CEN/TC 371

Date: 2019-04

TC 371 WI 371007
CEN/TC 371

Secretariat: NEN

Energy performance of buildings — Determination and reporting of

Primary Energy Factors (PEF) and CO2 emission coefficient — General
Principles, Module M1-7
Einführendes Element — Haupt-Element — Ergänzendes Element

Élément introductif — Élément central — Élément complémentaire

ICS:

Descriptors:

Document type: European Standard

Document subtype:
Document stage: CEN Enquiry
Document language: E

STD Version 2.9a

TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

Contents
Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 EPB standard .................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Primary energy ................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3 Energy carrier .................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.4 Primary energy factor ................................................................................................................................... 9
3.5 CO2 emission coefficient ............................................................................................................................ 10
3.6 Assessment boundary ................................................................................................................................ 10
3.7 Energy flow ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.8 Greenhouse gases (GHG) ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.9 Biogenic carbon ............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.10 Fossil carbon .................................................................................................................................................. 10
4 Symbols and abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.2 Subscripts........................................................................................................................................................ 11
4.3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 13
5 General description of the methods and choices.............................................................................. 14
5.1 Basic principles of the assessment methods ...................................................................................... 14
5.1.1 Primary Energy Factors ............................................................................................................................. 14
5.1.2 C02 emission coefficient ............................................................................................................................. 15
5.1.3 Assessment boundary ................................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.4 Origin of delivered energies..................................................................................................................... 16
5.1.5 Accounting methods - General ................................................................................................................ 17
5.2 Short description of the choices ............................................................................................................. 20
6 Set of different choices related to PEF and CO2 emission coefficient ........................................ 21
6.1 Choices related to the perimeter: Geographical Perimeter .......................................................... 21
6.2 Choices related to calculation conventions ........................................................................................ 21
6.2.1 Time resolution ............................................................................................................................................ 21
6.2.2 Sources of the data used ............................................................................................................................ 21
6.2.3 Net or Gross Calorific Value ...................................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Choices related to the input data............................................................................................................ 22
6.3.1 Energy sources to be considered (available energy sources) ...................................................... 22
6.3.2 Type of CO2 emission coefficients........................................................................................................... 22
6.3.3 Conventions related to energy conversion ......................................................................................... 24
6.3.4 Conventions for PEF related to exported energies .......................................................................... 25
6.4 Choices related to the assessment methodologies .......................................................................... 25
6.4.1 Energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters ................................................................ 25
6.4.2 Allocation of multi energy input system for a delivered energy carrier.................................. 27
6.4.3 Calculation approaches for multisource generation mix .............................................................. 28
6.4.4 Allocation of multi energy output system ........................................................................................... 29

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6.4.5 Life cycle method .......................................................................................................................................... 32

Annex A ........................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Annex B ........................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 38

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European foreword

This document (WI00371007- Energy performance of buildings - Determination and reporting of

Primary Energy Factors (PEF) and CO2 emission factors procedure - General Principles) has been
prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 371 “Energy Performance of Buildings project group”, the
secretariat of which is held by NEN.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
the United Kingdom.

This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.

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Introduction

This Standard is part of a series of standards aiming at international harmonization of the methodology
for the assessment of the energy performance of buildings (EPB standards).

This standard specifies the choices to be made to calculate primary energy factor(s) and CO2 emission
coefficients related to different energy carriers.

The standard can be adapted to different time steps (annual, monthly, hourly) accordingly with the
scenarios used for energy use and energy delivered.

For the correct use of this standard a normative template is given in Annex A to specify choices.

The target group of this standard are all the users of the set of EPB standards and especially national
standardisation experts or building authorities who are in charge to define the Primary Energy Factors
and CO2 Emission coefficients.

The standard is a new standard.

In this document, explicative elements of a technical report and requirements related to a standard
are merged for a better understanding of this new standard.
It is not decided yet if a separate technical report will be drafted. It will depend also on feedback from
public enquiry.

Actually choices related to PEF and CO2 are dealt with also in other doc (e.g: ISO 52000-1, EN 15316-
4.5). In the future all choices should be summarized in one document. Therefore chapters of other
document have been overtaken to make a consistent document and provide a better understanding.

Annex A (normative) provide a template to report only the main methodological choices having an
impact on PEF and CO2 emission coefficient values. No mandatory quantitiative reporting of data is
requested. These choices are described in chapter 6.

Informative general equations defining the PEF for different configurations (e.g. one main energy
carrier, multi energy input systems, multi energy output systems, exchanges with other perimeters)
have been added at the end of the extension period. These general equations do not have an impact on
PEF and CO2 emission factor but contribute to a better understanding. Related informative data
reporting tables show a possible structure of resumed data reporting towards are more common
structured quantitaive reporting.
It is not decided yet to make the equations and reporting tables normatifs.

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1 Scope
This European standard provides a transparent framework for reporting on the choices related to the
procedure to determine Primary Energy Factors and CO2 Emission coefficients for energy delivered to
and/or exported by the buildings as described in EN ISO 52000-1:2017. Exported Primary Energy Factors
and CO2 Emission coefficients can be different from those chosen for delivered energy.

This European standard can be considered as a supporting/complementing standard to EN ISO 52000-1,

as the latter requires values for the Primary Energy Factors and GHG Emissions factors to complete the
EPB calculation.

Table 1 shows the relative position of this standard within the set of EPB standards in the context of the
modular structure as set out in ISO 52000-1.

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Table 1 — Position of this standard (M1-7), within the modular structure of the set of EPB
standards
Building
Overarching Technical Building Systems
(as such)

Building automation &

Domestic Hot water
Dehumidification
Descriptions

Descriptions

Descriptions
Submodule

Ventilation

PV, wind, ..
Humidifi

Lighting
Heating

Cooling

control
cation
sub1 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11
1 General General General

Common terms and ISO

Building
definitions; 52016-
2 symbols, units and
Energy
1
Needs a
Needs
subscripts
ISO
(Free) Indoor ISO
Conditions
52016- Maximum
3 Applications
without 1 Load and 5201
Power 6-1
Systems

Ways to
Ways to
Express
Ways to Express Express
4 Energy Performance Energy
Energy
Performanc
Performance
e

Building categories Heat

Emission &
5 and Building Transfer by
control
Boundaries Transmission

Heat
Building Occupancy Transfer by
Distribution
6 and Operating Infiltration
& control
Conditions and
Ventilation

Aggregation of
Internal Heat Storage &
7 Energy Services and X Gains control
Energy Carriers

Solar Heat Generation

8 Building zoning
Gains & control

Load
Building
dispatching
Calculated Energy Dynamics
9 Performance (thermal
and
operating
mass)
conditions
Measured
Measured
Measured Energy Energy
10 Performance
Energy
Performanc
Performance
e

11 Inspection Inspection Inspection

Ways to Express
12 Indoor Comfort
BMS

External
13 Environment
Conditions

Economic
14 Calculation

a The shaded modules are not applicable

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2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN ISO 14044, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines (ISO
14044:2006)

EN 15316-4-5, Energy performance of buildings — Method for calculation of system energy requirements
and system efficiencies —Part 4-5: District heating and cooling, Module M3-8-5, M4-8-5, M8-8-5, M11-8-5

CEN/TS 16628, Energy Performance of Buildings - Basic Principles for the set of EPB standards

CEN/TS 16629, Energy Performance of Buildings – Detailed Technical Rules for the set of EPB standards

ISO 52000-1, Energy performance of buildings — Overarching EPB assessment – Part 1: General framework
and procedures

ISO 7345, Thermal performance of buildings and building components – Physical quantities and definitions

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7345, in ISO 52000-1, and the
following apply.

