 0

25I2 – V = -300 ---------------------(3)

Adding (2) and (3),

10I1 + 25I2 = -100
Using equation (1), we can write,

10I1 + 25(I1+5) = -100 gives I1 = - 6.4285 A I2 = 5+ I1 = -1.4285A

Practice Problem:
Write all loop voltage equations using loop current method and hence calculate
all loop currents.
50 V 15 

-100 + 10(I1 – I3) + 20(-5) + V = 0 -----(a)

I3 200 – V + 20(+5) + 25(I2 – I3) = 0 -----(b)
10  a 25 Adding the equations (a) and (b),
-100+ 10 (I1 – I3) + 25(I2 –I3) + 200 = 0
10I1 + 25I2 -35I3 +100 = 0 ----------- (c)
100 V I1 20  I2 200 V

+
5A V
_

Loop 1: -100 + 10 (I1 – I3) + 25(I2 –I3) + 200 = 0

Or, 10I1 + 25I2 -35I3 +100 = 0; -------------------(1)
This equation is same as equation © as shown above.

Loop 2: 50 + 15I3 + 25(I3 – I2 ) + 10(I3 – I1) = 0

Or, - 10I1 – 25I2 + 50I3 + 50 = 0; ---------------------(2)
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
27
To solve for loop currents I1 , I2 and I3, we need one more equation.

Now another equation may be written using the current source:

I2 – I1 = 5 ----------------(3)

Solving these three equations, we get,

I1 = -9.2857 A I2 = -14.2857 A I3 = -10 A
Now we can calculate the voltage across the current source using (a) or
(b).
From equation (a), -100 + 10(I1 – I3) + 20(-5) + V = 0
Or, -100 + 10(-9.2857 + 10) – 100 + V = 0
Or, V = 182.857 Volts

*** Solution of Electrical circuit using Loop Current Method

In this method loop current are assumed. So number of loop currents

must be equal to number of loops. However, these are not the currents we
are looking for. We will then calculate branch currents from loop
currents. Consider the following example:

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
28
 Lecture 7
Example 1: Find the loop current of the following circuit and hence
calculate all branch currents.

30 10

20
I1
100 V I2 300 V

200 V

20

Calculation of loop currents:

The loop equations are:

Loop 1(here current is I1): - 100 + 30I1 + 20(I1 – I2) – 200 + 20 I1 = 0 --------
--------- (1)
Loop 1(here current is I2): 200 + 20(I2 – I1) + 10 I2 + 300 = 0 --------
-------- (2)

Or 70I1 -20I2 =300

-20I1 + 30I2 = -500 or 20I1 – 30I2 = 500

Solving we get, I1 = - 0.5882 Amp. and I2 = - 17.0588.

Calculation of branch current from loop currents

30 10

Ia
Here we have three branches. So three
Ic
20
branch currents are there. They are Ia , Ib
and IC .
100 V 300 V

200 V By inspection we can write,

Ib
Ia = I1 = - 0.5882 Amp
20 and Ic = -I2 = 17.0588 Amp.
Ib = I1 – I2 = 16.4706 Amp.

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
29
Once currents are known, other quantities such as voltage and power are
to calculated from them.
Direct calculation of branch currents:

30 x 10
Ia
Ic
20
100 V 300 V

200 V
Ib

20
Here we have two loops. so we can write two voltage equations using KVL.

-100 + 30Ia + 20Ib – 200 + 20 Ia = 0

or 50Ia + 20Ib = 300 ……………………………(3)

For the second loop

- 300 + 10IC + 20Ib - 200 = 0
or 20Ib + 10IC = 500 ……………………………(4)

Using Kirchhoff’s Current law at node x,

Ia + Ic = Ib …………………………………………….(5)

Using Equations (3), (4) and (5), we have

Ia = - 0.5882 Amp Ic = 17.0588 Amp. Ib = 16.4706 Amp.

Problem: Calculate all branch currents of the following circuit.

30 10
30 10

20
20
100 V 200 V 100 V _ 200 V
5A V 5A
Ia + Ib

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
30
Case 1: Using loop current method
Here we consider two loop currents Ia and Ib . Also consider a voltage V
across the current source to write voltage equations of the loops.

1. – 100 + 30Ia + (Ia – Ib) 20 – V = 0

2. V + (Ib – Ia ) 20 + 10 Ib + 200 = 0
The current through the middle branch is 5 A and it is always fixed by the
current source present at that branch.
 Ia – Ib = 5 Amp.
Equation (1) and (2) becomes
- 100 + 30 Ia + 100 - V = 0 or 30Ia – V = 0 or 30(5+Ib) - V =
0 or 30Ib –V = -150
V - 100 + 10Ib + 200 = 0 or 10Ib + V = -100

Summing we have,

40 Ib = -250
 Ib = - 6.25 Amp. Ia = - 1.25 Amp V = 30 Ia = 30  (- 1.25) = - 37.5
Volts

30 10
P

I1 I2
20
100 V 200 V
5A

Now left branch current, I1= Ia = -1.25 A

Right branch current = I2 = -Ib = 6.25 A

Question: What is the voltage at node P?

-100 + 30I1 + VP = 0
or VP = 100 -30I1 = 100 - 30 (-1.25) = 137.5 volts.
Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani
Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
31
Source conversion:

Source conversions are equivalent only at their external terminals

a Using Voltage source E and series

resistance RS,
E
RS
IL IL 
RS  R L
RL
E Using Current source I and parallel
resistance RS,
I RS
IL 
b RS  RL { Current divider rule}

a If both circuits are equivalent, then

I RS E
IL  
RS  RL RS  RL
RS RL IL  IRS = E
I = E/RS E
or, I L  R
S

Problem: Convert the voltage source to a current source, calculate the current
through the 4 Ω for each source.
Given, E =6V, RS = 2Ω and RL = 4Ω
Using Voltage source,
a a
IL = 6/(2+4)= 1A

RS Using source conversion technique,

IL IL
RS RL I = E/RS = 6/2 = 3 A
RL
I = E/RS
E
Using current divider rule,
I RS 3 2
b IL    1A
b RS  R L 2  4

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
32
Problem: Reduce the parallel current source to a single current source.

R1 3 R2 6 4A 3
6A
10A

Problem:
(a) Find the power consumed by 10Ω resistor using source conversion
technique. Ans.
(b) Find the power consumed by 20Ω resistor using source conversion
technique. Ans
(c) Find the power consumed by 30Ω resistor using source conversion
technique. Ans
30 10

100 V 20
5A 200 V

Problem:
(a) Determine the power supplied or consumed by 300V source.
(b) Determine the power supplied or consumed by 50V source.
(c) Determine the power supplied or consumed by 8A source.
70 50

300 V 10
8A 50 V

Dr. Mirza Golam Rabbani

Professor, Eastern University, Dhaka
33