MAJOR PUBLIC

PROJECTS
PRESENTED BY
SEIF AMR 2018071
ABDALLAH SALAH 2018109
ABDALLAH ALAA 2017188
MOATAZ FAHMY 2017009
 WHAT IS MAJOR PUBLIC PROJECTS

• The term 'public project' is an ambiguous one, but in very broad

terms, it refers to a project that is financed by a government and
is typically owned, and may be operated by the government and
it’s generally funded by tax revenue.
 BENEFITS OF MAJOR PUBLIC PROJECTS
• Economic benefits.
1. Creating economic activity.
2. Providing business opportunities.
3. Generating tax revenues.
4. Economic growth.
5. Improving national income.
• Social benefits.
1. Creating a better quality of life for the people.
2. Employment opportunities.
3. Improving the individual income.
 EXAMPLES OF MAJOR PUBLIC PROJECTS

• It includes bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports,

seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, Special
Economic Zones (SEZ), oil and natural gas extraction projects,
public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace
projects, sports and cultural projects, weapons systems and the
list goes on.
AIRPORTS
 WHAT IS AN AIRPORT
• An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for
commercial air transport.
• Airport costs about 30 million USD
per 3 km runaway, as well as
500 USD per square meter for an
airport passenger terminal.
 AIRPORT TYPES
1. Heliport: An airport solely serving helicopters.

2. Seaplane base: An airport for use by seaplanes and

amphibious aircraft.

3. International Airport: is an airport with customs and border control facilities

enabling passengers to travel between countries.
 AIRPORTS ADVANTAGES

• Airports are important to a community because they provide local businesses

with access to the global market.
• They help retain and attract business to a community and thus provide jobs
and economic prosperity for the area.
• Safe, efficient air service creates an environment that allows both existing
and new business to succeed and thus increases a community’s tax base.
 AIRPORT DISADVANTAGES
• Gases & Toxic air pollutants emissions from planes.
• High noise.
• Fossil fuel consumption.
• Discharge of pollutants to adjacent water bodies.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AIRPORTS
❖ On atmosphere.
1. Climate change: due to gases emissions from air planes and co2 emissions
from airport ground vehicles, those used by passengers and staff to access
airports.
2. Global warming: due to climate change and fossil fuel combustion.
3. Aviation activities emit ozone and ultrafine particles, both of which are
health hazards.
❖ On Hydrosphere.
1. Airports can generate significant water pollution due to their extensive use
and handling of jet fuel, lubricants and other chemicals.
2. Deicing fluids used in cold weather can pollute water, as most of them fall
to the ground and surface runoff can carry them to nearby streams, rivers
or coastal waters.
❖ On biosphere.
1. Aircraft noise: due to air traffic which disrupts sleep, adversely affects
children's school performance and could increase cardiovascular risk for
people who live nearby airports.
 MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

1. Alternative fuels as hydrogen and e-fuel.

2. Air Traffic Control and flight routes can be optimized to lower non-CO2
effects on climate.
3. Aviation biofuel.
4. Emissions trading and carbon offsetting.
5. Fuel-powered aircraft may be replaced by hybrid electric aircraft and
electric aircraft or by hydrogen-powered aircraft.
THE HIGH DAM
 WHAT IS THE HIGH DAM
• The Aswan High Dam or the High Dam is a water dam on the Nile River in southern
Egypt. It was established during the era of Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Soviets
contributed to its construction. The dam helped a lot in controlling the flow of water
and mitigating the effects of the Nile flood. Used to generate electricity in Egypt.
 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH DAM

1. It worked to protect Egypt from flooding and drought as well, as Lake

Nasser reduces the rush of flood waters and stores it for use in drought
years.

2. The High Dam also expanded the agricultural area as a result of the
availability of water and the expansion of land reclamation.

3. Electrical power generation.

 DISADVANTAGES OF THE HIGH DAM
1. Lake Nasser inundated many Nubian villages in Egypt, most of them in
northern Sudan, which led to the deportation of its people, the so-called
Nubian migration.

2. Depriving the Nile Valley of the silt of the flood that nourishes the soil.

3. Erosion of the shores of the delta.

4. Some estimates indicate that the amount of evaporation in the waters of Lake
Nasser behind the High Dam is very large, considering that it exposes a large
area of water to the sun in a very hot climate, and the size of the loss is
estimated to be similar to Iraq’s share of the Euphrates River. In addition to
the spread of some plants and their adaptation to new conditions and their
contribution to the transpiration process, and thus more water loss.
 EFFECTS OF THE DAM
• Reduced flow of water: The interruption of natural cycles and the changes
made to the river current affect the ecosystems downriver.
• Flood control: Dams have solved a number of problems related to major
flooding downriver.
• Erosion: As the flow of water in the river decreases, the river carries less
sediment, leading to less erosion.
• Irrigation: Dams help in managing irrigation and ensuring that the water Flow.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE DAM
Positive Negative
Hydrosphere 1. Increase in Evaporation of a large
groundwater amount of stored water
2. Generation of
hydropower