The terms of ISO 52000-1 that are indispensable for the understanding of the underlying standard are
repeated here.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

 IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

 ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

3.1 EPB standard

standard that complies with the requirements given in ISO 52000-1, CEN/TS 16628 and
CEN/TS 16629

note to entry 1: These three basic EPB documents were developed under a mandate given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association (Mandate M/480,), and support essential requirements of
EU Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD). Several EPB standards and related
documents are developed or revised under the same mandate.

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[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.5.14)]

3.2 Primary energy

energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process

Note 1 to entry: Primary energy includes non-renewable energy and renewable energy. If both are taken into
account, it is called total primary energy.

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.4.29)]

3.3 Energy carrier

substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work, electricity or thermal energy or
to operate chemical or physical processes

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.4.9)] modified

3.4 Primary energy factor

ratio of the primary energy to the energy delivered to or exported from the assessment boundary

note to entry 1: Primary Energy factor can refer to the total primary energy or only to the renewable and/or non-
renewable primary energy. To be more precise it should be specified (e.g. PEFnren)
note to entry 2: Primary energy factors can differ by year
note to entry 3: The term “building” in this document is used to mean “whatever is inside the assessment boundary”.

3.4.1
non-renewable primary energy factor for delivered energy carrier
non-renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the delivered energy and the
considered non-renewable energy overheads of delivery to the points of use, divided by the delivered
energy

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.5.17)]

3.4.2
non-renewable primary energy factor for exported energy carrier
non-renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the exported energy and the
considered non-renewable energy overheads of producing and exporting to the collection points, divided
by the exported energy

3.4.3
renewable primary energy factor for delivered energy carrier
renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier, including the delivered energy and the considered
energy overheads of delivery to the points of use, divided by the delivered energy

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.5.21)] modified

3.4.4
renewable primary energy factor for exported energy carrier
renewable primary energy for a given energy carrier including the exported energy and the considered
renewable energy overheads of producing and exporting to the collection points, divided by the exported
energy

3.4.5
Total primary energy factor
Sum of non-renewable and renewable primary energy factor for a given energy carrier

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[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.5.25)]

3.5
CO2 emission coefficient
coefficient that describes the amount of CO2 that is released from doing a certain activity, such as burning
one tonne of fuel in a furnace

note to entry 1: CO2 emission coefficients can differ by year.

note to entry 2: The C02 emission coefficient can also include the equivalent emission of other greenhouse gases
(e.g. methane). To be more precise it should be specified by adding “equivalent” (e.g. C0 2 eq).

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.5.4)] modified

3.6
Assessment boundary
boundary where the delivered and exported energy carriers are measured or calculated

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (3.4.2)]

3.7 Energy flow

flow of energy carriers in the sense of the energy source to the energy use

3.8 Greenhouse gases (GHG)

gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation
at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the earth’s surface, the
atmosphere, and clouds

[SOURCE: EN ISO/TS 14067:2014 (3.1.3.1)]

3.9 Biogenic carbon

carbon derived from biomass

[SOURCE: EN ISO/TS 14067:2014 (3.1.8.2)]

3.10 Fossil carbon

carbon which is contained in fossilized material

[SOURCE: PD CEN ISO/TS 14067:2014 (3.1.8.3)]

4 Symbols and abbreviations

4.1 Symbols

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017]

For the purposes of this Standard, the symbols listed in Table 2 apply.

The following text includes symbols that are not used in this standard, but that are needed for overall
consistency in the EPB set of standards.

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Table 2 — Symbols and units

Symbol Quantity Unit

c coefficient d) various

E energy in general e) (kW·h)

Ecr energy carrier kg, m3, A, KW h b)
f factor (e.g. primary energy factor, …) – d)
H calorific value kW∙h/kg
k coefficient – d)
K CO2 emission coefficient kg/(kW∙h)
m mass (e.g. quantity of CO2 emissions) kg
N number of items (integer only) –
Q quantity of heat (kW∙h)
t time, period of time s a)
W (electrical) auxiliary energy (kW∙h)
X volume fraction %

X, Y any property, system, … –

 efficiency (factor) -
a) Hours (h) are used as the unit of time instead of seconds when aggregating heat or energy flow (W) to quantity of heat or
energy (kW∙h).
b) The unit depends on the type of energy carrier.
c) The unit depends on the indicator chosen.
d) Coefficients have dimensions; factors are dimensionless.
e) Including primary energy; note that for heat the symbol Q and for auxiliary energy and work the symbol W is used.

4.2 Subscripts

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017]

For the purposes of this International Standard, the subscripts listed in Table 3 apply.

The following text includes subscripts that are not used in this standard, but that are needed for overall
consistency in the EPB set of standards.

Table 3 — Subscripts
Subscript Term Subscript Term
an annual nren non-renewable
aux auxiliary ntdel net delivered
avg time-average oil oil
B building out output, outlet
bm biomass P primary energy

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Subscript Term Subscript Term

C cooling per for a period of time
CO2 CO2 emission Pnren non-renewable primary energy
cr energy carrier pr produced
CW cooling and DHW Ptot total primary energy
day daily pv solar electricity (photovoltaic)
dc district cooling ren renewable energy
del delivered seas seasonal
dh district heat sf solid fuel
dis distribution sol solar
distant distant sto storage
dhum dehumidification (system) sys system
e external T thermal a)
el electricity t calculation interval
EPus all building services included in the energy tot total
performance assessment
exp exported TOT total a)
gas gas used used in the same calculation
interval
gen generation V ventilation a)
grid from public network (grid) W domestic hot water (DHW) a)
h hourly wd wood
H heating we weighting
HC heating and cooling wk weekly
HCW heating, cooling and DHW X any considered building service
HU humidification
hum humidification (system)
HW heating and DHW
i,j,k indexes
in input, inlet
L lighting
lat latent
lf liquid fuel
ls losses
m monthly
max maximum

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4.3 Abbreviations

For the purposes of this International Standard, the abbreviations listed in Table 4 apply.

