M.H.

Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

The Particular Integral

Case 3: If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐱 𝐤

If f(x) = x k , k is positive integer.

Using the binomial theorem (1X)1  1  X  X2  X3  ...

(1X)1  1  X  X2  X3  ...
1
to express as a power series in D. Then
F(D)
1
yp  x k  S(D) x k
F(D)

Each term of the series S(D) operates on x k . Then we get the

particular integral y p as a polynomial of degree k in x.

Example 1
Solve the differential equation 𝑦`` + 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 + 2x
Solution
This equation is written as (D2 + 1)y = 3x 4 + 2x.
The auxiliary equation is m2  1  0 . Its roots are i, –i.
Then yc  c1cos x  c2 sin x

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations
1
yp = 3x 4 + 2x = (1 + D2 )−1 3x 4 + 2x
D2 + 1
= [1 − D2 + D4 − ⋯ ] 3x 4 + 2x
= 1 3x 4 + 2x − D2 3x 4 + 2x + D4 3x 4 + 2x − ⋯
= 3x 4 + 2x − 36x 2 + 72
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

Example 2
Solve the differential equation 𝑦`` − 2𝑦` + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3x
Solution
This equation is written as D2 − 2D + 1 y = x 2 − 3x.
The auxiliary equation is m2  2m  1  0 . Its roots are 1, 1.

Then yc  (Ax  B)ex

1
yp = 2
x 2 − 3x = (1 + D2 − 2D)−1 x 2 − 3x
D − 2D + 1
= [1 − (D2 − 2D) + (D2 − 2D)2 − ⋯ ] x 2 − 3x
= [1 + 2D + 3D2 … ] x 2 − 3x
= [ x 2 − 3x + 2D x 2 − 3x + 3D2 x 2 − 3x … ]
= x 2 − 3x + 2 2x − 3 + 3 2 − 0
= x2 + x
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 3
Solve the differential equation (D2  2D  3)y  x 2
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  2m  3  0 . Its roots are – 1, 3.
Then yc  c1e x  c2e3x
1
1 1  2DD2  2
yp  2 x 2  1  x
D  2D  3 3  3 

1  2D  D2 2DD2 2  2
 1  ( ) ... x
3  3 3 

1  2 7  1  4 14 
 1  D  D2... x 2   x 2  x  
3  3 9  3  3 9
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

Example 4
Solve the differential equation (D2  6D  7)y  x3  3x  4
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  6m  7  0 . Its roots are 1, – 7.
Then yc  c1ex  c2e7x

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations
1
1 1  6D D2 
yp  2 ( x 4  3x  4)  1  ( x  3x  4)
3
D  6D  7 7  7 

1  6D  D2 6D D2 2 6D D2 3  3
 1  ( ) ( ) ... ( x  3x  4)
7  7 7 7 

1  6 43 300 3  3
 1  D  D2  D ... ( x  3x  4)
7  7 49 343 
1  3 6 43 300 
  x  3x  4  (3x 2  3)  (6x)  (6)
7  7 49 343 
1  3 18 2 111 2327 
   x 
7  343 
x x
7 49
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 5
Solve the differential equation (D2  1)y  3  e2x  4cos3x  x 4  x 2
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  1  0 . Its roots are 1, – 1.
Then yc  Aex  Be x
1
yp = 2
[3 + e2x − 4 cos 3x + x 4 − x 2 ]
D −1
1 4 1
= 2 [3 + e2x ] − 2 cos 3x + 2 [x 4 − x 2 ]
D −1 D −1 D −1
3 1 4 1
= + e2x − cos 3x + 2 [x 4 − x 2 ]
0−1 4−1 −9 − 1 D −1
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
1
Then, x 4 − x 2 = −(1 − D2 )−1 x 4 − x 2
D 2 −1

= −[1 + D2 + D4 + ⋯ ] x 4 − x 2
= −[(x 4 − x 2 ) + D2 (x 4 − x 2 ) + D4 (x 4 − x 2 ) + ⋯ ]
= − x 4 − x 2 + 12x 2 − 2 + 24
= −(x 4 + 11x 2 + 22)
1 4
Then yp = −3 + e2x + cos 3x − (x 4 + 11x 2 + 22)
3 10

The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

When f(x) is a product of different functions

If f(x) takes the forms:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 . sin nx Or 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 . cos nx Or 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 . x r
Then, applying theorem 2. That is:
1 1
yp = ekx . cos nx = ekx cos nx Apply case 2
F(D) F(D+k)
1 1
yp = ekx . sin nx = ekx sin nx Apply case 2
F(D) F(D+k)
1 1
yp = ekx . x r = ekx xr Apply case 3
F(D) F(D+k)

Example 6

Solve the differential equation: (D3)2y  x 4e3x

The auxiliary equation is (m3)2  0 . Its roots are 3, 3.

Then yc  (c1x  c2)e3x

1 14  3x 1 4  3x 1 6
yp  4 3x  3x
2x e e x e x e x
(D3) (D33)2 D2 30

Then, the general solution is: y  yc  yp

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 7

Solve the differential equation: (D3)2y  e3x cos4x

The auxiliary equation is (m3)2  0 . Its roots are 3, 3.

