General properties of the solutions.

1. Vapour pressure of solutions

➢ In a closed container at constant temperature an equilibrium vapour
pressure is established.
➢ The vapour pressure of a liquid is much different in a solution than it is in a
pure liquid. The dissolved nonvolatile solute lowers the vapour pressure of a
solvent.
➢ The solute decreases the number of solvent molecules per unit volume
lowering the tendency for the molecules to escape into vapour. In a solution
that is half nonvolatile solute particles and half solvent, one would expect a
vapour pressure of 1/2 the pure solvent, since only half as many molecules
can escape.

2. Boiling points of solutions

➢ Boiling occurs when the vapour pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric
pressure. But since the vapour pressure of a solution is always lower than
that of the pure solvent, more heat will need to be applied to raise it to
atmospheric pressure.
➢ Water boils at 100°C at 1atm of pressure, but a solution of saltwater does not .
When table salt is added to water, the resulting solution has a higher boiling
point than the water did by itself. The ions form an attraction with the
solvent particles that prevents the water molecules from going into the gas
phase. Therefore, the saltwater solution will not boil at 100°C . In order for
the saltwater solution to boil, the temperature must be raised about 100°C .
This is true for any solute added to a solvent; the boiling point will be higher
than the boiling point of the pure solvent (without the solute). In other
words, when anything is dissolved in water, the solution will boil at a higher
temperature than pure water would.

3. Freezing point of solutions

➢ The freezing point is the temperature at which the liquid changes to a solid.
At a given temperature, if a substance is added to a solvent (such as water),
the solute-solvent interactions prevent the solvent from going into the solid
phase. The solute-solvent interactions require the temperature to decrease
further in order to solidify the solution.
➢ When you add salt to ice the ice melts and the temperature of the solution
drops. The resulting solution will not freeze at 0 °C.
➢ Salt water has a lower vapour pressure than pure water.
➢ Another way to look at it, is the particles interfere with the water molecules’
ability to form a crystal lattice. The freezing point is depressed.
 ➢ Freezing point depression: ∆ T=K₁m1

Най-важното от урока:

★ Парното налягане над разтворите е по-ниско от това над разтворителя.

Понижението на парното налягане на разтворителя (Δр) е пропорционално на
концентрацията на разтвореното вещество.
★ Разтворите кипят при по-високи температури и замръзват при по-ниски
температури от тези на чистия разтворител.
★ Дифузията е спонтанно движение на частици, което води до изравняване на
концентрацията на разтвореното вещество в целия обем на разтвора.
★ Процесът осмоза се измерва с хидростатично налягане, което я спира
(осмотично налягане).

Essense of the lesson:

★ The vapour pressure over the solutions is lower than that over the solvent. The
decrease in solvent vapour pressure (Δp) is proportional to the solute concentration.
★ Solutions boil at higher temperatures and freeze at lower temperatures than those
of the pure solvent.
★ Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of particles that causes the solute
concentration to equilibrate throughout the solution volume.
★ The process of osmosis is measured by the hydrostatic pressure that stops it
(osmotic pressure).

1
∆ T is the freezing point depression, the change in freezing point between the pure solvent and
the solution. K₁ is the molal freezing point constant. Values depend on the solvent. m is the
molality of the solute in the solution.