Table 4 — Abbreviations

Abbreviation Term
PEF Primary Energy Factor
GHG Green House Gases

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5 General description of the methods and choices

5.1 Basic principles of the assessment methods
5.1.1 Primary Energy Factors

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017] modified

For each delivered or exported energy carrier there are three primary energy factors (see Figure 1),
related to different energy contents of the energy carrier, to be assessed:
a) Non-renewable primary energy factor (fP;nren);

The primary energy taken into account in the non-renewable PEF consider only non-renewable energy
flows required to deliver one unit of energy of the related energy carrier to the building. Therefore, the
non-renewable PEF can be less than 1 if the unit of energy contain also renewable energy. It covers the
whole non-renewable primary energies consumption, including those consumed by exploitation of the
renewable sources when applicable.

b) Renewable primary energy factor (fP;ren).

The primary energy taken into account in the definition of renewable PEF covers only renewable energy
flows required to deliver one unit of energy to the building per energy carrier. It covers the whole
renewable primary energies included those consumed for the exploitation of the non-renewable sources
(i.e. renewable energy used for the production of electricity to drive an electric pump fore pumping oil
through a pipeline).

c) Total primary energy factor (fP;tot);

The total PEF is the sum of the non-renewable and renewable PEF.

The primary energy factors may focus only on the in-use phase or take into account also the embedded
energy used (Live Cycle Analyses) for example to manufacture wind turbines.

— Primary energy factor for a delivered energy carrier x

The primary energy factor for a delivered energy carrier of type x is defined as:
∑𝑗 𝐸𝑝;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑗
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥 = 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥
(equation 1)

Where:
- x subscript represents the type of the energy carrier
- y subscript represents in turn total, non-renewable or renewable attribute
- j subscript accounts for different energy sources of same type y, which concurs to produce the
energy carrier.

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Key
A energy source 4 non-renewable infrastructure related energy
B upstream chain of energy supply 5 renewable infrastructure related energy
non-renewable energy to extract, refine, convert and
C inside the assessment boundary 6
transport
1 total primary energy 7 renewable energy to extract, refine, convert and transport
2 non-renewable primary energy 8 delivered non-renewable energy
3 renewable primary energy 9 delivered renewable energy

Figure 1 — Primary energy factors for a two source (one non-renewable, the other renewable)
energy carrier”.

— Primary energy factor for an exported energy carrier x

The primary energy factor for an exported energy carrier x is defined as (see also EN/ISO 52000-1
Clause 9.6.6)
- the resources used to produce the exported energy. The sum of the Primary energy input is
divided by the energy output (see equation 1)
- the resources avoided by the external grid due to the export of the energy. The Primary
energy factor of the exported energy is equal to the Primary energy factor of the replaced
energy (e.g. the PEF of exported PV electricity is the PEF of the grid electricity).

The above definition applies only to the exported energy carriers through the building assessment
boundary.

The delivered energy and the related primary energy factor can be expressed based on gross or net
calorific values.

Other flows that are not represented in Figure 1 can be taken into account, such as embedded energy
that is described in the life cycle approach.

5.1.2 C02 emission coefficient

The C02 emission coefficient shall be expressed in kg of CO2 per kWh of the related energy carrier. The
C02 emission coefficient can also include the equivalent emission of other greenhouse gases (e.g. methane,
water vapor). To be more precise it should be specified by adding “equivalent” (e.g. C02 eq).

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The emission factors shall be coherent with the choice of referring to gross or net calorific value.

5.1.3 Assessment boundary

To start the determination and reporting of PEF and CO2 emission coefficient the perimeter of the
assessment must be set. It must be clearly stated where the specific technical energy system ends
(“inside” – see hereafter) and where the assessment of the PEF starts (“outside” – see hereafter).
The assessment boundary is the boundary where the delivered and exported energy are measured or
calculated to assess the building energy performance. In EN / ISO 52000 the assessment boundary
delimitates two systems:
- “inside” the assessment boundary where the energy losses and auxiliary energy are taken into
account explicitly as energy amounts. In general, the assessment boundary is related to a building
or a group of buildings and consider all building specific equipment,
NOTE : The GHG emissions are not related directly to the transformation process inside (e.g. the gas boiler)
but directly linked to the amount of delivered energy carriers. The CO 2 emissions from it are assigned to
the building.
- “outside" the assessment boundary where the energy losses and auxiliary energy necessary to
deliver one unit of the energy carrier to the building are taken into account in the primary energy
factors per energy carrier. The PEF of delivered energy carriers shall only take into account losses
and auxiliary related to the energy carrier and exclude building specific equipment. Otherwise
the PEF and CO2 emission coefficient could not be applied in a coherent way to all buildings.
Therefore, the placement of the assessment boundary is important to clearly define what to take into
account in the Primary Energy Factor and the CO2 emission coefficient. Examples on possible placements
of the assessment boundary are provided in Annex B.
NOTE: In EN ISO 52000-1 clause 9.1 the assessment boundary is defined as the output of solar panels, solar
collectors or electric generation devices. By convention, no primary energy losses are counted beyond this boundary
for the upstream energy flow.

5.1.4 Origin of delivered energies

The delivered energies are classified according to the following source perimeters.
— on-site,
— nearby,
— distant.
These perimeters refer to the production site localization and may not coincide with the geographical
perimeter.
Inclusion or exclusion of energy contribution according to the perimeter (origin) depends on the
calculation objective: e.g. for defining the renewable energy ratio (RER) or to determine the energy
performance.
The concept of on-site, nearby and distant is schematically shown in Figure 2.

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Key
a. assessment boundary (use energy balance) 1. PV, solar
b. perimeter: on-site 2. wind
c. perimeter: nearby 3. boiler room
d. perimeter: distant 4. heat pump
S1. thermally conditioned space 5. district hearting/cooling
S2. space outside thermal envelope 6. substation (low/medium voltage and possible storage)

Figure 2 — Scheme of the concept of assessment boundary and origin of delivered energy

Primary energy factors, CO2 emission coefficients are defined for each energy flow delivered or exported
through the assessment boundary, taking into account the origin for delivered and the destination for
exported energy.

5.1.5 Accounting methods - General

The assessment the primary energy factors of CO2 emission coefficient for an energy carrier can be done
by:
— following the reverse energy flow (from the building to the primary energy source),
— a global evaluation (inventory of primary energy inputs in the geographical perimeter).

Note: Both approaches should lead to the same results notwithstanding calculation or inventory
approximations.