Then yc  (c1x  c2)e3x

1 1 1
yp  2e
3x cos 4x  3x
e 2
cos 4x  e3x
2
cos 4x
(D3) (D33) D
1
 e3x cos 4x
16
Then, the general solution is: y  yc  yp

Example 8

Solve the differential equation: (D3)2y  e3x sin 2x

The auxiliary equation is (m3)2  0 . Its roots are 3, 3.

Then yc  (c1x  c2)e3x

1 1 1
yp  2e
3x sin 2x  3x
e 2
sin 2x  e3x
2
sin 2x
(D3) (D33) D
1
 e3x sin 2x
4
Then, the general solution is: y  yc  yp

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

Example 9
Solve the differential equation: (D2  2D  3)y  ( x3  4)ex
Solution
The auxiliary equation is m2  2m  3  0 . Its roots are – 1, 3.
Then yc  c1e x  c2e3x

1 1
yp  2  2D  3
( x 3  4)e x  e x
2
( x 3  4)
D (D1)  2(D  1)  3
1
1 1  1 
 ex ( x 3  4)  e x 1 D2  ( x 3  4)
D2  4 4  4 
1 x  1 2 1 4  3 1  3 
 e 1  D  D ... ( x  4)  e x  x 3  x  4 .
4  4 16  4  2 
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

Example 10
Solve the differential equation: (D2  5)y  e3x cos 2x

The auxiliary equation is m2  5  0 . Its roots are 5 , 5 .

Then yc  c1e 5x  c2e 5x

1 1
yp  2 5e
3x cos 2x  3x
e cos 2x
D (D3)2  5

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

1 1
 e3x cos 2x  e3x cos 2x
D 2  6D  4 4  6D  4
1 1
 e3x cos 2x  e3x sin 2x .
6D 12
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

Example 11
Solve the differential equation: (D2  3D  2)y  e2x cos3x

The auxiliary equation is m2  3m  2  0 . Its roots are 1, 2.

Then yc  c1ex  c2e2x

1 1
yp  2 e2x cos3x  e2x cos3x
D  3D  2 (D 2)2  3(D  2)  2
1 1
 e2x cos3x  e2x cos3x
D2  D 9  D
1 D9 D9 D 9
 e2x cos3x  e2x cos3x  e2x cos3x
9  D D  9 D 2  81 9  81
1 1
 e2x (D  9)cos3x  e2x (3sin 3x  9cos3x)
90 90
1
 e2x (3cos3x  sin 3x)
30

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

In other method
1 1 1 sin3x
 e2x cos3x  e2x cos3x  e2x
D2  D (D  1)D (D  1) 3
1 1 D 1 1 D 1 1 D 1
 e2x sin3x  e2x sin3x  e2x sin3x
3 D  1 D 1 3 D2  1 3 9  1
1 1
 e2x (D  1)sin 3x  e2x (3cos3x  sin 3x)
30 30
The general solution is: y  yc  yp .

Example 12
Solve the differential equation: y``4y  x3e2x

The A.E is m2  4  0 , then the roots are 2, –2.

Then yc  c1e2x  c2e2x

1 1
yP  24 x 3 2x  2x
e e 2 x3
D (D 2)  4

1 1
 e2x 3  2x 1 (1 D )
2  4D x e x3
D 4D 4

1 D D2
e 2x (1   ...) x 3
4D 4 16
1 3 3 2 6 6
 e2x (x  x  x  )
4D 4 16 64

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

1 1 1 3 6
 e2x ( x 4  x 3  x 2  x)
4 4 4 16 64
The general solution is y = yc  y P

Example 13
Solve the differential equation: y``4y`4y  12x 2e2x
Since (D2  4D  4)y  12x 2e2x .
The A.E is: m2  4m  4  0 its roots are 2, 2.
Then yc  (c1x  c2)e2x .
1 1
yP  2
12x 2e2x  e2x
2
12x 2  x 4e2x.
(D2) D
The general solution is y = yc  y P .

Example 14
2
Solve the differential equation: (D2  4D  4)y  (e2x 2sin x)
The given equation takes the form:
(D2  4D  4)y  e4x  4e2x sin x  4sin 2x

 e4x  4e2x sin x  2(1  cos2x)

 2  e4x  2cos2x  4e2x sin x

The A.E. is: m2  4m  4  0 , its roots are 2, 2.

Then yc  (c1  c2x)e2x

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M.H.Eid Ordinary Differential Equations

1 2
yp  2  4D  4
[2  e4x ] 
2  4D  4
cos 2x
D D
4
 2x sin x
2  4D  4 e
D
2 1 2
  e4x  cos 2x
0  0  4 16  16  4 4  4D  4
4
e2x sin x
2
(D 2)  4(D  2)  4
1 1 4x 1 1 4
  e  cos 2x  e 2x sin x
2 4 2D D2
1 1 4x 1
  e  sin 2x  4e2x sin x
2 4 4
The general solution is y  y c  y p .

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