oil reservoirs

Supervision:

Dr. Tuqa

The students:
-Ahmed Abdul Razaq Kazem
-Ali abbas shandokh

Data
2022/6/1
oil or gas reservoir is defined as a geological structure consisting of
porous and permeable rocks that contain oil and gas. In other words, a
reservoir is a trap that contains oil or gas, or both.

Among the basic conditions for the formation of an oil reservoir are:
mother rocks, changing the molecular structure of organic materials in
the ground due to heat, pressure and time, the migration of oil to the
reservoir rocks (the presence of fluids), the rocks having certain
properties, and the presence of impenetrable barriers to prevent
hydrocarbons from migrating out of the reservoir.

means mother rocks: The rocks that were formed after the
impregnation of the rock layers of different types, especially the
carbonaceous. Because of the development, increase and diversity of
growing conditions for animal and plant aquatic organisms; Over time,
and in light of the continuous sedimentation processes, this led to the
burial and burial of billions of tons of remnants of organic matter.
Which turned into hydrocarbons in their original locations, and these
types were known as the mother rocks, and oil originates in these
rocks: as a result of changing the molecular composition of the rocky
organic materials; Because of the great heat and pressure in the
ground, it turns into drops of petroleum mixed with water, and these
drops spread between the rocks through their pores to neighboring
areas. If a non-porous or non-critical layer does not cross its path, it
reaches the surface of the earth at the end of the path to appear in the
form of oil seeps or puddles of asphalt. Oil will accumulate, and
accumulate, and this is called the oil migration.
Although the mechanism of oil migration is a little complicated: it is
against the direction of gravity. But one of the most important causes
of it is the difference in pressure between neighboring layers due to
ground movements, the pressure generated by the existing natural gas
or the capillary property of the rocks.

In view of the difference in density between water and these

hydrocarbon compounds, they will gather at the top of the geological
structure (the trap), displacing the water thus to the bottom, and in the
case of the presence of gaseous compounds with oil, they will gather at
the top of the reservoir above the oil, forming a gaseous category.
classification of oil reservoirs according to their fluid content:
Oil reservoirs are classified into several classifications; Depending on
the composition of the hydrocarbon mixture inside the reservoir, the
initial temperature and pressure of the reservoir, and the pressure and
surface temperature

Thus, we have mainly two types of reservoirs:

Oil reservoirs: where the reservoir temperature is less than the critical
temperature of the reservoir fluid; In this case, the reservoir can be
classified as our oil reservoir.
Gas reservoirs: At this point, the reservoir temperature is higher than
the critical temperature of the reservoir fluid. In this case, the
reservoir is classified as a gas reservoir.
-The critical temperature is defined as the temperature at which the
properties of barriers cannot be distinguished, whether they are liquids
or gases.

Oil reservoirs are classified into three types, Depending on the

reservoir pressure and its initial temperature:
Subsaturated oil reservoirs: When the initial reservoir pressure is
greater than the bubble pressure of the fluid reservoir,
the saturated oil reservoirs: When the initial reservoir pressure is equal
to the bubble pressure.
Gas-domed oil reservoir: When the initial reservoir pressure is less than
the bubble pressure, and in this case the oil reservoir is classified as
either a gaseous reservoir or a two-phase reservoir.
- Bubble pressure is defined as the highest degree of pressure at
which the first gas bubble is liberated from the existing oil.

As for gas reservoirs, It is classified into the following types:

Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoir: The reservoir temperature lies
between the critical temperature and the symbiotic temperature of the
reservoir fluid. It is a unique type of reservoir for the accumulation of
hydrocarbons; The reason for this is the thermodynamic behavior of
reservoir fluids; It controls the factors of reservoir development and
depletion; The reason is that when the reservoir pressure drops on the
mixture of hydrocarbons, then; Instead of condensing these
hydrocarbons, they will evaporate.
Wet Gas Reservoir: When the reservoir temperature is higher than the
symbiotic temperature of the mixture of hydrocarbons in the reservoir,
it is called ratna. Because the hydrocarbon temperature is higher than
the symbiotic temperature; Thus, the gas remains in the form of wet
vapor, and when the gas is produced and reaches the surface, the
pressure and temperature will decrease; Thus, it turns into a two-
phase behavior, and the liquid phase will condense from the gas and
separate from it in the surface conductors.

Note: The Hana gas reservoirs mean those reservoirs of natural gas.
That is, the reservoirs that produce gas only, because there are some
point reservoirs that produce gas, and then it is called Associated Gas,
and the classification of the reservoir in this case falls within the oil
reservoirs.
Reservoir engineering
is one of the most important things in petroleum engineering; Because
it contributes to determining the location of reds and production rates
directly. The main science in reservoir engineering is reservoir
management, which requires complex studies in order to develop long-
term strategies for production, by which it controls reservoir fluids, and
may sometimes require stopping production in some wells for a certain
period, or drilling other wells; In order to sustain the production of the
reservoir, scientific research and techniques are still going on in order
to arrive at the best ways to study the reservoir in an accurate manner,
and to draw the geological and hydrocarbon model of the reservoir
through some advanced software that companies exploit to facilitate
their work.
The References:

Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering , second edition , by B. C.

Craft and M. F. Hawkins

Reservoir Engineering Handbook , fourth edition , by Tarek Ahmed

http://previous.cabinet.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=14&smap=010000&a=3911