The choice may depend on the size of the geographical perimeter and the interconnection between the
energy sources in case of multi-source energy carriers.

Additional methodologies are provided to allocate the input energy carrier to the delivered energy carrier
and to the output energy carriers for:
— multi energy input system for a delivered energy carrier;

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— multi energy output system

NOTE: At this stage of the standard the treatment of multi-output systems where one or more
outputs are not an energy carrier (for example, if is a chemical feedstock or non-energy material) is
not explicitly taken into account.

In addition to the methods mentioned before, which are focusing on the “in-use” phase, a method based
on the life cycle analysis (e.g. taking into account the embedded energy for construction and
deconstruction of the energy carrier infrastructure) may be used to assess the Primary Energy Factors
and the CO2 emission coefficients of an energy carrier within the geographical perimeter.
5.1.5.1 Calculation approach: Reverse energy flows by energy carrier

Each energy carrier is connected to a building through a network of wires, pipes, trucks, ships. If the
energy flow of an energy carrier from the energy source to the building is well defined then the calculation
procedure may go backward (with respect to energy flow direction), starting by a unit of delivered energy
to the building and gathering information upstream related to related primary energy consumption and
CO2 emissions. Throughout this calculation, several choices shall be made.
In the energy flow of each energy carrier, several components can be distinguished in the energy network:
extraction, conversion and transport. Not all energy carriers may have all components in the network
(e.g. conversion).
For each network component should be identified:
— Energy inputs;
— Auxiliary energy consumption;
— Mass losses impacting global warming and/or the energy content (e.g. leakage);
— Thermal losses;
— Energy output.
All the primary energy consumption, with a distinction between renewable and non-renewable primary
energy use, and CO2 emission are summed up.
NOTE It should be noticed that in some cases CO 2 emissions taken in account for an energy carrier are determined
by the energy carrier itself rather than the specific transformation process (e.g. combustion of gas within the
building).

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Key
A. Generation 2. fP;ren:pr:el = 1/ 6. fP;ren:del:el = fP;ren:pr:el / D = 1/(.D)
B. Distribution 3. Qls = Eprim;ren;in (1-1/) 7. Edel;el
C. Buildings 4. Epr;el
1. Eprim;ren;in 5. Qls,D = Epr;el (1-1/)

Figure 3 — Simplified network

Figure 3 illustrates a decomposition of a simplified network feed only by one conversion component and
a distribution component.
Assuming η is the overall conversion efficiency, the primary energy factor for the produced energy carries
is just 1/ η.
For the distribution component, the primary energy overhead we have to account for is due to the
distribution losses plus some self-consumption for auxiliaries. Assuming ηD is the overall distribution
efficiency, accounting for all losses and self-consumption, the primary energy factor for the delivered
energy carrier to the final user, the building, is just the production primary energy factor multiplied by
the distribution primary energy factor.
The PEF can be determined by counting the absolute values of all overhead or by determining the
efficiencies.
In that case the PEF for delivered energy carriers is given by the reciprocal of the product of the overall
efficiency ηj of each component j, i.e.:
1
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥 = ∏ (equation 2)
𝑗 𝜂𝑗,𝑥
where
- the y subscript represents in turn total, non-renewable or renewable attribute
- the subscript x is the describing the energy carrier of type x.
The PEF for delivered energy carriers can also be calculated with absolute values.
Reference documents should provide additional transparency to the assessment of PEF and CO2 emission
coefficient. It is proposed to report as follows:
Table 5 — Reporting related to the energy flow approach
Network component Efficiency Comments / data source

e.g. distribution 𝜂 dis

e.g. conversion 𝜂 pr

others

The data sources shall be mentioned in the reference documents.

5.1.5.2 Inventory approach: Global evaluation: production

In case of multiple source energy carrier (e.g. electricity), large centralized network (e.g. gas network) or
energy carriers that are not provided by a network (e.g. heating oil), it may either not possible to follow
reverse energy flow and/or that the input primary energy to the geographical perimeter is available. In

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such cases a global evaluation approach can be used to calculate primary energy factors and CO2 emission
coefficients. The inventories of all primary energy inputs and CO2 emission occurring within the
geographical perimeter could be used.

5.2 Short description of the choices

To parameter the assessment methods (e.g. input data, perimeter) various choices need to be made. For
each choice, a set of options is defined (see Clause 6) to facilitate the reporting of the choices and to make
the content of Primary Energy Factors and CO2 emission coefficients more transparent.

Annex A provides a template for reporting the choices made for the determination of PEF and CO2
emission coefficients for each energy carrier.

The choices to be made in the assessment of primary energy factor and CO2 emission factors are resumed
hereafter and structured in the following main categories:

1) Choices related to the perimeter of the assessment

— The geographical perimeter which defines the are within which PEF and CO2 emission factors
apply

2) Choices related to calculation conventions

— Time resolution;
— The sources of the data used;
— Net or gross calorific values.

3) Choices related to the input data

— Energy sources to be considered (available energy sources);
— Type of CO2 emission coefficients
- greenhouse gases taken into account time horizon for the Global warming potential (GWP),
- biogenic carbon
— Conventions related to energy conversion;
— Conventions related to primary energy factors of exported energies.

4) Choices related to the assessment methodologies

— Energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters;
— Allocation of multi energy input system for a delivered energy carrier;
— Allocation of multi energy output system;
— Life cycle analysis (LCA) method

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6 Set of different choices related to PEF and CO2 emission coefficient

6.1 Choices related to the perimeter: Geographical Perimeter

The geographical perimeter is the perimeter of the energy use to which

— a PEF and a CO2 emission coefficient are applicable,
— the related data that is used for its calculation

The geographical perimeter may be different of the perimeter for the energy production which could be
located in a different geographical perimeter.

Each energy carrier can have its own geographical perimeter. The geographical perimeter is not the same
for all energy carriers. For example, a biomass source can be evaluated at a local perimeter, while a
nuclear power plant distant energy carrier can be evaluated at a national scale.

The options available are:

— Option 1: European (specify the borders taken into account: political, geographic…);
— Option 2: National (country, without overseas regions if applicable);
— Option 3: Regional (sub national level);
— Option 4: Local (near-by);
— Option 5: Other

6.2 Choices related to calculation conventions

6.2.1 Time resolution

The Time resolution is the time period of the outputs (i.e. the PEFs and CO2 factors).

The different options are:

— Option 1: hourly;
— Option 2: monthly;
— Option 3: annual;
— Option 4: other
The PEF and CO2 emission factor can be provided at an hourly, monthly, annual or other
output period with respect of the availability of input data.

If the calculation interval of the input data is smaller than the time resolution, the output data
are based on the sum of the results calculated at each time step for energy and CO2 emissions.