Lithosphere Increase in agricultural 1-Erosion of the river

land, as well as crop banks, beds and delta
intensification and
2- Changes in soil
diversification
salinity

Atmosphere - -
Biosphere Diversity of agricultural Changes in flora and
crops fauna
NEW SUEZ CANAL
 WHAT IS NEW SUEZ CANAL
• The New Suez Canal is an artificial waterway project in Egypt which created a
second shipping lane along part of the Suez Canal, and deepened and widened
other stretches
• At a cost of 59.4 billion Egyptian pounds The "New Suez Canal", as the
expansion was dubbed, was opened in a ceremony on 6 August 2015.
 NEGATIVE IMPACT

• It has caused the rise of plastic waste dumping, oil discharge which effects hydrosphere.
• The shuttle of invasive species around the globe, causing the extinction of native plants
and marine animals which has bad effect on biosphere.
• A prolonged blockage could lead to “significant disruptions to global trade, skyrocketing
shipping rates, further increase of energy commodities, and an uptick in global inflation.
 POSITIVE IMPACT

• It enables the transfer of an estimated 7-10% of the world's oil and 8% of

liquefied natural gas. Approximately one million barrels of oil traverse the
Suez daily. In 2019, 53.5 million tons of ores and metals and 35.4 million tons
of coal travelled the length of the canal.
 DIRECT IMPACT

• water volume flowing into the Mediterranean increased by 4%,

creating “little impact on water flow and plankton movement”
 INDIRECT IMPACT

• The continuing expansion of the Suez canal causing serious harm to marine
lifeforms and economic activity in the Mediterranean sea.
• The enlargement of the canal will increase the number of invasions from the
Red Sea resulting in a diverse range of harmful effects on the ecosystem
structure and functioning of the whole Mediterranean sea, with implications to
services it provides for humans.
 LONG TERM IMPACT

• The canal's location also makes it a key regional hub for shipping oil and other
hydrocarbons and almost all world's ships pass throw it so it will get
economic impact that covers the money used to make it , But over the years,
the invasive species have driven native marine life toward extinction and
altered the delicate Mediterranean ecosystem with potentially devastating
consequences.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

• Atmosphere - Emissions released from ships causes air pollution.

• Lithosphere – as it is affected by digging made for the extension of new Suez
canal.
• Biosphere - leak of gasses and goods on ship affect aquatic creatures.
• Hydrosphere – water is affected by garbage thrown by ships.
POWER PLANTS
 WHAT IS POWER PLANT
• The system which is built to produce mechanical and/or electrical energy.
 HOW DO POWER PLANTS WORK

• The fuel is burned in a huge furnace to produce thermal energy. In this vessel,
the heat of the oven flows around tubes filled with cold water. The heat heats
the cold water to a boil, turning it into steam. High-pressure steam will flow
to the turbine blades, and the pressurized steam will rotate the turbine and
convert the steam energy into kinetic energy, Then to electrical power by
Generator.
 TYPES & ITS BIGGEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
• Nuclear power plants: creation of radioactive waste & using water as coolant which contribute
to lithosphere and hydrosphere problems.
• Hydroelectric power plants: upstream flooding contribute to biosphere problems.
• Coal -fired power plants: particulate emission, ground level ozone, smog and acid rain which
contribute to atmosphere problems.
• Diesel-fired power plants: ground level ozone and acid rain which contribute to both biosphere
and atmosphere problems.
• Geo thermal power plants: changes in land use associated with exploration and plant
construction, noise and sight pollution, the discharge of water and gases and soil subsidence.
• Gas- fired power plants: burning fossil fuel and gases emissions which contribute to
atmosphere problems.
• Solar power plants: land degradation and habitat loss which contribute to lithosphere problems.
• Wind power plants: has near negligible amounts of carbon monoxide and dioxide emissions
related to its electricity production.
 MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

• Planting trees: trees absorb carbon dioxide through the process of

photosynthesis; One tree can absorb one ton of carbon dioxide.
• Awareness of electricity consumption: by conducting awareness workshops
for people and students in schools, the text of which is about reducing
electricity consumption.
• Replacing ordinary light bulbs: by using advanced lamps that are less harmful
to the environment.
• Use of renewable energy: such as (hydroelectric - wind energy - solar
energy).
 REFERENCES
• https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Public_project_definition

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megaprojects

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam

• https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/hemispheres/_files/pdf/geography/aswan_high_dam.pdf

• https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/90459/5th-anniversary-How-New-Suez-Canal-helped-boost-Egyptian-economy

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351686437_Power_Plants_Contents_Ch_1_Introduction

• https://books.google.com.eg/books?hl=ar&lr=&id=Ea2osquPZwUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Environmental+impact+of+power+plants
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