M.H.

Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

The Particular Integral

Case 2: If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐤𝐱 𝐎𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐤𝐱
If f(x) = cos kx or sin kx
Since D2 coskx  k 2 coskx and D2 sin kx  k 2 sin kx .
Then aD2 + bD + C sin kx = aD2 sin kx + bD sin kx + C sin kx
= −ak 2 sin kx + bD sin kx + C sin kx
= −ak 2 + bD + C sin kx
1 1
Then sin kx = sin kx
aD 2 +bD +C −ak 2 +bD +C

We see that D 2 is replaced by k 2 in the equation:

1
yp  sin kx Or cos kx .
F(D)
Then, we can determine y p .

Example 1
Solve the differential equation (D2  4) y = cos 3x

The auxiliary equation is m2  4  0 . Its roots are 2i, –2i.

Then yc  c1cos2x  c2 sin 2x.

1 1 1
yp  cos3x  cos3x  cos3x .
D2  4 9  4 5
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 2
Solve the differential equation (D2  1)y  sin 2x

The auxiliary equation is m2  1  0 . Its roots are i, –i.

Then yc  Acos x  Bsin x.

1 1 1
yp  sin 2x  sin 2x  sin 2x .
D2  1 4  1 3
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

Example 3
Solve the differential equation (D2  1)y  sin 2x  4cos3x

The auxiliary equation is m2  1  0 . Its roots are i, –i.

Then yc  Acos x  Bsin x.

1 4 1 4
yp  sin 2x  cos3x  sin 2x  cos3x .
D2  1 D2  1 4  1 9  1
1 1
 sin 2x  cos3x
3 2
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 4
Solve the differential equation (D2  D  2) y = sin2x

The auxiliary equation is m2  m  2  0 . Its roots are 1, – 2

Then yc  c1ex  c2e2x.
1 1 1
yp  2 sin 2x  sin 2x  sin 2x
D  D  2 4  D  2 D  6
1 D6 D6
 . sin 2x  sin 2x
D6 D6 D2  36
D6 1
Then yp  sin 2x   Dsin 2x  6sin 2x 
4  36 40
1
  2cos 2x  6sin 2x 
40
The general solution is: y = yc  yp .

Note that
1
(1) sin2 𝑚𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑚𝑥)
2
1
(2) cos 2 𝑚𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑚𝑥)
2
1
(3) sin 𝑚𝑥 . cos 𝑛𝑥 = [sin 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + sin 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥]
2
1
(4) sin 𝑚𝑥 . sin 𝑛𝑥 = [cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 − cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥]
2
1
(5) cos 𝑚𝑥 . cos 𝑛𝑥 = [cos 𝑚 − 𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑥]
2

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 5
1
Solve the differential equation (D2  1)y  sin 23x  (1  cos6x)
2
The auxiliary equation is m2  1  0 . Its roots are i, –i.
Then yc  Acos x  Bsin x.

1 1 1 1 4 1 4
yp  [1  cos6x]  [  cos6x]  [1  cos6x]
D2  1 2 2 0  1 36  1 2 35
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

Example 6
Solve the differential equation (D2  4)y  sin3x.cos 2x

The auxiliary equation is m2  4  0 . Its roots are 2i, –2i.

Then yc  Acos2x  Bsin 2x.

1 1 1 1 1
yp  [sin x  sin5x]  [ sin x  sin5x]
D2  4 2 2 1  4 25  4
1 1 1
 [ sin x  sin5x]
2 3 21
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 7
Solve the differential equation (D4  4D3  4D2) y = 32 sin2x

The auxiliary equation is m2(m2  4m  4)  0 .

Its roots are 0, 0, – 2, – 2. Then yc  (c1x  c2)  (c3x  c4)e2x

1 32
yp  32sin 2x  sin 2x
D2(D2  4D  4) 4(4  4D  4)
32 1
 sin 2x  2 sin 2x  cos 2x.
16D D
The general solution is y = yc  yp .

Special Case
When ki is a root for the auxiliary equation.
Then, using the identity eikx  coskx  isin kx
This means that
coskx  Realeikx and sin kx  Im eikx
Remark
From theorem 2, we get
1 x 1 x
cos kx  sin kx and sin kx   cos kx
2 2
D k 2k D k
2 2 2k

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 8
Solve the differential equation (D2  25) y = cos5x.
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  25  0 . Its roots are 5i, – 5i.
Then yc  c1cos5x  c2 sin5x.

From the above Remark

1 x x
yp  cos5x  sin5x  sin5x
D2  25 2.5 10
1 1
Since yp  cos5x  Re i5x
2  25 2  25 e
D D
1 1
 Re ei5x 1  Re ei5x 1
(D5i)2  25 D2  10iD
1 1 1
 Re ei5x 1  Re ei5x .x
D 0  10i 10i
1
 Re x (cos5x  isin5x)
10i
x x
 Re (sin5x  icos5x)  sin5x.
10 10

The general solution is y = yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 9
Solve the differential equation (D2  9)y  sin3x .
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  9  0 . Its roots are 3i, – 3i.
Then yc  Acos3x  Bsin3x.

From the above Remark

1 x x
yp  sin3x   cos3x   cos3x
D2  9 2.3 6

Example 10

Solve the differential equation (D2  16)y  (cos 2x)2 .

Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  16  0 . Its roots are 4i, – 4i.
Then yc  Acos4x  Bsin 4x.

From the above Remark

1 2 1 1
yp  2  16
(cos 2x) 2  16 2
(1  cos 4x)
D D
1 1 1 1 1 x
 [  cos 4x]  [  sin 4x]
2 D2  16 D2  16 2 0  16 2.4
1 x
  sin 4x
32 16