The time resolution of the output data shall not be smaller than the time resolution of the
input data nor the calculation interval of the method chosen.

6.2.2 Sources of the data used

For each energy carrier, the type of data source shall be chosen between the following options:

— Option 1: Real historic, when real data is used;

— Option 2: Simulated historic; when data from a calculation based on past situations is used;

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

— Option 3: Forward looking; when data from simulation on forward-looking situations is used;
— Option 4: Other
For each energy carrier, the range of years used shall be specified (and the source of data should be
indicated).

Note: A too frequent update of the PEF and CO2 values can make comparisons more difficult, however it
permits to take in account the possibly rapid evolution (technological or economical) of an energy carrier.

6.2.3 Net or Gross Calorific Value

The delivered energy and the related primary energy factor can be expressed based on gross or net
calorific values. The choice between net and gross caloric value shall be maintained for the energy
performance assessment of all systems and the primary energy factors of all energy carriers without
mixing net and gross values.

The choice related to Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Gross Calorific Value (GCV) influence the denominator
of the ratio related to the PEF or CO2 emission coefficient. For example, depending on the choice, the kWh
included in 1 m3 of gas will not be the same.

The following choices should be made. The choices shall be the same for all fuels.
— Option 1: Net calorific Value;
— Option 2: Gross Calorific value

6.3 Choices related to the input data

6.3.1 Energy sources to be considered (available energy sources)

In EN 52000-1, on-site produced energy can be taken into account in the Energy Performance of the
Building as self-consumption. In that case this energy produced is not available for the general grid.
Therefore, the self-consumed on-site production should not be included in the calculation of the Primary
Energy Factor and CO2 emission coefficient of the general grid as part of energy production. This double
counting (counting for self-consumption and in the general grid) should be avoided. This can be extended
to energy dedicated to communities as well.

Exported energy, even if already valorized in the building energy performance, can be counted in the
Primary Energy Factor and CO2 emission coefficient of the energy carrier, because the energy source is
available.
Note: It should be noticed that it may provide a double benefit to exported on-site energy production.

The following options should be reported:

— Option 1: include all energy sources per energy carrier in the geographical perimeter x;
— Option 2: exclude self-consumed on-site energy production;
— Option 3: exclude energy per energy carrier covered by dedicated delivery contracts/not
available for the general grid;
— Option 4: Others
Option 2 and 3 are not mutually exclusive.

6.3.2 Type of CO2 emission coefficients

These choices apply to CO2 emission factors only.

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 TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

It aims clarifying what is included and not included in the CO2 emissions.

Two choices are defined:

— Greenhouse gases (GHG) considered and the Time horizon considered for each GHG;
— Biogenic carbon.

6.3.2.1 Greenhouse gases taken into account and time horizon for GWP

The Greenhouse gas emission coefficient shall be expressed in kg of CO2 per kWh and may also include
the equivalent emissions of other greenhouse gas emissions like methane, water vapor etc. The
conversion factors shall be coherent with the choice of referring to gross calorific value or net calorific
value.

The GWP of each GHG depends on the time horizon. The time horizon influences the results, especially
for energy carriers that emit other GHG than CO2 (CH4, N20, etc.), because the CO2 is the reference gas.

CO2, by definition, has a GWP of 1 regardless of the time horizon used, as it is the reference gas. CO2
remains in the climate system for a very long time (thousands of years).

Other GHG may have a shorter lifetime. The net effect of the shorter lifetime and higher energy absorption
is reflected in the GWP. As an example, CH4 remains in the climate system only about a decade in average.
But CH4 absorbs much more energy than CO2.

For this category, the options are:

— Option 1: CO2 only
Only CO2 (fossil or biogenic) is considered, other greenhouse gases are excluded;
— Option 2: CO2 equivalent (all GHG), GWP for 20 years
All greenhouse gases as defined by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are
taken into account. The indicator corresponds to the weighted sum of the mass of all GHG
multiplied by their respective global warming potential (GWP)
The time horizon for GWP is set to 20 years;
— Option 3: CO2 equivalent (all GHG), GWP for 100 years;
— Option 4: other

6.3.2.2 Biogenic carbon

Biogenic carbon corresponds to the combustion (CO2 emissions) or the degradation (CH4 emission) of
biomass products, whereas fossil carbon corresponds to the combustion (CO2) or the degradation/leaks
(CH4), or the transformation of fossil products.

Even if there is no physical difference between the molecules (fossil or biogenic) there is a major
difference regarding the evaluation of their respective impacts on climate change. It takes a few years for
atmospheric carbon to be absorbed by the biosphere (e.g. forest, algae). Therefore, it could be considered
that biogenic CO2 is compensated by sequestrated CO2 of the related biomass. This is not the case for fossil
carbon where it takes millions of years to be absorbed by fossil reservoirs. That is the reason why the
two carbon emissions maybe treated differently.

The possible options are:

— Option 1: carbon neutrality is applied. All biogenic CO2 emissions are compensated by the
equivalent amount of CO2 sequestrated. Biogenic CH4 is accounted for;

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

— Option 2: biogenic CO2 and CH4 emitted are accounted. Biogenic CO2 stored by biomass is not
accounted for;
— Option 3: other.
By chosen this option the standard, certification scheme label (see bibliography: Product
Environmental Footprint, PAS 2050, GHG protocol, ISO 14067, BP X30-323, etc.) should be
mentionned; or explain in detail the assumptions made (e.g. direct land use change, indirect
land use change and temporal consideration).
Fossil carbon CO2 emissions to the atmosphere are always counted.

6.3.3 Conventions related to energy conversion

It this section, “conversion” refers to the process of transforming an input energy carrier (in the sense of
the energy flow) into a different output energy carrier in the energy chain located outside the building
assessment boundary (e.g. electrical power plant, power to gas and gas to power, H2 generation, cracking,
heat generation).

The conventions related to each conversion process shall be made transparent. If available, the
efficiencies of each conversion process shall be reported.

Different conventions exist to characterize the conversion between the input source (in the sense of
energy flow) and the energy output.

The different choices related to the conversion conventions are the following:
— Option 1 - Zero equivalent convention:
assumes that no primary energy has been consumed for the production of energy,
NOTE: this option applies only to energy from renewable sources approach.
— Option 2 - Direct equivalent convention
could be chosen when the energy content of the input fuel
- is difficult to estimate (e.g. nuclear fuel)
- is considered as not relevant e.g. because the energy source will be available for use in any case
(e.g. wind, solar).
The convention is to take into account an efficiency of 100% (no losses are taken into account)
for these types of energies.
— Option 3 - Technical conversion efficiencies convention:
uses the conversion efficiencies of the technologies to determine the energy input to generate
one kWh of useful energy output.
— Option 4 - Physical energy content (primary energy) convention
defines the primary energy as the first energy (downstream) for which multiple uses are
possible without taking into account the technical conversion efficiencies
— Option 5 – Other.

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Table 6 — Example of possible PEF values for power generation, inspired by the Fraunhofer
report

Zero Equivalent Direct Physical Energy Technical Conversion

Equivalent Content Efficiencies

Hydro, Wind 0 1 1 a)

Solar, PV 0 1 1 a)

Géothermy 0 1 Real values a)

Biomass 0 - Real values Real values

Nuclear - 1 Real values Real values

Fossil - - Real values Real values

a) Technical conversion efficiencies are also available for these technologies but are not mentioned
in the Fraunhofer report.
These options are mutually exclusive when calculating a specific energy carrier and can be different when
applied to different energy carriers.

6.3.4 Conventions for PEF related to exported energies

[SOURCE: EN ISO 52000-1:2017 (9.6.6)]

There are two complementary types of weighting factors for exported energy. They are based on the
evaluation of:
- the primary energy used and the GHG emissions to produce the exported energy carrier,
- the primary energy avoided and the avoided GHG emissions by the external grid due to the export
of the energy carrier,

The aim of this option is to clarify which method has been chosen to calculate the content of the PEF and
CO2 emission coefficient by the following options:

— Option 1: resources used to produce the exported energy carrier;

— Option 2: resources avoided by the external grid due to export of the energy carrier

6.4 Choices related to the assessment methodologies

6.4.1 Energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters

Exchanges are imported or exported energy carrier between the geographical perimeter and other
geographical perimeters.

It may happen that the calculation of primary energy factor and CO2 emission factor are mainly based on
data related to the production of energy, rather than on the demand of energy, for reasons of data
availability. But the PEF and CO2 emission of a national production is not strictly speaking the PEF and
CO2 emission of the national demand as imports and exports happens through the border.

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

Data could then be corrected by taking into the imported / exported energy carriers with their associated
Primary Energy Factors and the CO2 emission coefficients or by using net energy exchanges by selecting
the associated Primary Energy Factors and the CO2 emission coefficients accordingly.

If the energy carrier exchange, for a specific geographical perimeter and energy carrier, is considered not
significant, it is possible to ignore such energy exchange and to consider only the energy flow inside that
geographical perimeter.
The PEF and CO2 emission factors shall be calculated according to one of the following options:
— Option 1: only considering the energy flow within the geographical perimeter and ignoring the
exchanges with other geographical perimeters through the borders;
— Option 2: considering the net energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters. The net
exchanges equal the total of imports minus total of exports;
— Option 3: considering energy exchanges with other geographical perimeters, by taking into
account the exchanges with different associated PEF and CO2 emission coefficients calculated
over all the borders between the geographical perimeter considered and other geographical
perimeters in the considered time resolution;
— Option 4: other.
The exchanges can be calculated at various time resolutions.
Note: If and imported energy y (e.g. gas) is transformed (e.g. electricity) within the geographical
perimeter, then this imported energy should be taken into account inside the geographical perimeter as
a use related to energy y.

Key
1. Ein;x;1fP;y;in;x;1 5. Epr;x;2fP;y;pr;x;2 9. Ein;x;2fP;y:in:x:2
2. Ein,yfP;y;in;cr1 6. Eexp;x;1fP;y;exp;x 10. Geographical permeter for energy carrier
x
3. Epr;x;1fP;y;pr;x;1 7. Ein;zfP;y;in;cr2 11. Conv.site 1
4. Edel;xfP;y;del;x 8. Eexp;x;2fP;y;exp;x 12. Conv.site 2

Figure 4 — Global evaluation for energy carrier x

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Figure 4 illustrates a global evaluation of the PEF for a generic energy carrier x,
- which is produced inside the geographical perimeter (Epr;x;1 and Epr;x;2) using different imported
energy carriers (y and z);
- but also directly imported energy carriers x (Ein;x;1 and Ein;x;2);
- part of the energy carrier x is also exported (Eexp;x;1 and Eexp;x;2).
According to the option chosen:
- to the imported energy carriers of type x should be applied the PEF for delivered energy carriers
of the geographical perimeter of provenance (numbered as 1 and 2): fP;y;in;x;1 and fP;y;in;x;2 ;
- to the exported energy carriers of type x should be applied the PEF for exported energy carriers
of the geographical perimeter of interest: fP;y;exp;x;1 and fP;y;exp;x;2.
The PEF and the CO2 emission factor of the wider geographical perimeter could also be used: e.g. if the
geographical perimeter is a country the PEF and the CO2 emission factor to be used for energy exchange
could be the European factor.
For each production site, the PEF for delivered energy carrier for the generated energy carrier x (fP;y;pr;x;1
and fP;y;pr;x;2) is derived using the specific characteristics of the applied conversion (e.g. technical
conversion efficiencies) and the PEF for the imported energy carrier used (fP;y;in;cr1 and fP;y;in;cr2).
The PEF of delivered energy carrier x to all uses inside the geographical perimeter (e.g. industry,
transport, buildings) is derived from the primary energy balance and can be calculated as :
∑𝑗(𝐸𝑖𝑛;𝑥;𝑗 )𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑖𝑛;𝑥;𝑗 −∑𝑗(𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝;𝑥;𝑗 )𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑒𝑥𝑝;𝑥;𝑗 +∑𝑗 𝐸𝑝𝑟;𝑥;𝑗 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑝𝑟;𝑥;𝑗
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥 = 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥
(equation 3)

where
- the y subscript represents in turn total, non-renewable or renewable attribute;
- the subscript x is the describing the energy carrier of type x.
It is proposed to report as follows:
Table 7 — Reporting related to the global evaluation approach
Energy carrier Energy quantities PEF Comments / data source

Energy production Epr;x;j e.g. MWh fP;y;pr;x;j

Energy imported Ein;x;j e.g. MWh fP;y;in;x;j

Energy exported Exp;x;1 e.g. MWh fP;y;exp;x;2

Energy delivered Edel;x e.g. MWh

Others

Reference documents should provide additional transparency to the assessment of PEF and CO2 emission
coefficient. The data sources shall be mentioned in the reference documents.

6.4.2 Allocation of multi energy input system for a delivered energy carrier

The PEF for delivered energy carrier x to the building can be calculated as a weighted value of the PEF for
the input energy carriers as:

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

∑𝑗 𝐸𝑖𝑛;𝑥;𝑗 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑖𝑛;𝑥;𝑗
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥 = 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥
(equation 4)
where
- the y subscript represents in turn total, non-renewable or renewable attribute;
- the subscript x is the describing the energy carrier of type x.
This method distributes the contribution of the different input energy carriers to the delivered energy
carrier x.
Reference documents should provide additional transparency to the assessment of PEF and CO2 emission
coefficient. It is proposed to report as follows:
Table 8 — Reporting related to multi energy input systems
Energy carrier Energy quantities PEF Comments / data source

Energy input Ein;x1;j e.g. MWh fP;y;in;x1;j

Energy input Ein;x2;j e.g. MWh fP;y;in;x2;j

Energy delivered Edel;x e.g. MWh -

others

The data sources shall be mentioned in the reference documents.

6.4.3 Calculation approaches for multisource generation mix

6.4.3.1 Introduction

For a large network where several different energy sources respond to an energy demand (multi-plant
generation e.g. for electricity, district heating) there are different calculation approaches to determine
the CO2 emission coefficient and the PEF by weighting the contribution of the different energy sources.
The calculation approach needs to be associated to the different parameters (e.g. energy carrier, delivered
/ exported energy, energy use).
The options available are:
— Option 1: Average Calculation approach
— Option 2: Other (e.g. marginal; specify approach and scientific or technical reference)
NOTE: the option chosen may be different for energy delivered or exported by a building

6.4.3.2 Average calculation approach

The average calculation approach is the most commonly used to determine the energy and
environmental performance of buildings.
The average factor or coefficient reflects the average emission and primary energy consumption of all
plants delivering energy (directly or indirectly) to the building over a specified period of time. The
primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions of all plants are summed up and divided by the total
energy delivered by all generations.

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System average values can be time varying (for example hourly) to more precisely reflect the time-
varying factors of an energy carrier that is a mix of different resources or processes, with a changing
energy balance (for example availability of renewable energies, hourly load curves, etc.).
6.4.3.3 Other approaches (e.g. marginal)

Hereafter only one other approach is described, but others are possible, and shall be described if used.
Example: Marginal calculation approaches.
These approaches are used in specific actions and aim to measure the impact of a change in production
or demand. A marginal factor (PEF or CO2 emission coefficient) calculated in a specific context (e.g. for a
specific production mode as cogeneration) should not be extrapolated to any other context.
The marginal approach considers that if the energy demand is reduced (or increased), not all generation
units (plants) are affected equally. Some approaches assume that the operation of "base load" plants may
be unchanged and only the « peak load » plants may be affected by the change. To identify the priority in
the energy production, a « priority order » needs to be defined reflecting the switch-on / switch-off of the
different plants.
The marginal factor or coefficient considers only generation units that are affected (switched on,
switched off, displaced, …) by the changes in energy demand (e.g. heating use) or production (e.g.
exported energy by a building).
In addition, a distinction can be made between a short-term marginal factor and a long-term one.
- The short-term marginal factor corresponds to the change in CO2 emissions or primary energy
consumption relating to a unit change, where there is assumed to be no structural change in the
energy production system being analyzed.
- Where the change in demand can lead to a structural change in the energy production system (the
production system evolves in coordination with changes in demand), a long-term marginal factor
should be developed. The long-term marginal factor may be defined as the change in CO2
emissions or primary energy consumption from a system due to a change in demand, however
taking into account both the structural change in that system and the operation of the system, due
exclusively to the changes in demand.
As there are several possible marginal calculations approaches, the scientific or technical reference
should be specified.

6.4.4 Allocation of multi energy output system

Multi-output generation systems like cogeneration units or trigeneration of heating, cooling and
electricity deliver more than one energy carrier. The output energy carriers can be delivered to the same
geographical perimeter or exported to another geographical perimeter (see Figure 5).

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

Key
1. Ein;crfP;y;in;cr 5. ax1 9. Edel;x1fP;y;del;x1
2. Ein;cr= (ax1+ax2+ax3)Ein;cr 6. Eexp;x3fP;y;exp;x3 10. Cogen.Product.Site
3. ax3 7. Edel;x3fP;y;del;x3 11. Geographical perimeter for energy carrier x1,
x2 and x3
4. ax2 8. Edel;x2fP;y;del;x2

Figure 5 — Multi-output district energy system with exported energy

The primary energy balance of the input energy carrier and the output energy carriers to calculate the
PEF and CO2 emission coefficient for the delivered heat and electricity is given by:

𝐸𝑖𝑛;𝑐𝑟 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑖𝑛;𝑐𝑟 = 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥1 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥1 + 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥2 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥2 + 𝐸𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥3 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥3 + 𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑝;𝑥3 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑒𝑥𝑝;𝑥3 (equation 5)

Where
- fP;y;del;x1 primary energy factor of delivered energy carrier 1 (e.g. heat)
- fP;y;del;x2 primary energy factor of delivered energy carrier 2 (e.g. cold)
- fP;y;del;x3 primary energy factor of delivered energy carrier 3 (e.g. electricity)
- fP;y;in;cr primary energy factor of the energy carrier input of type cr
- Edel;x1 Delivered energy carrier 1 (e.g. heat)
- Edel;x2 Delivered energy carrier 2 (e.g. cold)
- Edel;x3 Delivered energy carrier 3 (e.g. electricity)
- Eexp;x3 Exported energy carrier 3 (electricity) out of the considered geographical boundary
- Ein;cr Energy carrier input for the production of all energy carriers within the same time period
The conversion losses are included in the primary energy factors of the output energy carriers. Only net
produced electricity is reported, e.g. auxiliary energy for the co-generator is deducted from the generated
electricity.

The allocation factor ax represents the share of energy input that is allocated to a specific energy output
(e.g. the CHP heat output).
- ax1 allocation factor for energy carrier 1
- ax2 allocation factor for energy carrier 2
- ax3 allocation factor for energy carrier 3

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The energy input, the amount of delivered heat and delivered electricity are all determined by the real
values related to the technical conversion process (e.g. the conversion efficiencies).

The PEF and the CO2 emission coefficient of the energy carrier providing the energy input should also be
known.

The allocation factors should be provided as input by using one of the methodologies described in EN
15316-4-5. For heat and electricity from CHP units the calculation rules and options in EN 15316-4-
5:2017, 6.2.2.1 apply. The options depend on the technology of the CHP units and the required weighting
factors.

The PEF and CO2 emission coefficient for the delivered energy carrier x is given by:
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑖𝑛;𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥 = 𝜂𝑔;𝑥 𝜂𝐷;𝑥
(equation 6)
Where:
- 𝜂𝑔;𝑥 conversion efficiency for energy carrier x
- 𝜂𝐷;𝑥 distribution efficiency for energy carrier x
- y subscript which represents in turn total, non-renewable or renewable attribute.
It follows for equation 6 that
𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑒𝑥𝑝;𝑥3 = 𝑓𝑃;𝑦;𝑑𝑒𝑙;𝑥3 (equation 7)
The PEF for delivered energy carriers can also be calculated with absolute values.
It is proposed to report as follows:

Table 9 — Reporting related to multi energy output systems

Energy carrier Energy Allocation factor / Comments /
quantities PEF data source

Energy input Ein;1 e.g. MWh fP;y;in;cr

Delivered energy carrier 1 Edel;x1 e.g. MWh 𝛼 x1

Delivered energy carrier 2 Edel;x2 e.g. MWh 𝛼 x2

others

The data sources shall be mentioned in the reference documents.

Table 9 can be replaced by third party assessment (independent assessor) for systems specific values.
System specific default values are related to systems which are assessed according to EN 15316-4-5
Clause 6.

For default values set at national or regional values by the national or regional regulator without
following EN 15316-4-5 Clause 6, Table 9 apply.

To assess the PEF and the CO2 emission coefficient, the following options could be made. (the different
methodologies are described in EN 15316-4-5).
— Option 1: Power loss method
— Option 2: Carnot method
— Option 3: Alternative production method

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— Option 4: Residual heat method

— Option 5: Power loss ref method
— Option 6: Other

6.4.5 Life cycle method

In addition to the methods described before, which are focusing on the in-use phase, a life cycle
assessment (LCA) approach may be used to calculate the primary energy factor and the CO2 emission
factor.

This type of approach considers all the processes occurring across the supply chains needed to produce
1 kWh of delivered energy. It is a method that sums all resource/energy consumptions and all emissions
that happen in each process involved. A process, as defined in ISO 14044 is a set of interrelated or
interacting activities that transform inputs into outputs. The LCA approach describes complex models
like networks of interrelated processes.

The purpose of this standard is not to explain how to perform an LCA. There are many ways to describe
processes that are taken into account and or omitted in the assessment.

Key
1. Production or conversion processesse
outside the geographical perimeter
(imports)
2. Production or conversion processesse
inside the geographical perimeter
(imports)
3. Networks inside the geographical 5. Geographical perimeter
perimeter (infra and losses)
4. 1 KWh of energy delivered at the
T = Transformation process
assessment boundary
inside the building
P = Process

Figure 6 — Basic structure of the LCA approach of an energy carrier

To assess the PEF and the CO2 emission coefficient, the following options could be chosen.
— Option 1: no LCA;

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 TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

— Option 2: full LCA;

— Option 3: Other.
The chosen option should be the same for all energy carriers (for the PEF and for the CO2 emission
coefficient) for consistency and comparability purposes.

If an LCA approach has been chosen for the energy carrier (PEF and CO2) then the same approach should
be chosen also inside the assessment boundary.

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

Annex A

(normative)
Template for choices
A.1 General
The template in Annex A of this document shall be used to specify
- the choices made,
- the input data.
allowing the calculation of PEF and CO2 emission coefficient of each energy carrier.

Other layouts, including Excel sheets, can be used for reporting.

Only the content (choices) is normative.

A.2 Reporting template for choices per energy carrier

Reference document (document describing the quantification of PEF and CO2)

(ref)
Energy carrier fP;nren fP;ren fP;tot

Choices related to the perimeter of the assessment (6.1)

Geographical  European  National  Regional  Local  Other
Perimeter

Choices related to calculation conventions (6.2)

Time resolution  Hourly  Monthly  Annual  Other
Data source  Real  Simulated  Forward looking  Other
value historic historic
Net or Gross  Net  Gross
Calorific Value calorific Value calorific value

Choices related to the input data (6.3)

Available  include all  exclude self-consumed  exclude dedicated  Other
energy energy on-site generation delivery contracts
sources sources
GHG  CO2 only  CO2 equivalent  CO2 equivalent  Other
considered 20 years 100 years
Biogenic  carbon neutrality  biogenic CO2, CH4 accounted  Other
carbon
Conventions  Zero  Direct  Technical  Physical  Other
energy equivalen equivalent efficiencies energy
conversion t (fp;y =1) content
(fP;nren=0)
Conventions  resources used to produce  resources avoided  Other
PEF

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exported
energies

Choices related to the assessment methods (6.4)

Energy  ignoring  net  exchanges with different  Other
exchanges exchanges exchanges associated PEF and CO2
Multisource  Average  Other (e.g. marginal)
generation calculation approach specify approach and technical
reference
Multisource  Power  Carnot  Alternative  Residual  Power  Other
energy loss metho production heat loss ref
output method d method method method
system
Life cycle  no LCA  full LCA  Other
method
(LCA)

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Annex B

(informative)

Examples of assessment boundaries

Figure B.1 illustrates where the assessment boundary could be place related to a solar collector.
— Assessment boundary placed at the incident solar irradiation (“1” in figure B.1)
The assessment boundary could be placed at primary energy source (the incident solar
irradiation). If it is placed on other places (e.g. the captured solar radiation (2) or the panel output
(3)) it is including building specific technical systems because the efficiency of the solar panel (e.g.
characteristics of the panel surface reflected incident solar irradiation, the efficiency to transform
the captured solar irradiation to electricity at the panel output) is panel specific. (see also chapter
“Conventions related to energy conversion”).

Key
1. Incident solar radiation
2. Captured solar radiation
3. Panel output
4. Thermal solar output

Figure B.1 — Assessment boundary related to solar energy carrier

— Assessment boundary placed at panel output (“3” in Figure B.1)
In that case it is considered that for active solar, wind or water energy systems, the incident solar
irradiation on solar panels or the kinetic energy of wind or water is not part of the energy balance
of the building and that the efficiency of all panels is 100% (“Direct equivalent” see also chapter
“Conventions related to energy conversion”)

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Example:
The incident solar irradiation is 10 kWh.
The produced electricity is 2 kWh.
Very often the assessment boundary is placed at option 2 (default option in EN ISO 52000-1). Therefore,
only the 2 kWh of produced electricity are counted and multiplied by a PEF of 1 (tot, ren) or 0 (nren). The
incident solar irradiation is not counted
This approach does not consider the real efficiency of the PV panel.
Note: In the chapter related to “Conventions related to energy conversion” this approach is also called
“direct equivalent” approach.
But “physically” 10 kWh of the energy source are used.

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TC 371 WI 371007:2019 (E)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 14040, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework

[2] EN 15804, Sustainability in construction works – Environmental product declarations - Core rules for
the product category of construction products

[3] EN 15978:2012, Sustainability in construction works - Assessment of environmental performance of

buildings - Calculation method,

[4] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

[5] Product Environmental Footprint, PAS 2050

[6] GHG protocol, ISO 14067, Greenhouse gases – Carbon footprint of products – Requirements and
guidelines for quantification

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